ABSTRACT
LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally. In Indonesia, English is still a foreign language. However, some Indonesians master English and use English as the second language. The ability of speaking English enriches their communication skills and reveals bilingualism or multilingualism in the society. The fact is the ability of speaking more than one language allows people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or more codes in the same sentence is called code mixing. Based on this background, this research aims to analyze the code mixing used by Indonesian Fishery Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister of Indonesia since 2014. Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves reading, Susi Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English
There are two problems to be answered in this research. They are: (1) What types of code mixing are used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015; (2) What are the reasons of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. The objectives of this research are to identify the types and to identify the reason of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.
This research used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. The writer only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that contain code mixing. After finding all of data that contain code mixing, the writer categorized each of the code mixing based on the types of code mixing according to Kachru’s theory (1982) and the reasons of code mixing according to Hoffmann’s theory (1991).
ABSTRAK
LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa global yang dipelajari dan digunakan dalam skala internasional. Di Indonesia, status bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing. Walaupun demikian, ada sebagian masyarakat Indonesia yang menguasai bahasa Inggris dan mmenggunakannya sebagai bahasa kedua. Kemampuan berbicara bahsa Inggris memperkaya penguasaan bahasa seseorang dan menyebabkan bilingualism dan multilingualisne dalam masyarakat. Faktanya, kemampuan untuk menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa memungkinkan seseorang untuk mencampurkan beberapa bahasa ketika berbicara. Fenomena penggunaan dua bahasa atau lebih secara bersamaan disebut campur code (code mixing). Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa campur kode yang digunakan oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia sejak 2014. Meskipun Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan lulusan Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), karena kecintaanya membaca, Susi Pudjiastuti dapat menguasai dan berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik.
Ada dua permasalahan yang harus dijawab dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) Apa tipe campur kode yang digunalkan Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015?; (2) Apa alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe dan alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015.
Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang diambil dari Mata Najwa talk show. Penulis hanya mengumpulkan data berupa ucapan-ucapan Susi Pudjiastuti yang memuat campur kode. Setelah mengumpulkan semua data yang memuat campur kode, penulis mengklasifikasikan data berdasarkan tipe menurut teori Kachru dan alasan penggunaan campur kode berdasarkan teori Hoffmann.
CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS
AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN
MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
DWI RATNASARI LEWI Student Number: 104214056
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS
AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN
MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
DWI RATNASARI LEWI Student Number: 104214056
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any university, and that, to the best of my
knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by
any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the
undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, July 21, 2016
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Dwi Ratnasari Lewi Nomor Mahasiswa : 104214056
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
CODE-MIXING USED BY INDONESIAN MARINE AFFAIRS
AND FISHERIES MINISTER SUSI PUDJIASTUTI AS SEEN IN
MATA NAJWA FEBRUARY 11, 2015
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal, 25 Juli 2016
Yang menyatakan,
vii
Just because you took longer than others,
doesn’t mean you failed
.
viii
Dedicated to
My beloved Parents, Brothers,
and Friends,
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty God, Allah SWT for the blessing
during the completion of this thesis, as a requirement to obtain the degree of
Sarjana Sastra in English Letter, Sanata Dharma University.
I sincerely thank and appreciate my advisor Anna Fitriati S.Pd.,M.Hum.
for her guidance, advice, and support. I am so thankful for her patience and
suggestion during my thesis writing. I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Fr.
B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A for the correction and suggestion so that I could finally finish
my thesis.
My greatest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Lewi S.P. and Amin
Munjaroah, for everlasting love, care, support, and prayer. Also, to my lovely
brothers, Eko Diliyanto Lewi S.Kom. and Januar Tri Saputra Lewi, I would like to
say thank their support and prayer for me.
I would like to thank all lecturers and staff of English Letters Department,
B-10 Sasing, English Letters 2010, the members of UKM Mapasadha (whom I
cannot mention one by one), Luisa Dian Arvina, Insan Jati Nirmala, and Dara
Kurniawati, for their care and support. Special thanks go to Riki Riandy, Dona
Windasari, and Jeanne Maria Pingkan Hapsari who always support me during the
completion of this thesis.
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .... v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi
B. Review of Related Theories ... 7
1. Bilingualism ... 7
2. Code Mixing and Code Switching ... 8
3. Borrowing ... 10
4. Types of Code Mixing ... 12
a. Unit Insertion ... 12
b. Unit Hybridization ... 12
c. Sentence Insertion ... 13
d. Idiom and Collocation Insertion... 13
e. Reduplication ... 14
5. Reasons for Code Mixing ... 14
a. Talking about Particular Topic... 14
b. Quoting Somebody Else ... 15
c. Being Emphatic about Something ... 15
d. Repetition for Clarification ... 16
e. Express Group Identity ... 16
f. Interjection ... 17
g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor ... 18
C. Theoretical Framework ... 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study... 20
B. Approach of the Study ... 20
xi
1. Data Collection... 21
2. Data Analysis ... 22
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Types of Code Mixing ... 23
1. Unit Insertion ... 24
2. Unit Hybridization ... 31
3. Sentence Insertion ... 33
4. Idiom and Collocation Insertion... 34
5. Reduplication ... 35
B. The Reason of Using Code Mixing ... 36
1. Talking about Particular Topic... 36
2. Quoting Somebody Else ... 38
3. Being Emphatic about Something ... 40
4. Repetition for Clarification ... 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 45
APPENDICES Appendix 1: Types of Code Mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata NajwaFebruary 11, 2015
...
48xii ABSTRACT
LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally. In Indonesia, English is still a foreign language. However, some Indonesians master English and use English as the second language. The ability of speaking English enriches their communication skills and reveals bilingualism or multilingualism in the society. The fact is the ability of speaking more than one language allows people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or more codes in the same sentence is called code mixing. Based on this background, this research aims to analyze the code mixing used by Indonesian Fishery Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa talk show February 11, 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister of Indonesia since 2014. Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves reading, Susi Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English
There are two problems to be answered in this research. They are: (1) What types of code mixing are used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015; (2) What are the reasons of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. The objectives of this research are to identify the types and to identify the reason of code mixing used by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015.
This research used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. The writer only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that contain code mixing. After finding all of data that contain code mixing, the writer categorized each of the code mixing based on the types of code mixing according to Kachru’s theory (1982) and the reasons of code mixing according to Hoffmann’s theory (1991).
xiii ABSTRAK
LEWI, DWI RATNASARI. Code Mixing Used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti As Seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa global yang dipelajari dan digunakan dalam skala internasional. Di Indonesia, status bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing. Walaupun demikian, ada sebagian masyarakat Indonesia yang menguasai bahasa Inggris dan mmenggunakannya sebagai bahasa kedua. Kemampuan berbicara bahsa Inggris memperkaya penguasaan bahasa seseorang dan menyebabkan bilingualism dan multilingualisne dalam masyarakat. Faktanya, kemampuan untuk menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa memungkinkan seseorang untuk mencampurkan beberapa bahasa ketika berbicara. Fenomena penggunaan dua bahasa atau lebih secara bersamaan disebut campur code (code mixing). Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa campur kode yang digunakan oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015. Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia sejak 2014. Meskipun Susi Pudjiastuti merupakan lulusan Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP), karena kecintaanya membaca, Susi Pudjiastuti dapat menguasai dan berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik.
Ada dua permasalahan yang harus dijawab dalam penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) Apa tipe campur kode yang digunalkan Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015?; (2) Apa alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tipe-tipe dan alasan penggunaan campur kode oleh Susi Pudjiastuti dalam Mata Najwa talk show pada tanggal 11 Februari 2015.
Penelitian ini menggunakan data yang diambil dari Mata Najwa talk show. Penulis hanya mengumpulkan data berupa ucapan-ucapan Susi Pudjiastuti yang memuat campur kode. Setelah mengumpulkan semua data yang memuat campur kode, penulis mengklasifikasikan data berdasarkan tipe menurut teori Kachru dan alasan penggunaan campur kode berdasarkan teori Hoffmann.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study.
English is a world language that is learned and spoken internationally.
English as a world language is not only characterized by the number of its native
and second language speakers, but also its geographical distribution and in
diplomatic relation. As stated by Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable in “A
History of the English Language”:
The number of speakers who have acquired English as a second language with near native fluency is estimated to be between 350 and 400 million. If we add to first and second language speakers those who know enough English to use it more or less effectively as a foreign language, the estimates for the total number of speakers range between one and one and a half billion (2002: 5).
Though in Indonesia English is still a foreign language, some people
master English and use English as the second language. Since people begin to
aware of the importance of English, more people nowadays try to learn and
introduce English to children earlier than several years ago. The ability of
speaking English helps people to speak effectively with people around the worlds.
As stated by Burton;
Language is fundamentally social – it’s one of the most important tools that human beings have to interact each other. Language not only communicates thought and ideas, it also communicates which part of society a person belongs to (Burton, 2012:152).
Indonesian people actually speak Indonesian as the national language and
speaking English enriches their language and reveals bilingualism and
multilingualism in the society. Bilingualism in the individual results from a
person’s contact with two (or more) languages. Multilingualism comes about
when speakers of different languages are brought together within the same
political entity(Hoffman, 1991:157).The fact is the ability of speaking more than
one language not only reveals bilingualism and multilingualism, but also allows
people to mix the codes whenever they speak. The phenomenon of using two or
more codes in the same topic is called code mixing. As stated by Wardaugh, code
mixing occurs when a conversant uses both languages together to the extent that
they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance
(Wardaugh, 1992:106). From the definition, it can be concluded that code mixing
occurs to people who master more than one language and mix the codes in the
conversations.
Code mixing is commonly found in bilingual and multilingual
communities. Code mixing not only occurs in formal and non-formal speech but
also in written texts such as magazines, tabloids, newspapers, and so on. In an
informal conversation code mixing can occur quite frequently. As stated by
Hoffmann:
Children tend to mix more if they are frequently exposed to mixed speech. And both children and adults appear to mix and switch more when they are in each other’s company than when talking to monolinguals – indeed, they may well have their reasons for such linguistic behavior, such as signaling group identity to outsiders or solidarity to other group members, or expressing a shared experience (Hoffman, 1991:95).
On the other hand, in a formal speech situation code mixing can occur less
formality. Related to this study, code mixing becomes an interesting topic to be
discussed because code mixing represents phenomenon of language in the society.
This study is focused in the using of code mixing in a talk show as a semi-formal
situation. Then, the data have been collected from the utterances included code
mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti
as seen in Mata Najwa talk show.
B. Problem Formulation
1. What types of code mixing are used by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery
Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11,
2015?
2. What are the reasons of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and
Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February
11, 2015?
C. Objectives of the Study
This research has two objectives of the study. The first objective of the
study is to identify the types of code mixing used by Indonesia’s Marine and
Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa February 11,
2015. The second objective is to identify the reason of using of code mixing used
by Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Affairs Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in
D. Definition of Terms
In order to support this study, there are some terms related to the topic:
1. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between society and
language. (O’Grady 2010:485)
2. Code is a system used for communication between two or more parties
(Wardaugh, 1992:103). According to Finch, code is human language.
Code is basically a sign system, and using it to refer to language entails the
recognition that words signs (Finch, 2000:209).
3. Code-mixing occurs when conversant uses both languages together to the
extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a
single utterance (Wardaugh, 1992:106).
4. Mata Najwa is a semi-formal talk show aired on Metro TV. This program
is hosted by a senior journalist, Najwa Shihab. Mata Najwa is one of best
programs on Metro TV, which consistently presents the best topics and
guests.
5. Susi Pudjiastuti is the Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister of Indonesia
since 2014. Before she became a minister, she has become a successful
business woman in the fishery sector who started her business from zero.
Though she just graduated from Junior High School, since she loves
reading, Susi Pudjiastuti can speak English well and master English
5 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three important parts: a review of related studies,
review of related theories, and theoretical framework. A review of related studies
discusses two previous studies which have similar topic with this research.
Review of related theories consists of several theories applied in this research. The
last part is theoretical framework which elaborates the theories to accomplish this
research.
A. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
1. English – Indonesia Code-Mixing Used by Indonesian Twitter Users as
Seen Through Their Tweets (Rinakit, 2012)
This undergraduate thesis discusses the code mixing used in Twitter.
Rinakit sees that the ability of speaking more than one language in Indonesia
influences not only in oral communication, but also in written communication.
Twitter is one of popular media used for communication. As a tool of
communication, the writer found that many Indonesian Twitter users do code
mixing in their tweets. Rinakit‟s study was to find out the types of code mixing
and the possible reasons of using code mixing. She collected 100 tweets and
concluded that there are five types of code mixing namely insertion, unit insertion,
idiom and collocation insertion, unit hybridization, and reduplication. Besides,
there are also seven possible reasons of using code mixing, showing habitual
emphasizing a point, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something and
showing the speaker‟s desire to be well understood, and other reasons.
2. The Possible Reasons and the Readers‟ Opinion on a Code Switching
Phenomenon in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine (Hastoro, 2010)
This undergraduate thesis discusses code switching in Cosmogirl
Indonesia magazine. The writer sees that magazines have an important role as a
media to receive information. In presenting information, there is a possibility to
include code switching from another language, in this case English (2010:4). The
phenomena of code switching in the magazine became the reason of the writer to
find out the possible reasons of using code switching and the readers‟ opinion
about code switching. The result of the study shows that there are seven reasons of
using code switching, they are to show lack of facility, to show lack of register, to
show mood of the speaker, to emphasize a point, to show habitual experience, to
show identity with a group, and to attract attention. The writer also found that
there are advantages and disadvantages on the use of code switching collected
from the readers‟ opinion. The advantage is to support the English language
development, while the disadvantage is to reduce the familiarity of certain words
in Indonesian.
Actually, this present thesis has the same topic with the first previous
study, which is to find out the types code mixing and possible reasons of using
code mixing. The differences can be seen on the data and theories used the thesis.
thesis used the utterances spoken by Indonesia‟s Marine and Fishery Affairs
Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa.
B. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES 1. Bilingualism
Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages. According to
Weinreich (1968: 1), the practice of alternately using two languages will be called
bilingualism, and the person involved, bilingual (Hoffman, 1991: 15). Spolsky
stated that the simplest definition of a bilingual is a person who has some
functional abilities in a second language (2010: 45). Since there are many
languages in the world, the ability to speak more than one language becomes a
common phenomenon. As stated by Wardhaugh:
In many parts of the world it is just normal requirement of daily living that people speak several languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for purposes of trade, and yet another contact with the outside world of wider social or political organization (Wardhaugh, 1992: 98).
Dealing with the bilingualism, the ability to speak more than one language
causes the mixing of languages in conversation. This phenomenon is known as
code-mixing or the process of mixing two or more codes. However, code mixing
and bilingualism are related to each other, as stated by Cantone:
However, that statement is also proved by Hamers & Blanc that
bilingualism refers equally to the state of a linguistic community in which two
languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same
interaction (1989:6).
2. Code Mixing and Code Switching
Code is particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on any
occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties
(Wardhaugh, 1992: 103). Code is a system of speech used to deliver the message
from one speaker to other speaker(s). The use of code is related to the background
of the speaker, the relation of the speaker to address and the situation.
Bilinguals can actually choose the code they want to use. This situation,
then, allows people to shift from one code to another at the same time. The
switches and mixes of code in conversation come up because of the ability to use
more than one code. Wardaugh stated that people are usually required to select a
particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to
switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within sometimes very
short utterance (2010: 98).
Dealing with code switching and code mixing, people sometimes got
confused with how to differentiate both of them. Code switching involves the
alternate use of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance or
during the same conversation (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to Wardhaugh,
there are two kinds of code switching (or code mixing): situational and
Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in different one. No topic change is involved. When a change topic requires a change in the language used we have metaphorical code switching (Wardhaugh, 1992: 106).
Redlinger and Park (1980: 339) wrote: language mixing refers to the combining of
elements from two languages in a single utterance (Hoffman, 1991: 105). Those
theories show that both of code mixing and code switching has the same concept.
The use of code switching in a conversation sometimes requires the use of code
mixing. This statement is also proved by Hoffman, switches occurring at the
lexical level within a sentence (intra-sentential switches) are referred to as „code
-mixes‟ and „code-mixing‟ (1991: 104).
McLaughlin (1984) also emphasizes the distinction between mixing and
switching by referring to code-switches as language changes occurring across
phrase and sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take place within sentence
and usually involve single lexical items (Hoffman, 1991: 110). According to
Holmes, some people call the kind of rapid switching as code mixing, but he
prefers the term metaphorical switching. Holmes on his book an Introduction to
Sociolinguistics also stated:
Code mixing suggests the speaker is mixing codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two codes (2001: 42).
According to Holmes, code mixing occurs because of the incompetence of the
speaker or, because the speaker masters more than one language, the speaker
requires good control of both codes. By switching two or more codes, the speaker
conveys affective meaning as well as information.
As stated before, the phenomenon of code mixing is the result of
bilingualism occurs in society. The ability to speak more than one language
influences the way people to communicate to each other. The code that is used by
the speaker depends on some factors, such as participant, topic, or place. Hoffman
stated that:
In an informal speech conversation between people who are familiar with each other and have a shared educational ethnic and social-economic background, code switching can occur quite frequently. On the other hand, in a formal speech situation between persons who have little in common code-switches may be avoided because factors relating to prestige, language loyality and formality influence the language behavior in such a way as to concentrate the mind of the speaker on trying to approximate or keep to monolingual standards (1991: 113).
3. Borrowing
Code mixing is different with borrowing. According to Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary borrowing word or loan word is a word from another
language used in its original form (2010: 905). Borrowing contains a restricted set
of expression and practically represents vocabulary and grammar of other
language. As stated in Introduction to Bilingualism, Grosjean (1982) uses the term
“language borrowing” to refer to terms that have passed from one language to
another and have come to be used even by monolinguals (Hoffmann, 1991: 102).
Here are some example given by Grosjean (1982: 308) to illustrate the difference
a. „ça m‟ étonnerait qu‟on ait code-switched autant que ça‟ b. „ça m‟ étonnerait qu‟on ait code-switché autant que ça‟
(Hoffmann, 1991: 111-112)
Both sentences have the same meaning; I can‟t believe that we code switched as
often as that. As stated in Introduction to Bilingualism, Grosjean stated that
borrowing involves morphological adoption, while code switching (or code
mixing does not (Hoffmann, 1991: 111). The first sentence contains code mixing
because the word code-switched used the past participle of English language,
while the second sentence contains borrowing because it is adapted from French.
To define whether it is code mixing or borrowing word, it depends on the
main language used by the speaker. For example;
Aku membeli radio baru minggu lalu.
(I bought a new radio last week.)
The example shows that it uses Indonesian as the main language. If the example is
a written sentence, it does not contain code mixing because radio is an Indonesian
word. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia also proves that the word radio is an
Indonesian word. Though the word radio is not classified as code mixing, it can
be classified as a borrowing word which is borrowed from English. If the example
is an utterance, it depends on how the speaker pronounced the word radio. If the
speaker pronounced it as /ra·dio/, it means the speaker used Indonesian. If the
speaker pronounced it as /ˈ reɪ dɪ əʊ/, it means the speaker mixed the utterance
the speaker used Indonesian as the main language, the word radio is classified as a
code mixing.
4. Types of Code Mixing
This research uses five types of code mixing from Kachru‟s theory as seen
in The Bilingual’s Linguistics Repertoire. According to Kachru there are five
types of code mixing namely unit insertion, unit hybridization, sentence insertion,
idiom and collocation insertion, and reduplication.
a. Unit Insertion
Unit insertion means the insertion of word, phrase, or dependent clause
from different language in single utterance. Here are the examples of unit
insertion taken from Redlinger and Park (1980: 340) and Pfaff (1979):
An English-German bilingual:
And the forggie‟s getting nass.
(And the forggie‟s getting wet.)
(Hoffman, 1991: 106)
A Spanish-English bilingual:
Estaba training para pelear.
(He was training to fight.)
(Wardaugh, 1992: 108)
b. Unit Hybridization
As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, hybrid means a
something that is the product of mixing two or more different things (2010: 764).
example the mixing of a word from one language with suffix from another
language as shown below:
Aku beli HP pavilion mx50, walau processor-nya Celeron 766 tapi spesifikasinya bagus.
(I bought HP pavilion mx50, eventhough the processor is Celeron 766, the specification is good.)
(Rinakit, 2012: 12)
This example contains the unit hybridization which the word “processor” is
combined with Indonesian suffix –nya. The example shows that the speaker mixes the English and Indonesian codes without the changing the meaning of the
sentence.
c. Sentence Insertion
Sentence insertion means inserting the sentences from different language
in the utterance. According to Kachru, it refers to an insertion of a sentence from
another language into the language base of the discourse (1982: 39). Here is the
example taken from Valdes Fallis (1982: 220):
A Spanish-English bilingual:
„I started going to like this. Y luego decia (and then he said), look at the
smoke coming out of my fingers.‟
(Hoffman, 1991: 111)
d. Idiom and Collocation Insertion
Idiom is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meaning of
the individual words (Hornby, 2010: 771). According to Brown and Attardo
examples “bread and butter, get away with murder, salt and pepper” (Rinakit,
2012: 13). There are examples of idiom and collocation insertion:
Kita harus menunggu at least satu jam lagi.
(We have to wait at least an hour.)
Itu adalah the biggest mistake yang pernah ku lakukan.
It was the biggest mistake I that ever did
e. Reduplication
Reduplication means repeating the word, phrase or sentence by using
different code without changes the meaning. There is an example of reduplication
in a sentence:
Thank you, terima kasih atas bantuannya. (Thank you, thank you for your helps.)
The italic word has the same meaning with the word terima kasih. The speaker
mixes the languages by using the different word which has same meaning.
5. Reasons for Code Mixing
According to Hoffman (1991:115-116), there are several reasons of using
code mixing that are described as follows:
a. Talking about Particular Topic
People prefer to talk about particular topic using language(s) they
competence; they cannot find an appropriate word in that language so they use
another language to deliver the message. As stated by Hoffman:
Talking about particular topic may cause a switch, either because of lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain items trigger off various connotations which are linked to experiences in a particular language (1991:115).
Here is an example taken from Grosjean (1982):
A French-English bilingual:
„Va chercher Marc (go and fetch Marc) and bribe him avec un chocolat chaud (with a hot chocholate) with cream on top.‟
(Hoffman, 1991: 111)
b. Quoting Somebody Else
In this case, code mixing is used to quote somebody else‟s statement.
People sometimes like to quote a famous expression or saying of some
well-known figures. The quotation can be words, phrases, sentences or utterances. Here
is the example of quotation taken from Calsamiglia and Tuson (1984:115):
An adult Spanish-Catalan bilingual:
„… y si dices “perdon” en castellano, se te vuelve la mujer y te dice:‟ („… and if you say “sorry” in Castilan Spanish, the lady turns to you and
says:‟)
„en catala‟ („in Catalan!‟)
(Hoffman, 1991: 112)
c. Being Emphatic about Something
In some cases, code mixing is used when the speaker wants to be emphatic
about something or expressing something forcibly and clearly. People often
language to another language to be emphatic about something. Here is the
example taken from Ibid (115):
A Spanish-Catalan bilingual:
„Hay cuatro sillas rotas y‟ („There are four brouken chair and‟)
Prou!‟ („that‟s enough!‟)
(Hoffman, 1991: 112)
The italic word shows that the speaker switches the language to show the
emphatic utterance. The speaker shows the strong expression to emphasize the
important point of the sentence.
d. Repetition Used for Clarification
As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, repetition is the fact
of doing or saying the same thing many times. (Hornby, 2010:1294) Repetition is
used to clarify someone‟s speech so the listener will be more understand the
utterances. The example is taken from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 181):
An adult Spanish-English bilingual:
„Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were off-white, you know.‟
(Hoffman, 1991: 112)
e. Express Group Identity
Code mixing can also be used to express group identity and solidarity with such a
group. In some cases, in order to be accepted in a particular group, speakers have
to switch the language. Hewitt (1982) indicates that even members of majority
groups (in this case, young whites in London) may switch (into Jamaican Creole)
stated that for the white boys, creole signifies toughness, street credibility and
adolescent solidarity. Here the example given by Hewitt (1968: 94) which shows
white working-class teenagers in south London mixes the languages by using
London Jamaican Creole:
White boy: Oh Royston, ya goin‟ football on Saturday? Black boy: Mi na go football! Who for?
White boy: Check some gyal later.
Black boy: Na. Mi wan check gyal now.
White boy: Rasschlaht! Fink ya bent.
(Maybin, 2005: 24)
f. Interjection
According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, interjection means a
short sound, word or phrase spoken suddenly to express an emotion, such as Oh!,
Look out!, Ow!, Oops! (Hornby, 2010:814). Here is the example of interjection taken from Silva-Corvalan (1989: 185):
An adult Spanish-American English speaker:
„...Oh! Ay! It was embarrasing! It was very nice, though, but I was
embarrased.‟
(Hoffman, 1991: 112)
From the example we can see that „Ay!‟ is an expression that has no grammatical
meaning in the sentence. Though interjection has no grammatical value, people
use them quite often. It might be because interjections are kind of expression to
g. Clarifying the Speech Content for the Interlocutor
In a conversation between two or more bilinguals, there must be a lot of
code mixing occurred. The code mixing not only occurs in a conversation as a
single word, idiom, or sentence, but also at phonological level. Hoffman gives an
example of conversation when the speaker changes the pronunciation:
Cristina (4:0): (introducing her younger brother to a new friend of hers.)
„This is Pascal‟ [paskwal]
Friend: „What‟s his name?‟ (i.e she didn‟t catch it) Cristina: „Pascual!‟ [pəskwæɫ ]
Friend: „Oh…‟
(Hoffman, 1991: 112)
On the example above, the first speaker changes Pascal into Spanish
pronunciation; the vowel sounds from [a] to „schwa‟ or [ə] and also [a] into [æ].
Hoffman explain that the consonants also change from initial unaspirated to
aspirated [ph] and from non-velarized to velarized [ɫ ], to follow a more English
pattern. (Hoffman, 1991: 112)
C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The Kachru‟s theory about the types of code mixing and Hoffman‟s theory
about the reason for code mixing are the basic understanding to the topic being
discussed in this study. Those theories are needed to answer the problems of this
study to find out the types and the reason of code mixing spoken by Indonesian
Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as seen in Mata Najwa
In answering the first problem, the writer will use the Kachru‟s theory about the
types of code mixing. According to Kachru, there are five types of code mixing;
they are unit insertion, unit hybridization, sentence insertion, idiom and
collocation insertion, and reduplication. To answer the second problem, the writer
will use Hoffman‟s theory about the reason of using code mixing. According to
Hoffman, there are seven reasons of using code mixing; talking about particular
topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, repeating words
used for clarification, expressing solidarity, showing emphatic, and clarifying the
20
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. The writer
used certain methodology to conduct this study, and this chapter provides the
object of the study, the approach of the study and the description of the procedures
used in data collection and data analysis.
A. OBJECT OF THE STUDY
The object of this study are the utterances consist of code mixing. As
mentioned previously, this study analyzed the use of code mixing in the utterances
spoken by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries Minister Susi Pudjiastuti as
seen in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. By collecting all the utterances spoken by
Susi Pudjiastuti consisting code mixing, the writer classified the data into the table
to find the reasons of using code mixing and the types of code mixing.
B. APPROACH OF THE STUDY
In this research the writer used a sociolinguistics approach. The writer
chose sociolinguistics approach because this approach is appropriate with the
topic of the research. As mentioned previously, the topic of this research is about
code mixing. Since code mixing is used in communication, the approach of this
study belongs to sociolinguistics approach. Based on the statement given by
Holmes, sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and
language, but also discusses and learns it relation with the society or community.
In other words, sociolinguistics is the study of the ways people use language in
social interaction. As stated by Spolsky:
Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the use of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistics (2010:3).
Based on the explanation above, the writer used sociolinguistics approach
because sociolinguistics is a study of language in society. Besides, code of
language is one of linguistics scopes of studies. Dealing with this research, this
approach supports the writer to answer the problems stated in problem
formulation.
C. Method of the Study
This section consists of two parts, namely data collection and data
analysis. Data collection explains how data are collected and organized, and data
analysis presents the analysis of the data to reveal the answer for the problem
formulation.
1. Data Collection
This study used the data taken from Mata Najwa talk show. There were
some steps to do this research. The first step is the writer downloaded the video
from youtube.com. Then, the writer made the transcript of the talks show. There
were four speakers in the talks show, namely Najwa Shihab, Susi Pudjiastuti, Riza
which means the writer only listed the utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti that
contain code mixing. The writer limited the data and chose only some appropriate
data to be analyzed. Finally, After collecting the data, the writer divided the data
into two tables, the first table was for the types of code mixing and the second
table was for the reasons of code mixing.
2. Data Analysis
This part presents the analysis of the data. The writer categorized the
collected data and made the descriptive analysis to check the result of the data
collection. Firstly, data were classified into the types of code mixing and the
reasons of code mixing. Then the writer summarized and explained the analysis
about the type and the reasons of code mixingspoken by Susi Pudjiastuti based on
the Kachru’s dan Hoffmann’s theory. On the next chapter, the writer provided
some examples to represent the data. By categorizing each of the code mixing, the
writer was able to answer questions stated in problem formulation. The sample
data were used to describe each type and reason of code mixing.
To simplify the analysis of the data, the writer made the numbering of the
data. The data were presented like A/DN-15, which means Appendix 1, Data
Number 15, or B/DN-15, which means Appendix 2, Data Number 15. Appendix 1
presents the types of code mixing, while appendix 2 presents the reasons of code
23
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses the results of the research. This chapter consists of
two sections, namely the types of code mixing and the reasons of code mixing
occurrence in the utterances used by Indonesian Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Minister Susi Pudjiastuti in Mata Najwa February 11, 2015. By collecting the
utterances, the writer finally found 76 data containing code mixing. Here, the
writer will display some examples taken from the data to explain the types and
reasons of code mixing.
I. THE TYPES OF CODE MIXING
In this research, the writer classified the data based on Kachru’s theory.
According to Kachru (1982), there are five types of code mixing, namely Unit
Insertion, Unit Hybridization, Sentence Insertion, Idiom and Collocation
Insertion, and Reduplication. Here are the data of the types of code mixing:
Type Number Percentage
UI Unit Insertion 56 73.69%
UH Unit Hybridization 4 5.26%
SI Sentence Insertion 9 11.85%
IC Idiom and Collocation
Insertion 4 5.26%
R Reduplication 3 3.94%
1. Unit Insertion
According to Kachru, unit insertion means the insertion of word, phrase, or
dependent clause from different language in single utterance. In this research, the
writer found that 56 data (73.69%) are unit insertion code mixing. These are some
examples of unit insertion found in utterances spoken by Susi Pudjiastuti as seen
in Mata Najwa talk show displayed in the following analysis.
a. Word
Based on the data finding, the writer has classified the data based on the part
of speech (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb form). Here are some examples that
contain unit insertion.
1.) Noun
After collecting the data of unit insertion, the writer has found 26 utterances
that contain the noun insertion forms. In this part, the writer gives some examples
that represent the data.
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-25 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah agent - agent, ada yang tertulis clear dan mengaku ini milik - milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada yang on the background.
These examples show that the speaker mixed English language in the
utterances. In the first example (A/DN-25), the word agent - agent means agents.
The reduplication occurs because of the influence of the speaker’s background. In
Indonesian, the plural noun is formed by reduplicating the noun, for example,
murid - murid (students), while in English the plural noun is formed by adding –s or –es.
In the second example (A/DN-61), the speaker also uses the noun form
stakeholder in the sentence as the subject. The sentence occurs when Susi
Pudjiastuti talked about the stakeholders who also attended Peoples’
Representative meeting. The word stakeholder is formed as singular, since the
speaker add the word banyak (some) the meaning becomes plural.
2.) Verb
Verb is a word that expresses an action. Based on the data, the writer also
found utterances that contain verb. Here are some examples to represent the data.
The first data (A/DN-3) shows that the speaker mixed two codes by
inserting the verb announce in the utterance. Announce is a verb which means an
activity to tell people something officially, especially about decision, plans, etc
(Hornby: 2010: 52). The same case can also be seen in the second data
(A/DN-66), that the speaker inserted the verb execute. The word execute means to a piece
of work, perform a duty, put a plan into action, etc (Hornby: 2010: 529).
3.) Adjective
By collecting the data based on the types of unit insertion, the writer found
that there are 7 utterances that contain the adjective.
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-6 Ada surat anonymous ya, tapi kan bukan resmi. Kalau kita secara antar negara semestinya resmi.
A/DN-28 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita sampai hari ini tidak ada yang telepon.
A/DN-29 Sampai hari ini semua firm, semua confident karena kita sampai hari ini tidak ada yang telepon.
In the first example (A/DN-6), the sentence means “There is anonymous letter, but it is not an official letter.” The word anonymous in this sentence shows an adjective form. The same form can also be seen in the other example where the
writer used the words firm and confident as the adjective form. The sentence
From the example, the speaker mixes two English words in a single utterance.
And both of them are adjective forms.
4.) Adverb
Adverb is a word that adds more information about place, time, manner,
cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb (Hornby, 2010:
22). From the data, there are only 2 data that include adverb form. Both of them
present in the following table:
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-49 Mereka jelas, si pelaku, ABK - ABK ini kan just ABK jadi mereka awak kapal saja.
A/DN-57 Mostly saya, kalau jawab hampir 50% saya.
Both data show that the speaker mixed two codes in a single utterance. The
words just and mostly are adverbs that add more information about the word next
to the adverb. Just means exactly. This adverb is used to emphasize they are
exactly the crew. The word mostly is also an adverb form that means mainly or
almost all. This adverb form is also used to show that almost all the messages
were replied by the speaker.
b. Phrase
The writer also found that the speaker mixed phrases in the utterances.
Phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one of that forms part
of a sentence (Hornby, 2010: 1139).
1.) Noun Phrase
As stated in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, noun phrase is a word
or group of words in a sentence that behaves in the same way as a noun, that is a
subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of a preposition (2010: 1042).
The writer chooses some examples to represent the data as seen in the table below.
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-6 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin begitu diperiksa ternyata surat ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan mereka ini memang seperti stateless boat, gitu aja.
A/DN-13 Juga program - program untuk beberapa peraturan menteri saya keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga menjaga jangan sampe nanti illegal fishing ini sudah kita cracking down, sudah kita selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal - kapal trawl yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi. Kan sama aja bohong, gitu kan
The first example (A/DN-6), stateless boat is a noun phrase form. The word
stateless is the adjective form which belongs to the head boatas the noun form. The same case can also be found in the next data (A/DN-13). Illegal fishing is a
noun phrase that includes a noun fishing as the head and an adjective illegal.
2.) Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a phrase whose head word is an adjective. From the
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini hanya kru - kru saja, tapi pengusaha - pengusaha perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into our undang - undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan.
The datum (A/DN-5) shows that the speaker mixed the code by inserting a
phrase strict into in the utterance. The utterance actually means I have informed
that we will be strict into our law. According to the part of speech, Strict is an adjective and followed by the word into which is a prepositional. The word strict
into became an adjective phrase which modifies the noun we.
3.) Verb Phrase
A verb phrase is a phrase that consists of a main verb and any auxiliaries. In
other case, verb phrase can be combined with a noun or noun phrase that acts as
subject to form a simple sentence. The writer found that there are 4 data (7.28%)
that contain verb phrase. Some examples of verb phrase can be seen in the table
below.
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-25 Saya nggak tahu itu recorded.
The first datum utterance (A/DN-25) shows that the speaker mixed the
codes by inserting the word recorderedin the utterance. The word recordered is
actually a verb phrase that has a function as a passive form. The utterance must be
I didn’t know that it was recorded. Because the speaker mixed the language, she
omitted the beand only put the verb recorded. The same thing also can be seen on
the second datum (A/DN-41). On the second datum, the speaker mixed the codes
by inserting the word trained. The utterance must be They have trained by doing
the hard work. The word trained actually follows the auxiliary verb have, so it is a verb phrase. Similar with the first datum, the speaker omitted the auxiliary verb
and only put the verb trained.
4.) Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase is a group of words consists of a preposition and an
object of a preposition. There is only 1 datum that contains prepositional phrase
and can be seen in the following table:
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-27 Di negeri ini yang ada adalah agent - agent, ada yang tertulis clear dan mengaku ini milik - milik saya, ada yang tidak, ada yang on the background.
On the datum above (A/DN-27), on the background is a prepositional
phrase that functions as an adjective of the sentence. On is a preposition and the
speaker used the prepositional phrase on the background to explain something
that was done illegally.
c. Phrasal Verb
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new
meaning (2010: 1139). From the data collected the writer also found one datum
that represents a phrasal verb form.
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-14 Juga program - program untuk beberapa peraturan menteri saya keluarkan, maksudnya untuk juga menjaga jangan sampe nanti illegal fishing ini sudah kita cracking down, sudah kita selesaikan, tapi banyak juga kapal-kapal trawl yang beroperasi dan menghabiskan sumber daya ini lagi. Kan sama aja bohong, gitu kan.
The datum utterance (A/DN-14) shows that the speaker inserted the phrasal
verb cracking down in the utterance. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, cracking down is a phrasal verb which means an activity to try harder to prevent an illegal activity and deal more severely with those who are caught
doing it (2010: 353).
2. Unit Hybridization
As stated in previous chapter, unit hybridization means the mixing of two
with suffix from another language. The writer found that there are 4 data (5.33%)
that contain unit hybridization. Here are some examples to represent the data.
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-5 Sebetulnya nelayan - nelayan ini hanya kru - kru saja, tapi pengusaha - pengusaha perikanannya terutama. Jadi, saya sudah sampaikan bahwa kita akan strict into our undang - undang untuk bisa kita laksanakan
A/DN-44 Tapi ada yang masih beroperasi dan itu hanya sekedar agent saja,
jadi seperti apa namanya..eee…
influence, dia menjual influence-nya untuk dapat ijin, untuk dapat apa, gitu.
On the first example (A/DN-5) the speaker mixed the word our and undang
- undang in a single utterance. The word our is a possessive pronoun that must be followed by noun and, in this case, undang - undang is a noun form that means
law. The unit hybridization caused the meaning change from law into our law. The other example (A/DN-44) shows different case where the speaker
mixed the word influence with the Indonesian suffix –nya. The word influence is a noun and the suffix –nya is inserted to show the possessive pronoun.
3. Sentence Insertion
Based on the data collected, it can be concluded that there are 9 utterances
(11.85%) that include sentence insertion. The sentence must be formed, at least, of
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-43 Jadi it’s a crime organization dimana mereka itu terputus kan, jadi ya kita bisannya ya kapal asing ini kita cuma tangkap, nggak bisa sampai ke yang punya. followed by a relative clause. Relative clause is one kind of dependent clause that
has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is also called
adjective clause because it functions like an adjective; it gives more information
about a noun.
The second datum is a compound sentence. A compound sentence is a
sentence that consists of two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or
semicolon. I’m happy is an independent clause that is mixed with an independent clause using Indonesian and combined by the conjunction tapi or but. The
different example can be seen in the following table.
Data Number Utterance
business, tapi peran dalam organisasi struktural kriminal.
The example (A/DN-42) shows that the speaker mixed the utterance with
English language by inserting a sentence in the middle of the utterance as the
complement.
4. Idiom and Collocation Insertion
Based on the data collected, the writer found that there was no collocation
spoken by the speaker. Since there was no collocation insertion, the writer only
explains about idiom insertion case. Idiom is a group of word that cannot be
understood from the meanings of its separate words but that has separate meaning
of its own. Some examples of Idiom insertion can be seen in the table below:
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-10 At least saya sudah terima banyak sms dari Sorong, dari Morotai, dari beberapa pulau - pulau kecil itu
“terimakasih ibu sejak ibu
tenggelamkan kapal - kapal itu sekarang lautnya sepi tidak pernah lagi terlihat kotak terapung - apung
di tengah laut malam hari”,
katanya.
A/DN-73 So far, sekarang ini, that’s what I see.
In the first datum (A/DN-10), the utterance contains an idiom at least. At
(A/DN-73). The speaker inserted an idiom so far which means until now or up to this
point (Hornby, 2010: 554).
5. Reduplication
Reduplication is the repetition of two codes that have same meaning. Based
on the data collected, the writer found that there are 3 data (3.94%) include the
reduplication. All of the data are displayed and explained as follows:
Data Number Utterance
A/DN-35 Kita tahun ini akan jadi, sampai akhir tahun itu, empat kapal yang besar, 60 meter-an panjangnya, itu akan kita jadikan standby, markas untuk pengawasan di daerah - daerah ujung-ujung perbatasan, gitu.
A/DN-36 Emm… saya ada baca beberapa buku - buku dan artikel dari banyak kasus-kasus kriminal di laut, gitu, ocean crimes, buku, juga banyak artikel - artikel Koran.
The word standby in the first example (A/DN-35) has the same meaning
with markas which means a place that is available especially in emergencies. The
word ocean crimes in the second example (A/DN-36) also has the same meaning
with kasus - kasus kriminal di laut.
II. THE REASONS OF USING CODE MIXING
As mentioned previously, the writer used Hoffmann’s theory to analyze the
namely talking about particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic
about something, repeating words used for clarification, expressing solidarity,
showing interjection, and clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. Here
are the data of the reason of using code mixing:
Reason Number Percentage
R1 Talking about particular topic 53 69.73%
R2 Quoting somebody else 4 5.27%
R3 Being emphatic about
something 15 19.73%
R4 Repeating word used for
clarification 4 5.27% R5 Expressing solidarity - -
R6 Showing interjection - -
R7 Clarifying the speech content
for the interlocutor - -
Total 76 100%
The next section discusses each reason of code mixing. Some data will be
displayed in the table as the example and followed by the explanations in order to
give the more understandable concept.
1. Talking about Particular Topic
The first reason of using code mixing is talking about particular topic. As
stated in previous chapter, when talking about particular topic, code mixing occurs
either because of the lack of facility in the relevant register or because certain
items trigger off various connotations which are linked to experiences in a
particular language. In this case, the speaker is a bilingual who masters both
not because of the lack of competence of the speaker. The code mixing occurred
because the words, the terms, or the sentences indicated the certain topic.
After collecting all the data, the writer found that the most reason occurs is
talking about particular topic. The writer found that there are 53 data (69.73%) which are using the first reason. Here, some data which indicates the first reason.
Data Number Utterance
B/DN-8 Ada yang pakai katanya surat ijin begitu diperiksa ternyata surat ijinnya palsu, dan kebanyakan mereka ini memang seperti stateless boat, gitu aja.
B/DN-33 Jadi authority di Thailand juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan - nelayan Thailand, Filipin juga sering punya problem dengan nelayan - nelayan dari…
B/DN-54 Ya mungkin kita akan usahakan membantu misalnya kalau mereka butuh kredit dari Perbankan kita bantu ke Perbankan nya supaya kasih grace period, seperti itu.
In the first datum (B/DN-8), the word stateless boat means a boat that is not
officially belong to any country. The word is related with the topic discussed.
Beside, the word stateless boat is also related to the sentence that talks about the
finding boats which had no official license from the country they came from.
The second datum (B/DN-33), the speaker inserted the word authority in the
utterance. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the word
who have a particular area of responsibility in a country or region (Hornby, 2010:
87). In this sentence, the speaker related the word authority with the government
of a country. The code mixing in the second datum is also related with the topic
discussed by the speaker.
The last example taken from the data is the sentence that contains the word
grace period as the code mixing (B/DN-54). The word grace period means extra time that is given to someone to pay a bill. The word is related to the topic that
talks about the credit given by bank for the fisherman.
2. Quoting Somebody Else
The second reason of using code mixing is for quoting somebody else. As
stated before, code mixing can be word, phrase, or sentence that is quoted from
someone else statement. The writer found that there are four data (5.27%) which
use the second reason. Some of the data are displayed and explained as follows:
Data Number Utterance
