Chapter Two
Literature Review
This chapter is divided into three parts including the definition of authentic material along with its kinds, advantages and disadvantages of it. Next is the definition of pre-service teacher as well as its purposes in an educational program. The last part is the definition of teaching practice and its impacts.
Authentic Material
This part is divided into four categories. First categories are the definition of authentic materials. Second categories are kinds of authentic materials. Third categories are advantages of using authentic materials. Fourth categories are disadvantages of using authentic material.
Definition of authentic material. Authentic material is teaching resources
pedagogical purpose. Through using authentic materials teacher can use things around them, such us text, and videos.
Kinds of authentic material. According to Laniro (2007) an authentic material has two main categories. There are authentic materials in terms of printed and auditory. The printed authentic material is the material that you can look at, for example unit bills, packing slips, order forms, ATM screens, ATM receipts, websites, street signs, coupons, traffic tickets, greeting cards, calendars, report cards, TV guides, food labels, magazine, and newspaper. Furthermore, auditory material is the material that you can hear. The examples of auditory material are phone messages, radio broadcasts, podcasts, E-books, movies, videos and DVDs, television programs. In addition, Berardo (2006) mentioned that authentic
materials that are commonly used in the classroom are newspapers, magazines, TV programs, movies, songs, and literature.
Based on the theories above, the researcher can summarize that kinds of authentic material are divided into two. There are authentic materials printed, authentic audio materials, and authentic audio-visual materials. The authentic materials printed is the materials that can be seen and touched, for example, magazine, newspaper, picture, comic book, and novel. Also, authentic audio is the materials that you can hear and sometime you can hear and watch, for example radio ads, song, movie, television program, and video.
Advantages of authentic materials. Richards (2001) mentioned five
more interesting and motivating than created material. The second benefit is authentic materials provides authentic culture. When the teacher uses the authentic material, he/she can easily give the example of a material that is related to culture that around teacher and students have. For example, In Indonesia the teacher can use some Lebaran cards to teach congratulation expression, but in Belanda the teacher can use Christmas card to teach ‘congratulation expression’. Third,
authentic materials prove real life context materials. It means that teaching by using authentic material the teacher can teach easily, because authentic materials give the example of anything around students and teacher. For example, for teaching descriptive text, the teacher uses their classroom for giving an example to describe something. Fourth benefit is that authentic materials relate more closely to students’ needs, it is because authentic materials provide rile-life
context, so authentic materials provide a link between the classroom and students need (students can apply the topic in their daily life)in the real life. Fifth, authentic materials encourage teacher more creative in the teaching process, since the teacher will find many materials to teach some topics, so the teacher will be more creative to make the materials become interesting, and suitable for the students’
ability.
procedure text by using video how to make a cake in the class, the students can apply the procedure in their life. Second, authentic materials can make the
students participate in the learning process. It is because when the teacher asks to bring authentic material into the class, like coupons and recipes, the students will wonder what they will do, so the students will be more interested in the learning activity and they will participate in the classroom activity. Last, authentic materials give an opportunity to learn local cultures, such as recipes of regional dishes and celebration. It becomes the advantages of authentic material because the research mentions that the students will get many benefits by using local authentic materials because the students directly use things around them (Jacobson, E., Degener, S., & Purcell-Gates, V., 2003).
In addition, Heitler (2005) mentioned authentic materials have two advantages. First, authentic materials bring students to the real life contexts. Second, authentic material proved up-to-date materials. It is because, in authentic material, the teacher uses the material from newspapers, in which the news in newspaper always up-to-date.
Regarding those three theories, the researcher can conclude that the
advantages of authentic material are divided into seven categories. First, authentic materials give the positive effect for student’s motivation. It is also authentic
materials relate more closely to students’ needs, and authentic materials provide a
learning process. Fourth, authentic material gives the local cultures material that makes the students easily learns in classroom and makes the teacher easily teach the students and achieve the goals & objectives of the lesson. Fifth, authentic materials provide real life context material; it makes the teacher easily teach the students and bringing the students to the real life contexts. Sixth, authentic
material provides up-to-date materials. The last, authentic materials encourage the teacher to be more creative. It is because the teacher will find many materials to teach some topics, so the teacher will be more creative to make the materials become interesting, and suitable for the student’s ability.
Disadvantages of authentic materials. Richards (2001) mentioned that the disadvantages of authentic materials consist of two. First, authentic materials contain difficult language, vocabulary, and might be not appropriate for teachers and students. It is because the source of authentic materials can be found
anywhere. On the other words, there is no guideline in using authentic materials because everything around us can be used as the materials. Second, authentic materials can be a burden for the teacher. It is because in collecting the materials, the teacher should have a lot of time to determine suitable materials, activities, and assignment material for the students.
materials are always up-to-date; automatically the materials will change rapidly. Regarding to this case, the teacher should always update the authentic material since it cannot be used for long time. It is because sometime the issue in the authentic material relied on the newest issue.
In addition, Guariento and Morley (2001) stated that authentic materials make the students more confused. If the students get confused, sometimes the students become demotivated in learning process. It can be caused by the language in authentic material that is not appropriate with students’ ability. The next disadvantage is the teacher should be more careful in determining the material to be use in class room activity. For example, the teacher uses song for teaching listening, this song is very easy for some students because she/he is familiar with the song. However, this material is hard for other students, because they are not familiar with this song. Regarding to this case, the teacher should be more careful in determining the material that suitable with the student’s ability.
