Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
•
Software yang dibutuhkan:
browser dan teks editor
•
CSS adalah style language untuk
mendefinisikan layout dokumen HTML
ex. Fonts, colours, margins,lines, height,
width, background images, advanced
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
•
Perbedaan CSS & HTML:
HTML digunakan untuk membuat structure content. CSS
digunakan untuk formatting structured content.
•
Keuntungan menggunakan CSS:
–
Mengkontrol layout banyak dokumen dari satu style
sheet.
–
Lebih akurat dalam mengkontrol layout
–
Mengaplikasikan perbedaan layout ke berbagai jenis
media ex. Screen, print, etc..
HTML vs. XHTML
• Strict
• Transitional
• Frameset
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head> <title>My XHTML Page</title> </head>
<body>
<p>This is my first XHTML page.</p> </body>
Cara Kerja CSS
•
Sintaks dasar CSS:
HTML -> <body bgcolor=“#FF0000”>
CSS -> body {background-color: #FF0000;}
Selector {property: value;}
Lokasi tempat pemformatan dilakukan pada tag(s) HTML
Yang dilakukan property
Applying CSS to an HTML Document
•
In-line (the attribute style)
Menggunakan atribut style HTML
ex. <html>
<head> <title>Example</title>
</head>
<body style="background-color: #FF0000;">
<p>This is a red page</p>
</body>
Applying CSS to an HTML Document
• Internal (the tag style)
Menyertakan kode CSS menggunakan tag HTML <style> ex. <html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color: #FF0000;} </style>
</head> <body>
<p>This is a red page</p> </body>
Applying CSS to an HTML Document
•
External (link to a style sheet)
ex.
Applying CSS to an HTML Document
<html>
<head>
<title>My document</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css“ href="style/style.css" />
Applying CSS to an HTML Document
default.htm
<html> <head>
<title>My document</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" /> </head>
<body>
<h1>My first stylesheet</h1> </body>
</html>
style.css
body {
Colors & Backgrounds
•
color
•
background-color
•
background-image
•
background-repeat
•
background-attachment
•
background-position
Colors & Backgrounds
Foreground color: the 'color' property
h1 {
color: #ff0000;
}
Colors can be entered as hexadecimal values
as in the example above (#ff0000), or you can
use the names of the colors ("red") or rgb-
Colors & Backgrounds
The 'background-color' property
body {
background-color: #FFCC66;
}
h1 {
color: #990000;
background-color: #FC9804;
Colors & Backgrounds
Background images [background-image]
body {
background-color: #FFCC66;
background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
} h1 {
color: #990000; background-color: #FC9804; }
Notice how we specified the location of the image as
url("butterfly.gif"). This means that the image is located in the
same folder as the style sheet. You can also refer to images in other folders using url("../images/butterfly.gif") or even on the Internet indicating the full address of the file:
Colors & Backgrounds
Repeat background image [background repeat]
Example: body {
background-color: #FFCC66;
background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
} h1 {
color: #990000;
background-color: #FC9804; }
Value
Colors & Backgrounds
Lock background image [background-attachment]
The property background-attachment specifies whether a background picture is fixed or scrolls (scroll) along with the containing element.
body {
background-color: #FFCC66;
background-image: url("butterfly.gif"); background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
} h1 {
color: #990000;
Colors & Backgrounds
Place background image [background-position]
Value Description
background-position: 2cm 2cm
The image is positioned 2 cm from the left and 2 cm down the page
background-position: 50% 25%
The image is centrally positioned and one fourth down the page
background-position: top right
Colors & Backgrounds
body {
background-color: #FFCC66;
background-image: url("butterfly.gif");
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-position: right bottom;
}
h1 {
color: #990000;
Colors & Backgrounds
Compiling [background]
With background you can compress several properties and thereby write your style sheet in a shorter way which makes it easier to read. background-color: #FFCC66;
background-image: url("butterfly.gif"); background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-position: right bottom; Dapat di tulis langsung:
background: #FFCC66 url("butterfly.gif") no-repeat fixed right bottom; Urutan:
[background-color] | [background-image] | [background-repeat] | [background-attachment] | [background-position]
Fonts
•
Font family [font-family]
h1 {font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif;
}
Fonts
Font style [font-style]
The property font-style defines the chosen font either in normal,
italic or oblique. In the example below, all headlines marked with <h2> will be shown in italics.
h1 {
font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; }
h2 {
font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-style: italic;
}
Layout:
Heading 1 written in Arial
Fonts
Font variant [font-variant]
The property font-variant is used to choose between
normal
or
small-caps
variants of a font. A
small-caps
font is a font that uses smaller sized capitalized letters
(upper case) instead of lower case letters.
h1 {
font-variant: small-caps;
}
h2 {
Fonts
Font weight [font-weight]
The property font-weight describes how bold or "heavy" a font should be presented. A font can either be normal or bold. Some browsers even support the use of numbers between 100-900 (in hundreds) to describe the weight of a font
Ex. p {
font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; }
td {
font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;
Fonts
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
<head>
<title>Font weight - Lesson 4, Example 4 | CSS Tutorial | HTML.net</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="lesson4_ex4.css" type="text/css" media="all" />
</head> <body>
<p> </p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10"> <tr>
<td>Text in bold in the cells</td> </tr>
</table>
<p>Normal text here</p> </body>
Fonts
Font size [font-size]
The size of a font is set by the property font-size.
Fonts
Compiling [font] p {
font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-size: 30px;
font-family: arial, sans-serif; }
Dapat dipersingkat:
p { font: italic bold 30px arial, sans-serif; }
Urutan:
TEXT
Text indention [text-indent]
The property text-indent allows you to add an
elegant touch to text paragraphs by applying an
indent to the first line of the paragraph. In the
example below a
30px
is applied to all text
paragraphs marked with <p>:
p {
TEXT
Text alignment [text-align]
th {
text-align:
right;
}
td {
text-align:
center;
}
p {
text-align:
justify;
TEXT
Text decoration [text-decoration]
h1 {
text-decoration:
underline
;
}
h2 {
text-decoration:
overline
;
}
h3 {
TEXT
Letter space [letter-spacing]
h1 {
letter-spacing:
6px;
}
p {
letter-spacing:
3px;
TEXT
Text transformation [text-transform]
The text-transform property controls the capitalization of a text. You can choose to capitalize, use
uppercase or lowercase regardless of how the original text is looks in the HTML code.
• capitalize
– Capitalizes the first letter of each word. For example: "john doe" will be "John Doe".
• uppercase
– Converts all letters to uppercase. For example: "john doe" will be "JOHN DOE".
• lowercase
– Converts all letters to lowercase. For example: "JOHN DOE" will be "john doe".
• none
– No transformations - the text is presented as it appears in the HTML code.
h1 {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
li {
text-transform: capitalize;
Links
a {
color: blue; }
a:link {
color: blue; }
a:visited {
color: red; }
a:active {
background-color: #FFFF00; }
a:hover {
Links
a:hover
{
text-transform: uppercase;
font-weight:bold;
color:blue;
background-color:yellow;
}
Menghilangkan garis bawah pada link
a
{
text-decoration:none;
Identification and grouping of
elements (class and id)
Grouping elements with class
Ex. In HTML
<p>Grapes for white wine:</p> <ul>
<li><a href="ri.htm">Riesling</a></li>
<li><a href="ch.htm">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="pb.htm">Pinot Blanc</a></li> </ul>
<p>Grapes for red wine:</p> <ul>
<li><a href="cs.htm">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="me.htm">Merlot</a></li>
Identification and grouping of
elements (class and id)
Identification and grouping of
elements (class and id)
Dalam HTML
<p>Grapes for white wine:</p> <ul>
<li><a href="ri.htm“ class="whitewine">Riesling</a></li>
<li><a href="ch.htm" class="whitewine">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="pb.htm" class="whitewine">Pinot Blanc</a></li> </ul> <p>Grapes for red wine:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="cs.htm" class="redwine">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="me.htm" class="redwine">Merlot</a></li>
Identification and grouping of
elements (class and id)
a {
color: blue;
}
a.
whitewine
{
color: #FFBB00;
}
a.
redwine
{
Identification of element using id
In addition to grouping elements, you might need to
identify one unique element.
<h1>Chapter 1</h1> ...
<h2>Chapter 1.1</h2> ...
<h2>Chapter 1.2</h2> ...
<h1>Chapter 2</h1> ...
<h2>Chapter 2.1</h2> ...
<h3>Chapter 2.1.2</h3> …
<h1 id="c1">Chapter 1</h1> ...
<h2 id="c1-1">Chapter 1.1</h2> ...
<h2 id="c1-2">Chapter 1.2</h2> ...
<h1 id="c2">Chapter 2</h1> ...
<h2 id="c2-1">Chapter 2.1</h2> ...
Identification of element using id
Let us say that the headline for chapter 1.2 must be in red. This can be done accordingly with CSS:
#c1-2 {
Grouping of elements (span and div)
Grouping with <span>
The element <span> is what you could call a neutral element which does not add anything to the document itself. But with CSS, <span> can be used to add visual features to specific parts of text in your documents.
<p>Early to bed and early to rise
makes a man <spanclass="benefit">healthy</span>,
<span class="benefit">wealthy</span>
and <span class="benefit">wise</span>.</p>
span.benefit
{
Grouping of elements (span and div)
Grouping with <div>
Whereas <span> is used within a block-level element as seen in the previous example, <div> is used to group one or more block-level elements.
<div id="democrats">
<ul>
<li>Franklin D. Roosevelt</li> <li>Harry S. Truman</li>
<li>John F. Kennedy</li> <li>Lyndon B. Johnson</li> <li>Jimmy Carter</li>
<li>Bill Clinton</li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="republicans">
<ul>
<li>Dwight D. Eisenhower</li> <li>Richard Nixon</li>
<li>Gerald Ford</li> <li>Ronald Reagan</li> <li>George Bush</li> <li>George W. Bush</li> </ul>
Grouping of elements (span and div)
#democrats {
background:blue; }
#republicans {
The box model
The box model in CSS describes the boxes which are being generated for HTML-elements. The box model also contains
The box model
<h1>Article 1:</h1>
Margin and padding
Set the margin in an element
An element has four sides: right, left, top and bottom. The margin is the distance from each side to the neighboring element (or the
Margin and padding
CSS code:
body {
margin-top: 100px;
margin-right: 40px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
margin-left: 70px;
}
Kompilasi:
body {
Margin and padding
body {
margin: 100px 40px 10px 70px;
}
p {
Margin and padding
Set padding in an element
Padding can also be understood as "filling". This makes
sense as padding does not affect the distance of the
element to other elements but only defines the inner
distance between the border and the content of the
element.
h1 {
background: yellow;
}
h2 {
background: orange;
Margin and padding
h1 {
background: yellow;
padding: 20px 20px 20px 80px;
}
h2 {
background: orange;
padding-left:120px;
Borders
Borders
The color of borders [border-color]
The property border-color defines which
color the border has. The values are the
normal color-values for example
"#123456", "rgb(123,123,123)" or "yellow"
Borders
Borders
Examples of defining borders
h1 {
border-width: thick; border-style: dotted; border-color: gold; }
h2 {
border-width: 20px; border-style: outset; border-color: red; }
p {
border-width: 1px; border-style: dashed; border-color: blue; }
ul {
Borders
h1 {
border-top-width: thick; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: red;
Borders
Compilation [border]
p {
border-width: 1px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: blue;
}
Dikompilasi:
p {
Height and width
Setting the width [width]
div.box {
width: 200px;
border: 1px solid black; background: orange; }
<body>
<h1>200px width <div> with text</h1> <div class="box">Text </div>
Height and width
Setting the height [height]
div.box {
height: 500px; width: 200px;
border: 1px solid black; background: orange; }
Floating elements (floats)
Floating elements (floats)
<div id="picture">
<img src="bill.jpg" alt="Bill Gates"> </div>
<p>causas naturales et antecedentes, idciro etiam nostrarum voluntatum...</p>
#picture {
float:left; width: 100px;
Floating elements (floats)
Another example: columns
HTML Code:
<div id="column1">
<p>Haec disserens qua de re agatur et in quo causa consistat non videt...</p>
</div>
<div id="column2">
<p>causas naturales et antecedentes, idciro etiam nostrarum voluntatum...</p>
</div>
<div id="column3">
<p>nam nihil esset in nostra potestate si res ita se haberet...</p>
Floating elements (floats)
CSS Code
float can be set as either
left
,
right
or
none
.
#column1 {
float:left; width: 33%;
}
#column2 {
float:left; width: 33%;
}
#column3 {
float:left; width: 33%;
Floating elements (floats)
The property clear
The clear property is used to control how the subsequent elements of floated elements in a document shall behave.
<div id="picture">
<img src="bill.jpg" alt="Bill Gates"> </div>
<h1>Bill Gates</h1>
Floating elements (floats)
#picture {
float:left; width: 100px; }
.floatstop {
clear:both;
Positioning of elements
The principle behind CSS positioning
h1 {
position:absolute; top: 100px; left: 200px;
Positioning of elements
Absolute positioning #box1 {
position:absolute; top: 50px; left: 50px; }
#box2 {
position:absolute; top: 50px; right: 50px; }
#box3 {
position:absolute; bottom: 50px; right: 50px; }
#box4 {
Layer on layer with z-index (Layers)
#ten_of_diamonds {
position: absolute; left: 100px; bottom: 100px; z-index: 1;
}
#jack_of_diamonds {
position: absolute; left: 115px; bottom: 115px; z-index: 2;
}
#queen_of_diamonds {
position: absolute; left: 130px; bottom: 130px; z-index: 3;
}
#king_of_diamonds {
position: absolute; left: 145px; bottom: 145px; z-index: 4;
}
#ace_of_diamonds {
position: absolute; left: 160px; bottom: 160px; z-index: 5;
Layer on layer with z-index (Layers)
<div id="ten_of_diamonds">
<img src="diamonds_10.gif" alt="10 of diamonds"> </div>
<div id="jack_of_diamonds">
<img src="diamonds_jack.gif" alt="Jack of diamonds"> </div>
<div id="queen_of_diamonds">
<img src="diamonds_queen.gif" alt="Queen of diamonds"> </div>
<div id="king_of_diamonds">
<img src="diamonds_king.gif" alt="King of diamonds"> </div>
<div id="ace_of_diamonds">
