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t grea tuncle ,Viktor ,
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i c i C , s d n e ir f t a e r g y m k n a h t
I Ka irn, Lidya ,and Sia ,my boardinghouse o
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it s u G d n a , y r f e J , t u l a P , s ir i
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e li h w a r o f s s e n i z z i d d n a m o d e r o
b Thank also to so many moitvaitona l and l
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i people Ime toutt hereandt herigrea tbook sandw iritngsI r eadt hathave .s
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g Finally, my f irend sin Engilsh Letters‘08 s
e m a n e s o h
w are no tmenitoned unintenitonally, Ithank you all fo rthe f irendship , .
s r e y a r p d n a , tr o p p u
s tIi sagrea tpleasuret oknowal lo fyou
x i
E G A P E L T I
T ... i ....
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii
E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ... i ii I
S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ... vi
E G A P O T T O
M ... v
E G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ... vi S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... v i i
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... xi
T C A R T S B
A ... x ....
K A R T S B
A ... xi
N O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ... 1 .. .
A Backgroundoft heStudy ... 1 .. .
B ProblemFormulaiton ... 4 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy ... 5 .... .
D De ifniitono fTerms ... 5
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ... 7 .
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies ... 7 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires ... 1 0 .
1 Theoryo fCharacte randCharacte irzaiton ... 1 0 .
2 Theoryo fPat irarcha lCutlure ... 11 .
3 Theoryo fFeminism ... 17 .. .
C Theoreitca lFramework ... 21 .... Y
G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C ... 22 .
A Objec toft heStudy ... 22 .
B Approachoft heStudy ... 24 .... .
C Methodoft heStudy ... 25 S
I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ... 26 .
A TheCharacteirsitc soft heMai nCharacters ... 26 .
1 TheCharacteirsitc so fLliy ... 26 .
2 TheCharacteirsitc so fSnowFlowe r ... 30 .
B ThePracitce so fPat irarchyi nChina... 35 .
C TheRebelilonoft hemainCharacters... 47 N
O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ... 62 Y
H P A R G O I L B I
B ... 6 7 I
D N E P P
x a
ti v o
N (2012 .)The Response O fThe Main Character sToward The Prac itce O f s
’ e e S a s i L n I d e l a e v e R s A e r u tl u C l a h c r a i r t a P e s e n i h
C Snow Flowe rAnd The
n a F t e r c e
S .Yogyakatra :Depa trmen to fEngilsh Letters ,Facutly o fLetters ,Sanata .
y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D
, l e v o n s ’ e e S a s i L s e s s u c s i d s i s e h t s i h
T Snow Flowe randt he Secre tFan .The s
n i g e b y r o t
s wtih the match o fsisterhood called laotong between Lliy and Snow r
e w o l
F .Wtih Snow Flower ,Lliy wrtie ssto ire sw tih thei rwomen secre tw iritng ,nu u
h
s whichi sw irtteni nt herif an .Whent heyaremar iredou,tt herearemanyproblem s n
a m o w d e ir r a m a s a e c a f d l u o h s y e h t t a h
t who have to follow al lthe pat irarcha l s
e u l a
v .Later ,Lliyhumiilate sherl aotongi nf ron to ft he othe rwomen becauseof t he l r e h s d n e p s d n a s t c a r e h s t e r g e r y li L , y ll a n i F . n a f r i e h t n i g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i
m fie to
s e ir o t s s ’ n e m o w t u o b a e ti r
w ands uffe irngs .
: e r a y e h T . s i s e h t s i h t n i d e z y l a n a e b o t s m e l b o r p e e r h t e r a e r e h
T (1)How are
s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h
t desc irbedi nSee’ sSnowFlowe randt heSecre tFan?( 2)Wha tare ? s r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t y b d e c n e ir e p x e e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p e s e n i h C f o s e c it c a r p e h t
t a h W ) 3
( i s ther esponse of t he maincharacters t o t he pracitceo fChinese pat irarcha l ?
e r u tl u c
l p m e y d u t s s i h
T oy sa ilbrary study method .There are t wo kind so fsources . ,
fl e s ti l e v o n e h t s i e c r u o s y r a m ir p e h
T Snow Flowe rand the Secre tFan .The s
k o o b l a r e v e s m o r f n e k a t e r a s e c r u o s y r a d n o c e
s ,paper ,s and aritcle srelated to the s
, s m e l b o r p e h t g n ir e w s n a n I . c i p o
t evera ltheo ire son ltierature and feminism are e
h T . d e il p p
a feminism approach i schosen since the analysi sdea lwtih women’ s n
o i s s e r p p
o .Therearet heo ire so fcharacte randcharacte irzaiton,t heory fo pat irarcha l y
r o e h t d n a , e r u tl u
c fo feminism. l
u s e r e h
T toft heanalysi sshowst hat t hemaincharactersi nt henove lareLliy w
o l F w o n S d n
a er .Lliy i sdesc irbed as lack o fatteniton ;obedient; yielding; good i n s
ll i k s d l o h e s u o
h ; sma tr; da n having a n ot really good temper . Snow Flowe r i s s
a d e b ir c s e
d expressive and t alkaitve; good i n ar tskills; obedien tand yielding; and c
it s il a e
r .There are severa lpracitce so fpat irarchy ,such a swomen are isolated; they e
v a h d l u o h
s att irbute silke beingpassive ,submissive ,yielding ,obedient ,and ifilalt o n
e
m ; daughter sare completely unexpected; explotiaiton ,oppression ,and violence in e
fi l e g a ir r a m r i e h
t ; the arrangedmar irage; thec irppilngand t ormenitngfoo tbinding; e
v a h o t t h g ir l a u q e n u d n
a educaiton o fwomen and men .The response of t he main s
r e t c a r a h
c ins mal lwaytowardthepat irarcha lcutlure si depictedindi fferen tway .Nu h
t s i u h
s e same media tha tthey use to show thei rrejeciton toward the pat irarcha l .
e r u tl u
c Lliy completely disagree swtih the pat irarcha lpracitces bu tshe doe sno t y
lt c e ri d t i w o h
s .Snow Flowe ractually disagree swtih i talso bu tbecause o fhe r e
c n a t p e c c
i x .)
2 1 0 2 ( a ti v o
N The Response O fThe Main Character sToward The Prac itce O f s
’ e e S a s i L n I d e l a e v e R s A e r u tl u C l a h c r a i r t a P e s e n i h
C Snow Flowe rAnd The
n a F t e r c e
S .Yogyaka tra :Jurusan Sasrta Ingg irs ,Fakutlas Sasrta ,Universtias Sanata a
m r a h
D .
i s p ir k
S ii n menganailsi snove lkaranganLisaSee ,SnowFlowe randt heSecre t n
a
F . Novel i ni mencertiakan tentang kehidupan wantia China d iabad ke- .1 8 Certia a
l u m r e
b keitka aa d pe jrodohan persaudaraan perempuan yangdisebut laotong dalam a
s a h a
b C a hin antara Lliy dan Snow Flowe.r Lliy menuils kepada Snow Flower u
h s u n , a k e r e m a ti n a w a i s a h a r a s a h a b n a k a n u g g n e
m yang dtiuil sd ikipa smereka .
a k it e
K mereka menikah ,banyak rpe masalahan yang harus mereka hadapi sebagai g
n a r o e
s i st ir yang haru s tunduk kepada nliai-nlia i pat irarki. Kemudian , te jradi e
k salahpahamandanLliymempermalukanSnowFlowe rd idepanwantia-wantial ain . a
d a
P akhrinya ,Lliy menyesal nd a menjalani m aasa tu n ya dengan menuils certia g
n a t n e
t wantia nd a pendertian-pendertiaanmereka. m
a l a
D sk irpsi ini ,ada ait g masalah yang dianailsi .s (1 )Bagaimana karakter a
m a t
u djielaskandalamnove lSnowFlowe randt heSecre tFan?( 2 )Apa as aj praktek -k
e t k a r
p budaya pat irark iChina yang dialami o leh karakter utama? (3 )A pa respon n
a k k u j n u ti d g n a
y karakterutamaterhadappraktek-praktektersebut? k
S ir ipsi i n menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber .
g n u k u d n e
p Sumber utama adalah nove lSnow Flowe rand t he Secre tFan. Sumber a
u d e
k diambli d a ir buku-buku nd a aritkel-aritke lyang berhubungan dengan t k opi .
a ti r e
c Dalammenjawab pe tranyaan ,beberapateo ir tentangkesusasrtaan nd a feminis n
a k i s a k il p a i
d dalam sk irpsi i n.i Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan s
i n i m e
f karena anailsi snovel i niberhubungandengan penindasanwantia.Teor iyang n
a k a n u g i
d dalam menganailsi s nove l ini diantarany a adalah teo ir tokoh d an n
a h o k o n e
p ,t eo irbudayapat irarki ,danteo irfemini .s li
s a
H anailsa nove lini menunjukkan bahwa karakter utama dalam nove lini .r
e w o l F w o n S n a d y li L h a l a d
a yL li djielaskan sebaga iorang yang kurang mendapat n
a it a h r e
p ;penurut ;patuh; pintar dalam pekejraan rumah ;cerdas; nd a terkadang k
a t a w r e
b egois. SnowFlowe rdjielaskansebaga iorangyangekpresfi nd a sukabicara; r
a t n i
p dalam kertamplian wantia; patuh nd a penurut; nd a reailsit .s Ada beberapa k
e t k a r
p budayapat irarki ,seperit keadaanwantia yangterkungkung dir umah; wantia s
u r a
h mempunyai sfiat-sfiat seperit pasi ,ft unduk ,penurut ,patuh ,dan berbakit pada a
ir
p ; anak perempuan itdak diharapkan dalam keluarga; pemerasan ,penindasan ,dan n
a s a r e k e
k dalam kehidupan rumah tangga ;pernikahan yang diatur ;pengikatan kak i n
a d , n a k ti k a y n e m g n a
y keitdaksetaraan h d mak ala mendapatkan pendidikan . n
a k a l o n e
P dalam bentuk kecli terhadap praktek-praktek budaya pat irarki tersebut n
a k k u j n u ti
d o leh karakter utama, kedua karakter tersebut menunjukkannya dalam .
a d e b r e b g n a y a r a
c Nu shu menjad i media yang sama yang digunakan untuk n
a k k u j n u n e
m penolakan kedua karakter tersebu.t Lliy itdak setuju dengan praktek -k
e t k a r
p pat irarki. Snow Flowe r sebenarnya juga itdak setuju tetapi karena n
a a m ir e n e
1
I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
g n i k l a
T abou t women oppression and submission i s alway s interesitng a
c e
b use i ti san old issue which stli lhappens today in some socieites .Chinese t
n e m o m d a b e h t d e c n e ir e p x e , e l p m a x e r o f , n e m o
w a tfe rabout t het hi treenthcentury
h t n e h
w ey were aimed to be subservient to men in thei rl fie .They had many s
e c n e ir e p x
e from thei rchlidhood t oadutlhoodr elated t ot heob ilgaiton i nal laspect s e
e f r i e h t s s e r p x e o t m o d e e r f y n a e v a h t o n d i d y e h T . e fi l r i e h t f
o ilng and desrie .
e h t h ti w e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p a n i n e m o w f o e fi l l e u r c e h t d e t n e s e r p e r a n i h C n i n e m o W
. t n i a l p m o c t u o h ti w w o ll o f o t d a h n e m o w t a h t s m r o n d n a s e l u r
t n e r a p r i e h t m o r f s t n e m t a e rt d a b t o g s lr i g e s e n i h C , d o o h d li h c r i e h t e c n i
S s .
o b e r e w y e h t n e h
W rn ,they brough tltilte joy to the famliy ,and in the very poo r s
a w t i y li m a
f a common thing to kli lthe infant lrgi .Gi lr swere the burden o fthe y
e h t e s u a c e b y li m a
f w ere jus tconsidered a suseles smoutht ha tneeded t obe f edbu t
a f e h t e u n it n o c t o n d l u o
w mliy ilne .The gi lr swho were lucky could ilve bu twtih o s r o n e e t n e v e s d e h c a e r y e h t li t n u d e f e b d l u o w y e h T . s t n e r a p m o r f e r a c e lt ti l y r e v
n e h
t wouldbemariredoutt oas rtanger( Eastman ,1988 :20) .
n i b t o o f g n il p p ir c e h t e c n e ir e p x e o t d a h s lr i g e s e n i h
C dingwhent heyr eached
s a w e c it c a r p s i h T . y r u t n e c h t n e t o t h t n i n e h t n i y t s a n y D g n a T e t a l e h t g n ir u d e c a l a p
. n o it n e v n o c l a i c o s f o r e tt a m a y l e r u p t u b s u o i g il e r e s n e s o n n
i Gi lr swtihou tsmal l
d l a i c o s s a d e d r a g e r e b d l u o w t e e
f isgrace and could no t ifnd t he desriable husband o
t a L
( urette ,1951 :680) .Thi spracitce wa salsoappiledt oattaint hesmallestf eett ha t e
t g n i h t e m o s s a t i w a s n e m h c i h w n i e r u ll a l a u x e s e h t o t d e t a l e
r mpitng and
. g n it s e r e t n i
d a h g n i d d e w r i e h t n e h w e t a f r i e h t w o ll o f o t d a h o s l a n e m o w e s e n i h
C been
n w o r i e h t e s o o h c o t e c n a h c o n d a h y e h T . d o o h d li h c r i e h t e c n i s d e g n a r r a y lr e p o r p
m a t o n , s e il i m a f t n e r e f fi d o w t n e e w t e b e c n a il l a n a s u h t s a w t i e s u a c e b d n a b s u
h atte r
f o e s o p r u p e h T . ) 3 5 2 : 4 9 9 1 , h ti m S ( n o it c e f f a l a u t u m d n a e c i o h c l a u d i v i d n i f o
h c i h w , e n il y li m a f e h t f o n o it a u n it n o c e h t n i a t n i a m o t y l p m i s t s u j s a w e g a ir r a m
b o t d a h n e m o w t a h t s n a e
m e arsont omaintaint hei rposiitoni nt hef amliy. n
e h w , y ll a u t c
A womenmar iredou,tt hei rothe rmise ire sbegan.
“On t he dayof t he wedding,t he woman cu ther t hroat j us ta sshewa sbeing y l p e e d s a w o a M . e m o h s ’ d n a b s u h r e h o t d e ir r a c e b o t ri a h c l a d ir b e h t o t n i t u p
l a d ir b e h t o t d e r r e f e r e h d n a , t n e d i c n i e h t y b d e t c e f f
a sedan a sa “p irsoner’ s
d n a e m o h n w o r e h m o r f y a w a n a m o w g n u o y a k o o t t a h t e l c i h e v a , ” tr a c
n i e fi l r e h f o t s e r e h t e v il o t y ll a u s u , s ’ e s l e e n o e m o s n i r e h d e t n a l
p slien t
ri a p s e
d ” (Smtih ,1991:195 .)
a h c l a d ir b e h t f o e l b a r a p e h t s u s w o h s e v o b a n o it a t o u q e h
T i rwhichi sr egardedast he
t u o d e ir r a m y e h t n e h W . e fi l e l b a r e s i m r e h o t n a m o w t a h t t h g u o r b h c i h w t r a c r e n o s ir p
n a g e b y ll a u t c a e h s ,l l a t a w o n k t o n d i d e h s y li m a f e n o o
t h erlfieast hes lien tcreature .
n e m o
W wereignoredanddid tn o ge tmuchchancet ot alk ,toac to rtoexpres s t
n a w y e h t t a h
w ed and fetl ;women neve rgot t he oppo truntiy t o speak .Thi spattern
t u o d e ir r a m o t d a h n e m o w d n a y t e i c o s e h t n i y lr a e l c d e r a e p p
a tot heme ntheydidno t
w o n
k .Whent heymar iredand ilved int hehusband’ shouset heyhadt oobeyt her ule s
i h T . e s u o h t a h t n i e l p o e p l l a d n a d n a b s u h e h t e v r e s o t d a h y e h t , e s u o h t a h t n
i wast he
y e b o s i d o h w s e n o ; y t e i c o s e s e n i h C f o m r o
n e d the r ulewli lgett he punishmentf rom .
y t e i c o s e h t d n a y li m a f e h t
“Women have to respec tthei rhusband ,fathers ,olde rbrothers ,and othe r s
m e h t d n if l li w y e h t ,t o n o d y e h t fi ; s e l a m r o i n e s d e t a l e
r elve sbecomings ocia l
s t s a c t u
o ” (Hsu ,1948 :207 .) n
e m o
W w ere accustomedt okeep slientr athert hanspe ak upt hei rwliilng. I n l
e v o n e h
t SnowFlowe randt heSecre tFan,t hereweresomeswornsister swhocame
s a h c u s k r o w s ’ n e m o w e h t d i d d n
a making embroidery ,sewing ,singing and also g
n it ir
w the women’ ssecre tw iritng .They enjoyed t he itmewhen gathe irng t ogethe r e
h t g n i s s i h d n
a i rsto ires ,much sorrowful t hanj oyful.I n othe rword ,Chinesewomen
d n a e c n e ir e p x e e m a s e h t f o e s u a c e b p i h s d n e ir f d n a p i h s n o it a l e r e s o l c g n i v a h e r e w
y e h t ; y r o t s e fi
l formedemoitona lite swtihothe rwomen( Humm ,1992 :337) . h
T e novelSnowFlowe randt heSecre tFantellsaboutt hehardl fieo fwomen
d l u o c y e h T . e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p e h t r e d n u d e v il o h
w onlysurvive fit heyf ollowedt he n
i m r o n d n a e l u
r the society . Snow Flowe r and Lliy ah ev dfiferen t famliy ,s
u t a t s d n a s s a l c t n e r e f fi d , d n u o r g k c a
b bu tthey could make a good relaitonship
g n ir a h s y e h t e m it e h t h g u o r h t n e e s s i h c i h
w thei rskill stogether ,SnowFlowers hared li
L e li h w s ll i k s g n it ir w d n a t r a r e
r i e h t d e w o h s s r e t c a r a h c h t o b , g n i v
il responsetowardt heoppressionbyt hei rw iritng s t
a h t n a f e h t n
i representedt hei rrejeciton .
w t a h t a n i h C n i n e m o w f o a e d i e h t p u g n ir b o t s t n a w y d u t s s i h
T erer egarded
y ll a u x e s d n a , y ll a c it il o p , y ll a i c o s , y ll a c i s y h p n e m o t r o ir e f n i s
a . The idea tha t
a l p s ’ n e m o
w ce i sin home no tin the pubilc made them more suppressed in the
. y t e i c o
s The nove lha smany valuablet hing sabou tcutlure ,what i shiddenand wha t .
g n i s ir p r u s y r e v s i h c i h w h t u rt e h t s
i Thel eas tbu tnotl as,tt hewrtieri ntends toshare y
e h t w o h d n a n e m o w f o s e v it c e p s r e p e h
t response toward the harsh condiiton in
. m o d e e r f ri e h t t e g o t r e d r
o
.
B ProblemFormula iton
e v a h d n a e z y l a n a o t r e ti r w e h t p l e h d n a e d i u g l li w s n o it s e u q e e r h t e s e h T
.l e v o n s i h t n o n o i s s u c s i d r e h tr u f
.
1 How are t hemain character sdesc irbedi nSee’ sSnow Flowe rand t heSecre t n
a F ?
.
2 W ehata r thepracitces fo Chinesepat irarcha lcutlureexpe irencedbyt hemain ?
s r e t c a r a h c
.
3 Wha ti s the response o fthe main character sto the pracitce o fChinese ?
.
C Objec itve soft heStudy
m e l b o r p e h t n i d e t a t s s n o it s e u q e e r h t e s o h t r e w s n a o t d e d n e t n i s i y d u t s s i h T
n i s r e t c a r a h c e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e h t e b ir c s e d o t s i e v it c e j b o t s ri f e h T . n o it a l u m r o f
o t s i e v it c e j b o d n o c e s e h T . y li L d n a r e w o l F w o n S , y r o t s e h
t identfiyt he pracitce so f
n i h
C ese pat irarcha lcutlure .Thi swli lhelp the wrtie rto make a rtustwotrhy study .
o t s i e v it c e j b o d ri h t e h t , n e h
T observether esponseofSnowFlowe randLliyt oward e
c it c a r p e h
t s o fpat irarcha lcutlure which in fac ttormented women physically and .
y ll a t n e
m Those objecitve sare very impo tran tbecause they are related each other ,
e r e h
t sponse i salso affectedbyt hei rcharacte irsitc sand wewli lbe ablet o knowt he s
’ r e t c a r a h
c characte irsitcsthrought hei rthoughts ,utterances ,andacitonsint hestory . r
w e h
T tie rp utssome women acitvist swhogave grea tcont irbuiton t o women’s l fie .
e h
T ri perspecitve scan be abou twomen’ soppression universally and also abou t .
y ll a c if i c e p s n o i s s e r p p o s ’ n e m o w e s e n i h C
.
D De ifni itono fTerm
.
1 Cutlure :According to Kroeber ,A.L. ,& Kluckhohn ,in hi spape renitlted
A : e r u tl u
C Criitca lReviewo fConcept sandDeifniitonsde ifnest hat"Cutlureconsist s
y b d e tt i m s n a rt d n a d e ri u q c a r o i v a h e b r o f d n a f o , ti c il p m i d n a t i c il p x e , s n r e tt a p f o
f o s t n e m e v e i h c a e v it c n it s i d e h t g n it u ti t s n o c , s l o b m y
s human group ,s i ncluding t hei r . e .i ( l a n o it i d a rt f o s t s i s n o c e r u tl u c f o e r o c l a it n e s s e e h t ; s t c a fi tr a n i s t n e m i d o b m e
e r u tl u c ; s e u l a v d e h c a tt a r i e h t y ll a i c e p s e d n a s a e d i ) d e t c e l e s d n a d e v ir e d y ll a c ir o t s i h
u d o r p s a d e r e d i s n o c e b , d n a h e n o e h t n o , y a m s m e t s y
( " . n o it c a r e h tr u f f o s t n e m e l e g n i n o it i d n o c s
a Kroebe ,r 1952:47) .Whlie the othe r , g n i v il r o f s n g i s e d d e t a e r c y ll a c ir o t s i h e s o h t l l a n a e m e w e r u tl u c y B " s i n o it i n if e d
n o it a r n o n d n a , l a n o it a r ri , l a n o it a r , ti c il p m i d n a t i c il p x
e al ,which exis ta tany given
8 7 : 5 4 9 1 , n h o h k c u l K ( " . n e m f o r o i v a h e b e h t r o f s e d i u g l a it n e t o p s a e m
it -105) .
.
2 Patriarchy :Pat irarchyl tierallymeansr ule oft hef atheri namale-dominated w
( n e m s r e d i s n o c h c i h w t c u rt s n o c l a c i g o l o e d i d n a l a i c o s a s i t I . y li m a
f ho are the
a ir t a
p rchs )a ssupe iro rto women (Ray ,2012:1) .According to Sylvia Walby in “TheorisingPatriarchy”callsi t“asystem o fsocia lsrtucture sandpracitcesi nwhich
( ” n e m o w t i o l p x e d n a s s e r p p o , e t a n i m o d n e
m Walby ,1990) .Pat irarcha lsocieite s s n e d r u b d n a y ti li b o m s ’ n e m o w t c ir t s e r h c i h w d o o h r e h t o m f o y g o l o e d i e h t e t a g a p o r p
e h t r u l b s a e d i l a h c r a ir t a P “ . n e r d li h c r a e r d n a e r u tr u n o t s e it il i b i s n o p s e r e h t h ti w m e h t
n e e w t e b n o it c n it s i
d sexand genderandassume t ha tal lsocio-economic andpoilitca l r
a n e m o w d n a n e m n e e w t e b s n o it c n it s i
d er ootedi n biologyandanatomy(Heywood , .)
8 4 2 : 3 0 0 2
Pat irarcha lcutlure i sa rtadiitona lpattern which i shisto ircally created in a t
s i s n o c h c i h w p u o r g r o y t e i c o
s s of the attached values ,condtiioning element so f r o ir e p u s s a n e m t u p t a h t r o i v a h e b e h t r o f s e d i u g l a it n e t o p o s l a d n a n o it c a r e h tr u
f and
n a
c dominate ,oppres sand exploi twomen.Thi spattern become sa system o fsocia l
7
I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
t n e s e r p l li w r e ti r w e h
T somer eviews t ha tare f ound i nsomep irnted source s
, s k o o b e k
il studies ,paper ,s and aritcle sand also from the elecrtonic source s ilke
t e n r e t n
i .Those review so frelated study contain t he commen to ft he ciritcs and t he
. w e i v f o t n i o p r i e h t n i y r o t s e h t f o s i s y l a n
a The wrtie ralso add ssome relevan t
t a h t s e ir o e h
t wli lbeusedt oanswert heproblemf ormulaiton .
.
A ReviewonRelatedStudies
n a F t e r c e S e h t d n a r e w o l F w o n
S wir tten by Lisa See i sa nove ltha ttell s
t u o b
a the close f irendship between two women in China in 18th century .Snow
e h t e c n e ir e p x e o t e v a h o h w n e m o w e s e n i h C f o s e v il e h t t n e s e r p e r y li L d n a r e w o l F
t o o
f bindingt ha tmucht ormenti , ng andalsot heypresentt her eade rwtiht heri ideao f
e
r jecitontowardpat irarcha lcutlures eent hroughwomen’ ssecre tw iritngi nt herif an .
l e v o n s i h t o t d e t a l e r a t a d t c e ll o c o t d r a h o s d e k r o w d a h e e
S yb rtavelli ng to
n i a e r a e t o m e
r China . Atfe rthe long and it irng research she ifnally go tthe mos t
t e r c e s n e m o w e h t m o r f s i t a h t e fi l s ’ n e m o w f o y r o t s e l o h w e h t ll e t t a h t a t a d t n a tr o p m i
l e v o n s i h t e c n i s p u e m a c s w e i v e r y n a M . e g a u g n a l e s e n i h C n i u h S u N d e ll a c g n it ir w
e s n e s k o o B e h t ,r e ll e s t s e B k r o Y w e N e h t e m a c e b d n a s e ir t n u o c 8 3 o t d l o s n e e b s a h
m u
N be rOne Pick ,and won numerou saward sdomesitcally and internaitonally.
s i y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p e h t o t d e t a l e r s e i d u t s e h t f o e n
O The Response so f
0 2 d i M e h t n i a c i r e m A n i n e m o W t n a r g i m m I e s e n i h
C thCenturyt owardt heDemand s
a s i L n i y t e i c o S e h t f
o See’ sShangha i Gir l w irtten by Emeliya Kumala Sari,
. e r u tl u c e s e n i h C e h t , e r u tl u c d l o r e h g n i v r e s e r p s p e e k e h s , n r e d o m s i e h s h g u o h tl A “
h c i h w r e h o t d e h c a tt a y t e i c o s e h t f o s d n a m e d e h t s t p e c c a o s l a e h s , e r o f e r e h
T arealso
e h t n o d e s a
b Chinese cutlure a she rduites” (Sa ir ,2011 :48) .In the nove lenitlted
,l r i G i a h g n a h
S therei san i mpo tranti dea abou tpat irarcha lvaluewhich exists i nt he
y t e i c o
s wtih two cutlure sinvolved ,Chinese and Ame irca .Women ,no matte rhow
l li t s y e h t , e r a y e h t n r e d o
m have to maintain thei rold cutlure which i sarleady
h g u o h t t a h t s n a e m s i h T . d o o h d li h c r i e h t e c n i s m e h t o t d e h c a tt
a they ah ev abetterl fie
e r u tl u c t n e r e f fi d h ti w e c a l p e h t n i e v il y e h t fi n e v e r
o , ythe cannot f orge to rabandon
ri e h
t Chinesecutlure because tii sa dutyo fal lwoment o keepand preserve i twell .
d o o g e m o c e b o t s e l u r e h t ll a w o ll o f d l u o h s n e m o w , e r o f e r e h
T w e ;om n oneo ftii sfo r
g n i e
b obedient .
y s a e D y b n e tt ir w s i y d u t s r e h t o n
A Ekawat i itlted Orchid’ s Character
s ’ n i M e e h c n A n i e l g g u r t S d n a t n e m p o l e v e
D Empres sOrchid :A Relfeciton o fEarly
. a n i h C n i e l g g u r t S t s i n i m e F
s p i h s d r a h s u o ir a v e h t h ti w r a il i m a f n u t o n s a w n i M , fl e s r e h n a m o w a s A “
r e h r o f d n u o r g k c a b n i a m e h t e m a c e b h c i h w , e fi l n i e c a f o t e v a h n e m o w
y r a r e ti
l works . tIi si nteresitngt owatchhowMin unfold sandmake seffo tr s d n a d o o t s r e d n u s i m y li v a e h s a w o h w r e d a e l a f o y r o t s i h e h t e r o t s e r o t
y r e v a n i e v i v r u s d n a e l u r o t d e ir t e h s e s u a c e b y l n o , d e t c i p e d y l g n o r w
s a s e e s d n a s w o n k e h s t a h w n o d e s a b l e v o n e h t s e ti r w n i M t a h t s w o h s n o it a t o u q e h T
d e ir t e h s e s u a c e b d o o t s r e d n u s i m s a w o h w r e d a e l a t u o b a y r o t s a s ll e t e h S . n a m o w a
t a h w n i r e tt a m o n , n a m o w a t a h t e e s n a c e W . d n a l l a h c r a ir t a p y r e v a n i e v i v r u s o t
s n o it i s o
p he i so rhow i n lfuencingshe i sbut i fshe ilves i n asocietywhere menare
e h s o s n e m o w o t r o ir e p u
s hast oobey.
y b n e tt ir w s e i d u t s e h
T Emeliya and Ekawat iare qutie simlia rto my study
h c i h
w focuse s on women’ sposiiton in a famliy and society tha tsees women a s
y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p e h t n i n e m o t r o ir e f n
i .Chinese women ,even though they are
v
il gi n in a place tha ti scompletely dfiferen tw tih Chinese society ,they have to
f o e u l a v e h t w o ll o f d l u o h s y e h t s n a e m h c i h w e r u tl u c d l o r i e h t p e e k d n a e v r e s e r p
ir t a
p archy .Snow Flowe rand Lliy aret wo o fmliilon so fChinese women who ilved
f o n o it a u ti s d r a h e h t s u t n e s e r p y e h T . y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p a n i n o it a n i m o d s ’ n e m r e d n u
y e h t w o h d n a e fi l s ’ n e m o
w survive through the crue lstiuaiton o ff oot binding ,
, e g a ir r a
m f irendship ,and so fotrh .Both character sare l ooking for t hei rfreedom in
n o il l e b e r d n a n o it c e j b o e h t w o h s y e h t s g n it ir w r i e h t h g u o r h t e s a c s i h t n i , y a w r i e h t
. e c a f o t e v a h n e m o w l l a d n a y e h t n o it a u ti s l e u r c d n a r i a f n u e h t d r a w o
t
o t s t n a w r e ti r w e h
T s ytu d women’ sresponses to t he pracitces o fpat irarcha l
, e r u tl u
c h ere the wrtier semphasize son the way the two character srebe lto the
s g n it ir w r i e h t h g u o r h t e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p f o e c it c a r
.
B ReviewonRelatedTheory. .
1 CharacterandCharacteriza iton .
t e n r a
B in hi sbook Ltierary fo rComposi iton de ifned characte rinto two
s g n i n a e
m , the fris ti sa ifgure in a ltierary work and the second i sa ifgure o f
i d e d i v i d t a h t y ti l a n o s r e p s ’ e n o e m o
s nto menta land mora lquail ite .sThere are some
t n a tr o p m
i factors ath tmus tbeconsideredwhent her eaders wantt oknowmoreabou t
n w o s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t h g u o r h T . s e o d d n a s y a s r e t c a r a h c e h t t a h w e r a y e h t ,r e t c a r a h c e h t
, g n i k a e p s f o y a w d n a e d u ti tt
a w e wli lknow wha tkindo fcharactert ha the observes .
t a h w s i r o t c a f r e h t o e h
T the othe rcharacter’ scommen tand aciton toward the
.) 1 7 : 8 8 9 1 ( r e t c a r a h c
n
I AnI ntroducitont oFiciton ,Stantonstatest hatt het ermcharacteri susedi n
o t s r e f e r y a w s ti d n a ; y r o t s e h t n i r a e p p a o h w s l a u d i v i d n i e h t s e t a n g i s e d t i ,s y a w o w t
o n o it p ir c s e
d fatttiudes ,interests ,desries ,emoitons ,and mora lp irnciple so fthe
o w t o t n i d e z ir o g e t a c e b n a c y r o t s a n i r e t c a r a h c t a h t s d d a e H . ) 7 1 : 5 6 9 1 ( s l a u d i v i d n i
a m : s e p y t t n e r e f fi
d j or characte rand mino rcharacter .Majo rcharacter i sa characte r
e h t , e li h w n a e M . ti n i d e t n e s e r p y lt n e u q e r f s i d n a y r o t s e l o h w e h t e t a n i m o d y a m t a h t
, r e t c a r a h c r e h t o e h t p l e h d n a n i a l p x e o t r e d r o n i d e t n e s e r p s i r e t c a r a h c r o n i m
r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t y ll a i c e p s
e (1965 :1 -7 1 8.)
k o o b s i h n i y h p r u
M Understanding Unseen detalied the technique s o f
n u o t s e u q i n h c e t e n i n e r a e r e h T . n o it a z ir e t c a r a h
c derstand acharacter i n astorysuch
, e fi l t s a p , h c e e p s , r e h t o n a y b n e e s s a r e t c a r a h c , n o it p ir c s e d l a n o s r e p r i e h t h g u o r h t s a
r i e h t e k il s c it s ir e t c a r a h c r i e h t g n i w o h s y ll a e r e r a h c i h w m e h t f o e m o s s e s u r e ti r w
e h t w o n k o s l a n a c r e ti r w e h T . k o o l l a c i s y h p r i e h t e n if e d o t s n o it p ir c s e d l a n o s r e p
c a r a h
c te irsitc sthroughthecharacter’ sconversaitonandspeech; et ri h reacitont oward
g n i h t e n
o ; therit hought sandalsot hei rmanne irsm(1972 :161-173 .)
.
2 Patriarchy&ChinesePatriarcha lCutlure.
e v a h e l p o e p e s e n i h C , y r o t s i h g n o l a s a h e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a
P a greatr espect t o
r i e h t , e n il y li m a f e h t n i a t n i a m d l u o c y e h t f i t a h t d e v e il e b y e h t d n a s r o t s e c n a r i e h t
. m e h t f o l l a o t n o it c e t o r p e v a g d n a y p p a h e b d l u o w s r o t s e c n a
” y h c r a ir t a p “ m r e t e h
T i sthereforej usit ifedbyt hisf ac,tt ha toft he“universal”
o i s s e r p p
o no fwomenbymen .A sAd irenneRichwrti , es
l a il i m a f a : s r e h t a f e h t f o r e w o p e h t s i y h c r a ir t a P
“ -socia,li deological ,poilitca l n
e m h c i h w n i m e t s y
s -by force ,driec tpressure ,o rthrough rtiual , rtadi iton , n
a , n o it a c u d e , e tt e u q it e , s m o t s u c , e g a u g n a l d n a , w a
l d the division o flabor ,
s i e l a m e f e h t h c i h w n i d n a , y a l p t o n l l a h s r o l l a h s n e m o w t r a p t a h w e n i m r e t e d
r e v
e ywheres ubsumedundert hemale…”( 1976: .)3
d n a l o rt n o c n e m , n e m m o r f n o i s s e r p p o e h t e c n e ir e p x e n e tf o n e m o w t a h t s e u g r a h c i R
m o w t r a p t a h w n i e g a n a
m en can be i n and wha twomen should do and no tdo .The
e m o s e s u a c e b ; y t e i c o s e n o n i n o it i s o p n e m o w o t e c n e u lf n i s e v i g o s l a n o it i d a rt
n o it i d a
rt s placewomeni nmen’ sauthortiyandt heya rebelongt omen .
r P . c il b u p d n a e t a v ir p , s m r o f n i a m o w t s a h y h c r a ir t a
P ivatepat irarchyi sbased
m r o f s i h T . n o i s s e r p p o s ’ n e m o w f o e ti s n i a m e h t s a n o it c u d o r p d l o h e s u o h n o p u
. g n i n i a l p m o c t u o h ti w e s u o h e h t e d i s n i s e l u r e h t l l a y e b o d n a e m o h t
a Chinese
pat irarcha lsociety ha smade a disitnciton between men and women in thei rdaliy
o t r e f e r e s a c s i h t n i s e r e h p s e t a v ir p d n a c it s e m o d e h T . s e it i v it c
a the Chinese t erm s
i e
n - iw a mean inne rand outer .Women are assigned to the inne rwhlie men to the
, r e t u
o even t he husbandand wfie arehaving a st irct i nteraciton and areseparated i n
c it s e m o d y l e t e l p m o c e r a h c i h w e s o h t o t d e t a l e r e r a s n r e c n o c s ’ n e m o W . s tr a p y n a m
ilke nu tru irng chlidren ,cooking ,and the othe rhousehold works ;whlie men can
c il b u p e h t e l d n a
h affari silkef armingandr unningbusiness( Chan ,2000 :116 .)
o it a n i d r o b u s s ’ n e m o w d n a y h c r a ir t a p f o a e d i e h t g n it r o p p u
S n to men ,
e l g n ir P d n a l l e w o D c
M fu trhe rstate t hat ,women are no tonly constanlty deifned i n
e d n e p e d s a d e n if e d e r a t u b , n e m o t n o it a l e
r n tandsubordinatet ot hema swell(1992) .
g n i v ir t s d n a n o i s s i m b u s , y ti v i s s a p , s s e n e lt n e g e k il s e it il a u q e ri u q c a o t e v a h n e m o W
r i o v u a e B e d e n o m i S o t r a li m i s y ll a c i s a b s i t n e m e t a t s s i h T . s y a w l a n e m e s a e l p o t
w e i v h c i h w s i s y l a n
a s women a sfundamentally dfiferen tfrom themselves; they are
n e m t a h t s e t a t s ri o v u a e B . t n e d n e p e d e l a m s a y l e k il e r o m t u b e r u t a e r c s u o m o n o t u a t o n
d e d r a g e r e r a s e v l e s m e h t n e m o w d n a , n e m o w y b d e t a n i d r o b u s s i o h w t c e j b u s e h t e r a
.) ii x x : 3 5 9 1 ( e n o r e h t o e h t s a
t s e g n o rt s e h t n e e b s a h y li m a
F universa l uni t in China and since they
e t a i c e r p p
a d famliys ohighlyt hent hepracitceo fpat irarchywli lalway scon itnue itme
e h t o t e c n e i d e b o d n a s s e n e ti l o p r i e h t r o f n w o n k l l e w e r a e l p o e p e s e n i h C . e m it o t
t n I . y li m a f ri e h t o t s s e n l u f h ti a f o s l a d n a r e d l
e r a n e m o w e s u a c e b , y t e i c o s r i e h t s a l l e w s a y li m a f r i e h t m o r f s t n e m t a e rt e m a s e h t
u s s a t s u m d n a n e m o t r o ir e f n
i meas t ircltys ubordinater ole(Hsu ,1948 :207) .
s y o b y b a b e h t , y t e i c o s e s e n i h C e h t n
I a re preferred than ht e baby gi lrs ,
s lr i g e h t e s u a c e
b a re considered a sthe poo rinvestmen tin rtadiitonal society of
a n i h
C ,sincet heywi llmarryou tandbecomet hemembe ro fother’ shouseholds .The
m y li m a f r o o p y r e
v a yevensellt heri f emalechlidren i ntoslaveryo rprosttiuitonand
t
i si notr are f or t hepoor f amliy t odesrtoyt he chlid .Whlie t he boy sa re considered
w y e h t e s u a c e b t n a tr o p m i d n a l a i c u r
c i nll co itnue the famliy ilne and maintain the
c n
a esrtals acir ifce s(Smtih ,1994:248 .)
l a h c r a ir t a p e h t g n it a e r c n i n o it u b ir t n o c g i b a s a h m s i n a i c u f n o C f o a e d i e h T
s a d o o h n a m o w l a e d i e h t d e t c u d n o c o a h Z n a B r a l o h c s s u o m a f a , a n i h C n i e r u tl u c
, d e t a t
s
“To be humble ,yielding ,respecftu land reverenital ;to pu thersel fa tfe r e l b m u h d n a w o l s ’ n a m o w g n i y fi l p m e x e e s o h t e r a s e it il a u q e s e h t … s r e h t o
o t n w a d m o r f n o it r e x e k ri h s o t t o n ; y lr a e e s ir d n a e t a l e ri t e r o T . e t a t s e
n i y l s u o r o c e d d n a y lr e p o r p e v a h e b o T . t n e g il i d g n i e b d e ll a c s i s i h t … k r a d
n e r e s e b o t ; d n a b s u h r e h g n i v r e
s e and sefl-possessed ,shunning jest sand . e g a e n il s ’ d n a b s u h e h t g n i u n it n o c f o y h tr o w g n i e b d e ll a c s i s i h t … r e t h g u a l
r e h n e h t , s e it il a u q e e r h t d e n o it n e m e v o b a e h t s e s s e s s o p n a m o w a f I
l a h s n o it a t u p e
r lbeexcellent” (Eastman ,1988:1 ). 9
s ’ n e m o
W il ef si created andi s managed orde lry,t heycanno tdo anythingt heywan t
c d n
a anno tbehavei napprop irately .Womeni nt he itmeo fQingdynasty, fo rexample ,
d l u o h s d n a e s o p r u p t n a tr o p m i y n a t u o h ti w r e b m a h c r e p p u r i e h t e d i s t u o o g t o n t h g i m
r e h t o y b d e i n a p m o c c a e
d o o h d li h c r i e h T . d e li o p s e b t o n d n a t n e d n e p e d n i e
b i s les shard and miserable
d y e h t e s u a c e
b o notf eelt heunpleasan tilvewtihmother- ni -law .
c y e h t ; s e c n a t s m u c ri c d e t a l o s i n i e v il n e m o
W anno thave freedom a tall .
e fi l s ’ n e m o
W i s completely r est ircted i n t hewomen’ schambe randhome ,and t here
s
i as toryo fBuddhist-o irentedwomenwhowisht hati nt hei rnex texistencet heywi ll
w y e h t t a h t o s s g o d s a n r o b e r e
b i vll ha e greate rfreedom (Smtih ,1994: 52 0 .)
r e n r e L a d r e G o t g n i d r o c c
A and Bhasin ,famliy play san impo tran trole in creaitng
s e u l a v l a h c r a ir t a p n i n o it a r e n e g t x e n e h t g n i z il a i c o s r o f d n a m e t s y s l a c i h c r a r e i h
7 2 1 : 6 8 9 1
( ;1993 :10) .In t hi scase ,mothe ri s the one who took t he greate st role i n
y e h t ; e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p e h t f o n o it a u n it n o c e h
t preserve thi scutlure indrieclty by
, e v i s s a p g n i e b e k il n a m o w d o o g a f o y ti l a u q r e p o r p e h t r e t h g u a d r i e h t g n i h c a e t
c t i t a h t o s n e m o t t n e i d e b o d n a e v i s s i m b u
s a nbeclealryunderstoodwhyt ha tcutlure
. e m it g n o l o s r o f e u n it n o
c
n i y a R a ti j n a r u
S thearitcle Understanding Patriarchy rw ti es tha twomen are
, s n o it a n i m ir c s i d o t t c e j b u s o s l a e r a t u b n e m o t e t a n i d r o b u s s a d e t a e rt y l n o t o n
i s s e r p p o , s n o it a ti o l p x e , s n o it a il i m u
h ons ,conrto landviolence( 2012 .):1 Theviolence
n e m o w t s n i a g
a i s happened because o fthe gende rstereotype stoward them ilke
e fi w , t n e m s s a r a h l a u x e s , e p a r e h t e c n e ir e p x e n e m o
w -beaitng ,and so on from t hei r
: 3 9 9 1 , n i s a h B ( d n a b s u
h 13) . Women expe irence disc irminaiton and unequa l
l o rt n o c , t n e m y o l p m e , n o it a c u d e , e r a c h tl a e h , d o o f f o t h g ir c i s a b f o s m r e t n i t n e m t a e rt
n o i s i c e d , s e c r u o s e r e v it c u d o r p r e v
o -making and ilveilhood no tbecause o fthei r
a r u t a n s i h c i h w , x e s r o s e c n e r e f fi d l a c i g o l o i
: 2 0 0 2 , a h t e e G ( t c u rt s n o c l a i c o s a s i h c i h
w 10) .She say s tha tsex i sconsidered a sa
l a i c o s s i r e d n e g t u b , a il a ti n e g e l a m e f r o e l a m r e h ti e h ti w n r o b s i e n o y r e v e , t c a f
e r e f fi d d n a n o it a n i m ir c s i d r e d n e g , n o it c u rt s n o
c nce sare man-made and they ge t
. y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p a n i d e z i m it i g e
l
f l e s ti a n i h
C i s one o fthe status-o irented socieite sin which the people are
y ll a e
r concerni ng abou tstatus i n a society .In a famliy fo rexample, t here i sa itgh t
e h t n i s e c n e r e f fi
d posiiton o ffather ,mother ,and othe rfamliy member .Fathe ri s
n o s s i h e li h w , n o s s i h o t n r e t s , e t o m e r y ll a c i p y
t i s respecftul ,servlie to hi sfather .
e r e h
T i ns o same rteatment appiled to the highe rand lowe rposiiton person in a
s l a s i h T . a n i h C n i y li m a
f o happeni n t hecaseo fstudentst ot heriteachers ( Eastman ,
: 8 8 9
1 35) .
s i y t e i c o s e s e n i h C n i e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p e h t w o h s o s l a t a h t s g n i h t r e h t o e h T
t i d n a e g a ir r a
m i s considered a sthe most i mpo trant t hing because i twli ldetermine
a f o n o it a u n it n o c e h
t famliy ilne .Mar irage i smale-centered; the emphasi si sno t
r e h o t y t u d s ’ n a m o w n o p u t u b , e fi w s i h d n a n a m e h t n e e w t e b p i h s r e n tr a p e h t n o p u
s t n e r a p r e h y ll a i c e p s e d n a d n a b s u
h - ni -law (Hsu ,1948 :107) .I tlegiitmizes tha ta
e p e d n i e d a m e b r e v e n d l u o h s n a m o
w ndent ,a sa daughte rshe should be unde rthe
w o d i w a s a d n a d n a b s u h r e h f o e fi w a s a , r e h t a f r e h f o e c n a ll i e v r u
s o fhe rson
: 6 0 0 2 , it r a v a r k a h C
( 75) .A mar irage i spropelry arranged since they were stli lso
d d n a g n u o
y o no tunderstand anything abou t ti ,Mao thinks tha tyoung women
t o m s i h f o t u o s p o r d n o s r e p a s a n o o s s a t a h t f e il e
b her’ sbelly ,i ti ssaid tha ther
, h ti m S ( d e lt t e s s i e g a ir r a
m 1991 :195) .
e t a t s o a
M s t ha tthe beginning o fwomen’ smiserable l fie i swhen t heymarry
d n a t u
o have to follow al lthe rule sin theri husband’ shome a sthe srtange rand
c n e m o W . e n o d e t n a w n
u a n only keep slien tand calm ,someitmes t hey fee l uneasy
e h t h ti
w lfiebutt ha ti sthef atet ha tal lwomens houldt ake ,noonec andeny ti .
“On t he dayof t he wedding,t he woman cu ther t hroat j us ta sshewa sbeing y l p e e d s a w o a M . e m o h s ’ d n a b s u h r e h o t d e ir r a c e b o t ri a h c l a d ir b e h t o t n i t u p
a , t n e d i c n i e h t y b d e t c e f f
a nd he referred the b irda lsedan a sa “p irsoner’ s d n a e m o h n w o r e h m o r f y a w a n a m o w g n u o y a k o o t t a h t e l c i h e v a ” ,t r a c
s e r e h t e v il o t y ll a u s u , s ’ e s l e e n o e m o s n i r e h d e t n a l
p to fhe r ilve in slien t
ri a p s e
d ” (Smtih ,1991 :195 .)
e r u tl u c l a h c r a ir t a p e s e n i h C f o l a c i p y t r e h t o e h
T i s taking concubine tha ti s
n o s a e r e l p m i s e h t r o f d n a , e g it s e r p f o n o i s s e r p x e r o n o it i s i u q c a h ti w d e t a i c o s s a n e tf o
c e fi w t s ri f e h t fi e n il y li m a f e h t f o n o it a u n it n o c e h t n i a t n i a m o
t anno tbea ra son t o
f e h
t amliy( Hsu ,1948 :206 .)
t n e m r o t h c u m a e c n e ir e p x e o t e v a h l li t s n e m o
W i ng rteatmen to ff ootbinding
s i h T . d o o h d li h c y lr a e r i e h t n
i i sthecustom sof t heold Chinai n which al lgi lr shave
b o
t i nd thei rfeet i n order t o ge ta very smal l“golden ililes” t ha ti s considered a sa
m o t s u c s i h T . a n i h C l a n o it i d a rt n i n e m r o f l a e p p a c it o r e t a e r g f o t c e j b
o i s no tin a
t I . n o it n e v n o c l a i c o s f o r e tt a m a y l e r u p t u b s u o i g il e r f o e s n e
s i s said tha twomen
t u o h ti
w smal lfee ta re regarded a sdisgraced and i ti s impossible for t hem to ge ta
.) 0 8 6 : 1 5 9 1 , e tt e r u o t a L ( d n a b s u h e l b a ri s e
.
3 Feminism
n i n a h K d n a n i s a h B o t g n i d r o c c
A thearitcleUnderstandingPatriarchy ,
n o i s s e r p p o d n a n o it a ti o l p x e , l o rt n o c l a h c r a ir t a p f o s s e n e r a w a n a s i m s i n i m e F
d n a y ti li tr e f , r o b a l s ’ n e m o w f o s l e v e l l a c i g o l o e d i d n a l a ir e t a m e h t t a
d n a , l a r e n e g n i y t e i c o s n i d n a k r o w f o e c a l p e h t t a , y li m a f e h t n i , y ti l a u x e s
d n a n e m o w y b n o it c a s u o i c s n o
c men to rtansform the presen tstiuaiton .)
3 : 9 9 9 1 , n a h K d n a n i s a h B (
o t n e m o w r o f m o d e e r f , s t h g ir , y ti n g i d , y ti l a u q e e v e i h c a o t e l g g u rt s a s i t I
y h c r a ir t a P . e d i s t u o d n a e m o h n i h ti w h t o b s e i d o b d n a s e v il r i e h t l o rt n o
c i sseen a san
e s u a c e b m e t s y s e v i s s e r p p
o i ti scharacte irzed by paterna ldominance ,hierarchy ,
.) 2 : 9 8 9 1 , g n o T ( d e t a u l a v e d y ll a u x e s e r a n e m o w e r e h w d n a r e w o p d n a n o it it e p m o c
f l e s ti ’ m s i n i m e f ‘ d r o w e h
T i so irginated from the French word feminism
it a z i n i m e f e h t e b ir c s e d o t m r e t l a c i d e m a s a r e h ti
e on o fa male body ,or t o desc irbe
e t a t S d e ti n U e h t n i d e s u s i ti n e h W . s ti a rt e n il u c s a m h ti w n e m o
w s in t he t weniteth
h c i h w p u o r g t a h t y l e m a n ‘ : n e m o w f o p u o r g e n o o t r e f e r o t d e s u y l n o s a w t i y r u t n e c
e c n e ir e p x e l a c it s y m e h t , n e m o w f o s s e n e u q i n u e h t d e tr e s s
a o fmotherhood and
.) 5 : 3 8 9 1 , r a g g a J ( ’ y ti r u p l a i c e p s s ’ n e m o w
k c a rt e h t n i s t n e m e v o m o w t e r a e r e h
T -record o f feminists , fris t wave
n r e c n o c y ll a p i c n ir p h c i h w t n e m e v o m m s i n i m e
f s wtih equailites ,a nd the second
t n e m e v o m m s i n i m e
f concerns wtiht he women’ schallenget o opposethe l‘egailites ’
f o s m it c i v e m it e m o s , s t c e j b o e r a n e m o w t n e m o m t s ri f e h t n I . d lr o w l a h c r a ir t a p f o
t a h t g n i g n e ll a h c e r a n e m o w t n e m o m d n o c e s e h t n I . e g d e l w o n k l a i c o s n e k a t s i m
e s a e l e r d l u o c e c n e ir e p x e n w o r i e h t f o h t g n e rt s e h t m o r f ’ e g d e l w o n k
‘ them from t he
: 2 9 9 1 , m m u H ( n o i s s e r p p
e u g r a f l o o W a i n i g ri
V s tha twomen should refuse the value so fpat irarcha l
, y t e i c o s l a h c r a ir t a p e h t n I . n o i s s e r p p o r i e h t f o e c r u o s e h t s i t i e s u a c e b y t e i c o s
e v e il e b e h s h c i h w n r e c n o c c i s a b e h t s i y ti l a u q e n i r e d n e g , y li m a f a n i y lr a l u c it r a
p s
a c d n a d e t c u rt s n o c y ll a i c o s s i ti t a h
t nbechallengedandchanged .Thesamewtihher ,
l e v o n r e h h g u o r h t ri o v u a e B e d e n o m i
S The Second Sex states tha tone i sno tborn ,
e v e il e b e h S . n a m o w a , s e m o c e b r e h t a r t u
b s tha t i f women break ou t the
h ti w g n o l a , d n e l li w y h c r a ir t a p e h t n e h t n o it a c if it c e j b
o the oppression o fwomen
.) 5 4 : 2 9 9 1 , m m u H (
s i n o i s s e r p p o s ’ n e m o w t a h t e u g r a o h w r e ll i m n w o r B n a s u S d n a t e ll i M e t a K
l a u x e s e h t t a h t d n a y ti n i n i m e f f o n o it c u rt s n o c l a i c o s e h t m o r f t u b y g o l o i b m o r f t o n
l o rt n o c o t n e m s e l b a n e h c i h w e p a r f o d a e r h t e h t d n a e p a r y ll a i c e p s e , e c n e l o i v
r e h h ti w t e ll i M . n e m o
w Sexua lPoilitcs explains poilitc sa sa power t o conrto lothe r
.) 1 6 : 2 9 9 1 , m m u H ( n e m o w f o y ti l a u x e s e h t e s a c s i h t n i ,s n o s r e
p Mille tdemonsrtate s
s i t i f i l a m r o n e b o t d i a s e r a y e h t , n e m o w d n a n e m o t g n o l e b t a h t s e t u b ir tt a e m o s
a s i ti d n a n e m o w r o f e v i s s a
p citve fo rmen .Men are t enacious ,aggressive ,cu irous ,
e v it it e p m o c d n a , l a n i g ir o , e l b i s n o p s e r , l u f n a l p , s u o it i b m
a whlie women are
d n a , d n i k , l u f r e e h c , l a v o r p p a d n a y h t a p m y s o t e v i s n o p s e r , t n e i d e b o , e t a n o it c e f f a
. y l d n e ir
f Womenhavet obebravet or efuset hose rtatisi nordert or eleaset hemf rom
n e m e h t m o r f n o i s s e r p p o e h
t bothi ndomesitcands exua lmatte r(1989 :10) .
s ’ n e m o w e t a e r c t a h t s e s u a c n i a m e m o s e b ir c s e d s t s i n i m e f s u o m a f e m o S
k o o b r e h h g u o r h t , e n o t s e ri F . y t e i c o s a n i n o i s s e r p p
o TheDialecitco fSex argues tha t
e v e il e b e h s ; n o it c e j b u s s ’ n e m o w f o s i s a b e h t s i n o it c u d o r p e
c n e m o w t u b t n e m e v a l s n e r e h f o e c r u o s e h t s i y d o b s ’ n e m o
w a nchange tit hrought he
o h w l l e h c ti M m o r f t n e m u g r a r a li m i s r e h t o n A . t n e m p o l e v e d l a c i g o l o n h c e
t also
e v e il e
b s tha tbiologica lreproduciton o fwomen ,tha ti schlidbea irng which creates
n o it c u d o r p e r ri e h t r e v o l o rt n o c o t n e m o w e g a r u o c n e y e h T . n e m o w f o n o i s s e r p p o e h t
e l o
r int hi scase a rethe chlid-bea irng andchlid-rea irng whicha rethe means o fmen
o
t conrto love rwomen( Humm ,1992 :66) .
e r a s t c a f l a c i s y h
P t he othe r factors tha t create the subordinaiton and
n a h t l u f r e w o p d n a r e g g i b y ll a u s u e r a n e m e s u a c e b , n e m o t n e m o w f o e c n e i v r e s b u s
t h g u o r h t n e m o w l o rt n o c o t y ti n u tr o p p o e h t e v a h y e h t t a h t o s n e m o
w hei rphysica l
. e c n a r a e p p
a Social f act ssuch a smar iragewhich i sconrtactedand regulatedbymen
o s l
a relegateothe roppression so fwomeni ntot hesecondarystatu swhichplacet hem
: 8 9 9 1 , r e n tr O ( s n o it i s o p c il b u p e h t n i e d e c c a o t e l b a n a h t r e h t a r e m o h n
i 2 1 .)Women
r i e h t , g n i h t t n a tr o p m i t s o m e h t t o n e r a s e c n e r e f fi d l a c i s y h p r i e h t t a h t e z il a e r o t d e e n
. s e c it c a r p l a h c r a ir t a p e h t d n e o t n o i s s e s s o p t s e g n o rt s ri e h t e r a e g d e l w o n k d n a y ti li b a
k o o b r e h n i d d u J . R n e ll
E The Chinese Women’ sMovemen tbetween State
t e k r a M d n
a t se ll aboutt hequaltiyo fwomeni nChinaass tatedbelow ,
“Apar tfrom observing tha traising women’ squaltiy i snecessarliy par to f n o it u b ir t n o c a s e k a m o s l a s i h t t a h t d n a , fl e s ti n o it a n e h t f o y ti l a u q e h t g n i s i a r
r d li h c d n a s e il i m a f h g u o r h
t ea irng,t heWomen’ sFederaiton shavearguedt ha t d n a s t h g ir r i e h t g n i u s r u p n i n e m o w t s i s s a l li w y ti l a u q s ’ n e m o w g n i s i a r
y ti l a u q e r e d n e g g n i v e i h c a n i d n a s t s e r e t n
i ” (Judd ,2002 :21 .)
e u g r a e h
S s tha tone naiton’ squaltiy wli lri se i fwomen’ squaltiy irsing sa w ell and
a f e h t t c e f f a l li w y ti l a u q f o g n i s i a r t a h
t miile sand chlid rea irng .She thinks tha t
n o it a c u d e f o y ti l a u q r e tt e b e v a h y e h t fi e fi l f o y ti l a u q r i e h t e v o r p m i n a c y e h
T which
e u g r a e h S . r e d n e g f o y ti l a u q e e h t o t m e h t s d a e
l s also t ha twomen cani mprove t hei r
e m o c n i r i e h t e s a e r c n i l li w y ll u f e p o h t a h t s ll i k s l a c it c a r p l u f e s u e ri u q c a y e h t f i e fi l
t a h t d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c t i t u b , m e l b o r p c i m o n o c e h ti w s l a e d t i h g u o h T . ) 7 2 : 2 0 0 2 (
. e fi l r e tt e b a r o f h s i w y e h t fi t n a tr o p m i y ll a e r e r a n e m o w r o f n o it a c u d e d n a s ll i k
s
k o o b e h t n i s t s i n i m e f h c n e r
F A Reade rGuide to Contemporary Feminis t
m s i c it i r C y r a r e ti
L createdanewf ormo fw iritngt obreakt hepat irarcha lpracitce .s
“French Feminists ’determinaiton to break through pat irarcha lpracitces- by e h t s a d e b ir c s e d e b t o n d l u o c h c i h w g n i k n i h t/ g n it ir w f o s m r o f w e n g n it a e r c
e l a m f o f l a h ’ r e h t o
‘ -de ifned raitonaltiy-inspried exctiemen t and debate” .
) 6 1 : 4 9 9 1 , m m u H (
o t n e m o w r o f t n e m u rt s n i e h t e m o c e b s a h g n it ir
W expres sthei rrejeciton toward
. e fi l ri e h t o t s g n ir e f f u s d n a e c it s u