In summary, regarding these three theories the researcher concludes the disadvantages of authentic material consist of seventh categories. First, authentic material sometimes has difficult language, vocabulary, and it is not appropriate for students. Second, authentic materials are difficult to be understood by students. Third, authentic material is cause’s confusions. It can be caused by the
language in authentic material is not appropriate with students’ ability. Fourth,
takes a lot of time to be collected, since the teacher should have a lot of time to collect and to determine materials which are suitable for students. Sixth, authentic materials become outdated easily, because the data in authentic materials are always up-to-date, automatically the data will change rapidly. The last
disadvantage is the teachers should more careful in choosing the material, because there is no guideline in using authentic materials and everything around us can be used as the materials.
Pre-service Teachers
Before becoming a teacher, someone generally experienced to become a pre-service teacher. It is because from that experience the teacher could get the benefit since it has some purposes. Therefore in this part the researcher discusses about two things. The first is definition of pre-service teachers. The second is purpose of pre-service teacher in programs.
Definition of a pre-service teacher.Pre-service teacher is someone who
learns to be a professional teacher. A professional teacher is someone who can give the reflection about their experience and can mentor another people. Becoming a professional teacher takes a lot of time and many experiences (Lamson &Aldrich, 2003).Pre-service teachers can learn to be professional teachers through enrolling in Educational Department in a University. Then afterwards, they can get bachelor degree.
the purpose of the teacher training program.Pre-service teacher program
competence in which pre-service teacher can connect the pedagogical theory. In addition, the pre service teacher also can apply it in their teaching practice. Teaching Practice
There are many literatures that talk about teaching practice. In this part, the researcher discusses the definition of teaching practice based on several experts’ opinion. Because teaching practice is related to the pre-service teacher,
the researcher also wants to discuss about the impact of teaching practice towards a pre-service teacher.
Definition of teaching practice. According to
Undang-UndangDasarRepublik Indonesia, NO 14 Tahun 2005 Bab IV Pasal10
(Indonesian Act Number 14 year’s 2005 Chapter IV verse 10) about educator
(teachers and lecturers) mentions that in order to be a professional teacher and lecturer they should have good competences. The competence includes the pedagogical competence, personal competence, professional competence, and social competence. For having good competence, it needs a lot of preparation. They can develop their teaching skill by practicum, microteaching, for their teaching practice (Setiawan, 2014)
that consist of teaching practice with guide line, administration of the practice, counseling, and the other educational assignment. The pre-service teacher should be able to teach the students, have socialization with in environment, and have managerial skill.
In addition, Kiggundu and Nayimuli (2009) stated that teaching practice is an essential factor of teacher training. This program makes pre-service teacher experience about teaching in the real context. Marais and Meier (2004) argued that teaching practice is a significant section of becoming a teacher. It makes the pre-service teacher get skill and knowledge in the real education.
In conclusion, teaching practice is the program for pre-service teachers to practice their teaching skills in order to be a real teacher in the school. In this program, pre-service teacher will apply the theory that they have learned in their teaching practice. Teaching practice programs will make the pre-service teacher get the experience and skill of teaching processes as a real educator.
The impact of teaching practice program toward a pre-service teacher.In this section, the impact of teaching practice program toward
pre-service teacher is divided into two. They are a positive impact and negative impact.
Positive impact. Teaching practice gives the pre-service teacher
mastery of the content of the subject they teach thereby resulting in provisional growth (Uzeochina, 2015). In addition, Uzeochina, 2015 also said that teaching practice makes the pre-service teacher get competency in teaching, competency in lesson demonstration, competency in lesson evaluation and use of the materials, ad skill of classroom management and organization.
Negativeimpact. Manion , Keith , Morrison & Cohen (2003)mention that
teaching practice makes a combination of expectation, nervousness, enthusiasm and anxiety for pre-service teacher as they start their teaching practice.Yılmaz, Çavaş (2007) also said that teaching practice experience affect toward pre-service
teacher beliefs. If the pre-service teacher has a bad experience in teaching practice such as cannot handling the students, it can make the pre-service teacher worried when start to teach again.
Conceptual Framework
The significance of authentic material are: First, authentic materials give the positive effect for student’s motivation. Second, authentic materials relate
more closely to students’ needs, and authentic materials provide a link between
the classroom and students need in the real life. The next, authentic materials help the students bridge the gap between the classroom and the real world. The fourth significance is authentic material can make the students to be more active in a learning process. The fifth authentic material gives the local cultures material that makes the students easily learns in classroom. The next advantage is bringing the students to the real life contexts. Authentic materials also provide up-to-date materials. The next is authentic material makes the teacher easily achieve the goals & objectives of the lesson. The last is authentic materials provide real life context material, and also encourages the teacher to be more creative in teaching process. (Jacobson, E., Degener, S., & Purcell-Gates, V., 2003; Richards, 2001; Laniro, 2007; Heitler, 2005)
The disadvantages of authentic materials are. The first authentic material sometimes has difficult language, vocabulary, and it is e not appropriate for students and teacher. The second is authentic materials is difficult to be
understood by students. The third is authentic material cause’s confusions. The
These can be represented by this cart:
