ETIKA dan KODE ETIK

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ETIKA dan KODE ETIK

Materi Ke dua

Mata Kuliah : Etika Profesi

Kelas: IF Bilingual dan SI

Bilingual

Yang sedang belajar di UTM

Malaysia

Dosen : Julian Supardi, M.T

Disunting dari sumber:

1.Etika Komputer Teguh Wahyono .ppt

2.Pengertian Etika : amutiara.staf.gunadarma.ac.id

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Pengertian Etika (1)

• _{Ilmu yang membahas perbuatan baik}

dan perbuatan buruk manusia sejauh

yang dapat dipahami oleh pikiran

manusia

• _{Etika adalah studi ttg kehendak}

manusia,

yaitu

kehendak

yg

berhubungan dg keputusan yg benar

dan

yg

salah

dalam

tindak

(3)

Pengertian Etika (2)

• _{Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa}

Indonesia, ada 3 pengertian tentang

etika, yaitu:

Ilmu tentang apa yg baik dan yg buruk, ttg hak dan kewajiban sosial.

_{Kumpulan azas atau nilai yg berkenaan dg akhlak.}

Nilai mengenai benar dan salah yg dianut masyarakat

• _{Pengertian lain dari Etika dirumuskan}

oleh Sumaryono (1995), yakni:

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Tujuan Mempelajari ETIKA

• _{Untuk menyamakan persepsi tentang}

penilaian

perbuatan

baik

dan

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Domain ETIKA dalam Ranah

Ilmu Pengetahuan

ILMU PENGETAHUAN

FILSAFAT

(6)

Struktur Etika

ETIKA

ETIKA UMUM ETIKA KHUSUS

ETIKA INDIVIDUAL ETIKA SOSIAL

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Penjabaran

ETIKA UMUM,

berbicara mengenai kondisi-kondisi dasar, teori-teori etika dan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar yang menjadi pegangan bagi manusia dalam bertindak serta tolak ukur dalam menilai baik atau buruknya suatu tindakan.

ETIKA KHUSUS,

merupakan penerapan prinsip-prinsip moral dasar dalam bidang kehidupan yang khusus

ETIKA KHUSUS dibagi lagi menjadi dua bagian :

• Etika individual, yaitu menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia terhadap dirinya sendiri.

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Profesi

• Pekerjaan yg mengandalkan ketrampilan dan keahlian khusus

• Pekerjaan yg dilakukan sebagai sumber utama nafkah hidup dg keterlibatan pribadi yg

mendalam dalam menekuninya.

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Etika Profesi

Etika Profesi adalah : Etika sosial yg

menyangkut hubungan antar

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Ciri-ciri Etika Profesi

Secara umum ada beberapa ciri atau sifat yang selalu melekat pada profesi, yaitu

:

• Adanya pengetahuan khusus,

Biasanya keahlian dan keterampilan ini dimiliki berkat pendidikan, pelatihan dan pengalaman yang bertahun-tahun.

• Adanya kaidah dan standar moral yang sangat tinggi. Hal ini biasanya setiap pelaku profesi mendasarkan kegiatannya pada kode etik profesi.

• Mengabdi pada kepentingan masyarakat,

artinya setiap pelaksana profesi harus meletakkan kepentingan pribadi di bawah kepentingan masyarakat.

• Ada izin khusus untuk menjalankan suatu profesi. Setiap profesi akan selalu berkaitan dengan kepentingan masyarakat, dimana nilai-nilai kemanusiaan berupa keselamatan, keamanan,

kelangsungan hidup dan sebagainya, maka untukmenjalankan suatu profesi harus terlebih dahulu ada izin khusus.

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PRINSIP-PRINSIP ETIKA PROFESI :

1. Tanggung jawab

•Terhadap pelaksanaan pekerjaan itu dan terhadap hasilnya.

•Terhadap dampak dari profesi itu untuk kehidupan orang lain atau masyarakat pada umumnya.

2. Keadilan.

Prinsip ini menuntut kita untuk memberikan kepada siapa saja apa yang menjadi haknya.

3. Otonomi.

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Kode Etik

• _{Kode etik}

_{yaitu norma atau azas yang diterima oleh}

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Tujuan Kode Etik

1. Untuk menjunjung tinggi martabat profesi.

2. Untuk menjaga dan memelihara kesejahteraan para anggota.

3. Untuk meningkatkan pengabdian para anggota profesi. 4. Untuk meningkatkan mutu profesi.

5. Untuk meningkatkan mutu organisasi profesi.

6. Meningkatkan layanan di atas keuntungan pribadi.

7. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang kuat dan terjalin erat.

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Do Computer Professionals

Have

Special

Responsibilities?

• Gotterbarn (1999) believes that because

software engineers and their teams are have

signifcant opportunities to:

• (i) do good or cause harm

• (ii) enable others to do good or cause harm

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Critical-Safety Software

• _{Gotterbarn suggests that the roles and}

responsibilities involved in the development of safety-critical systems is a diferentiating factor. • _{A "safety-critical system" = computer system that}

can have a direct life-threatening impact.

– aircraft and air trafc control systems

– mass transportation systems

– nuclear reactors missile systems

and

– medical treatment systems.

– design of bridges and buildings;

– election of water disposal sites;

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Professional Codes of Ethics

• Many professions have established

professional societies, which have adopted

codes of conduct.

– _{AMA (American Medical Association)} – _{ABA (American Bar Association).}

• Two computing professional societies

– _{The Association for Computing Machinery}

(ACM)

– _{The Institute for Electrical and Electronics}

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ACM Code of Ethics and

Conduct

• 1.1 Contribute to society and human

well-being.

• _{1.2 Avoid harm to others.}

• 1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.

• _{1.4 Be fair and take action not to}

discriminate.

• 1.5 Honor property rights including

copyrights and patent.

• 1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual

property.

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ACM

2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES.

As an ACM computing professional I will ....

• 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, efectiveness and dignity in both the process and products of

professional work.

• 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence.

• 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.

• 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.

• 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.

• 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.

• 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.

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ACM

3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES.

• _{BACKGROUND NOTE}_{: This section draws extensively from}

the draft of IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing) Code of Ethics, especially its sections on

organizational ethics and international concerns. The ethical obligations of organizations tend to be neglected in most

codes of professional conduct, perhaps because these

codes are written from the perspective of the

individual member. This dilemma is addressed by

stating these imperatives from the perspective of the organizational leader. In this context "leader" is viewed as any organizational member who has leadership or

educational responsibilities. These imperatives generally may apply to organizations as well as their leaders. In this context "organizations" are corporations, government

agencies, and other "employers," as well as volunteer professional organizations. (emphasis added)

• _{Progress towards a World-Wide Code of Conduct}

by John A. N. Lee and Jacques Berleur

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ACM

3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES.

As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will ....

• 3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an

organizational unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities.

• 3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build information systems that enhance the quality of working life.

• 3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an organization's computing and communication resources.

• 3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be afected by a system have their needs clearly articulated during the

assessment and design of requirements; later the system must be validated to meet requirements.

• 3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users and others afected by a computing system.

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ACM

4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE.

As an ACM member I will ....

• _{4.1 Uphold and promote the}

principles of this Code.

• _{4.2 Treat violations of this code}

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IEEE Code of Ethics

1. to accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment;

2. to avoid real or perceived conficts of interest

whenever possible, and to disclose them to afected parties when they do exist;

3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data;

4. to reject bribery in all its forms;

5. to improve the understanding of technology, its

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IEEE Code of Ethics (continued)

6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualifed by training or experience, or after full

disclosure of pertinent limitations;

7. to seek, accept, and ofer honest criticism of

technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others; 8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors

as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin;

9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action;

10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their

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Criticisms of Ethical Codes

• Ladd (1995) argues that ethical codes rest on a series of confusions that are both "intellectual and moral."

• His argument has three main points.

–

_{First, ethics is basically an "open-ended,}

refective, and critical intellectual activity."

–

_{Second, codes introduce confusions with}

respect to

micro-ethics

vs.

macro-ethics.

–

_{Third, giving codes a disciplinary function}

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In Defense of

Professional Codes

• _{Gotterbarn argues that we need to}

distinguish between:

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In Defense of Professional

Codes (Continued)

• Codes of ethics

are "aspirational," because

they often serve as mission statements for

the profession and thus can provide vision

and objectives.

• _{Codes of conduct}

_{are oriented more toward}

the professional and the professional's

attitude and behavior.

• Codes of practice

relate to operational

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Purpose of Professional

Codes

• _{Professional codes of ethics are often}

designed to motivate members of an

association to behave in certain ways.

• _{Four primary functions of codes are to:}

–

inspire

–

guide

–

educate

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Table 4-1: Some Strengths

and Weaknesses of

Professional Codes

Codes inspire the members of a profession to

behave ethically. Directives included in many codes tend to be too general and too vague.

Codes guide the members of a profession in

ethical choices. Codes are not always helpful when two or more directives conflict.

Codes educate the members of a profession

about their professional obligations. A professional code’s directives are never complete or exhaustive.

Codes discipline members when they violate

one or more of the code’s directives. Codes are ineffective (have no “teeth”) in disciplinary matters.

Codes “sensitize” members of a profession to ethical issues and alert them to ethical aspects they otherwise might overlook.

Codes do not help us distinguish between micro-ethics issues and macro-micro-ethics issues.

Codes inform the public about the nature and roles of the profession.

Directives in codes are sometimes inconsistent with one another.

Codes enhance the profession in the eyes of the public.

Codes can be self-serving for the profession.

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Conficts of Professional Responsibility:

Employee Loyalty and Whistle-blowing

• What exactly is employee loyalty?

• Do employees and employers have a special

obligation of loyalty to each other?

• Should loyalty to one’s employer ever

preclude an employee’s "blowing the whistle"

in critical situations?

• _{In which cases can whistle-blowing be}

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Do Employees Have a Special

Obligation to Employers?

• _{Some believe we have a}

_{prima facie}

obligation of loyalty in employment

contexts.

• _{In other words, all things being}

equal, an employee should be loyal

to his or her employer and

visa

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Does employee loyalty still make sense in the context of a large computer corporation?