LANGUAGE STYLE OF THE AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN ELECTION DEBATE 2020
THESIS
Submitted to The Board of Examiners In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For Literature Degree and
at English Literature Department
by
TUTI ALAWIYAH 403170935
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANIORA FACULTY
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2021
ii
APPROVAL
Jambi, August 2021
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Supervisor II : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Address : Adab and Humanities Faculty
State Islamic University Sultan ThahaSaifuddin Jambi
To
The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty
State Islamic University In
Jambi
Assalamu’alaikumwr.wb
After reading and revising everything extended necessary, so we agree that the thesis with the title “Language Style of The American Presidential Candidate in Election Debate 2020” can be submitted to Munaqasyah exam in partial of fulfillment to the Requirement for the Degree of Humanities Scholar. We submit it in order be received well. Thus, we hope it can be useful for all.
Wassalamu’alaikumwr.wb
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA NIP.197604282005012004 NIP.198411272011012012
iii
NOTA DINAS
Jambi, August 2021
Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Pembimbing II : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Alamat : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
Universitas Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin KepadaYth
Ibu Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN STS Jambi
Di- Tempat
Assalamu’alaikumwr.wb
Setelah membaca dan mengadakan perbaikan seperlunya maka kami berpendapat bahwa skripsi yang berjudul “Language Style of The American Presidential Candidate in Election Debate 2020”, telah dapat diajukan untuk dimunaqosahkan guna melengkapi tugas-tugas dan memenuhi syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana srata satu (S1) pada fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN STS Jambi. Maka, dengan itu kami ajukan skripsi tersebut agar diterima dengan baik.
Demikianlah kami ucapkan terima kasih, semoga bermanfaat bagi kepentingan kampus dan para peneliti.
Wassalamu’alaikumwr.wb
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA NIP.197604282005012004 NIP.1984112720110120
iv
v
vi MOTTO
Meaning:
and [mention, O Muhammad], when your Lord said to the angels: “ indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority”. They said: “ Will You place upon it one who causes corruption therein sheds blood, while we declare Your praise and sanctify You?” Allah said, “Indeed, I know that which you do not know.”
Artinya:
Dan (ingatlah) ketika Tuhanmu berfirman kepada para Malaikat: “ Sesungguhnya aku hendak menjadikan seorang khalifah dimuka bumi”. Mereka berkata:
“mengapa Engkau hendak menjadikan (khalifah) di bumi itu orang yang akan membuat kerusakan padanya dan menumpahkan darah, padahal kami senantiasa bertasbih dengan memuji Engkau dan mensucikan Engkau?” Allah berfirman:
“sesungguhnya aku mengetahui apa yang tidak kamu ketahui”.
Q.S Al-Baqarah/2 ayat : 30
vii
DEDICATION
First of all I would say grateful to Allah Subhanahu wa ta’ala always to given me health to finish this thesis. Secondly, sholawat and salam tour prophet Muhammad Shallallahu alaihi wasallam who has brought us from the darkness to the lightness, from the stupid era to the better era to a beautiful world.
Proudly, I dedicated this thesis to my beloved Father (Saiful Anwar) and my mother (Eli Habibah) for all your love, your patients, supporting, and praying. And also my beloved brother (Saisil Wahyudi) and sisters (Eli Kurniati, Dede Priska, Nur Padila) thanks for your care and support.
For my beloved friends TEMBESI SQUAD (Rika, Novi, Mila, Rina, Lia, Indri, Heri, Riski, Solihin), QOSIDAH SQUAD (Yuni, Tari, Susi, Puji, Aina, Tuti W, Kiki, Santiah, Ulya), and my roommate Ulyani.
Thank you for the friendship that has endured to this day, may we be friends forever. For my in E-LITE17 who cannot be said one by one.
The last, for everyone who helps to finish my thesis, thank you so much may Allah SWT always blessed us all, Aamiin…
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer wants to say Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, all the praise to Allah SWT the lord of all creatures, for His Blessing for the starting point of my study until now the end of my study. After that, Shalawat and salam be upon to our prophet Muhammad SAW, hopefully we get His syafa‟at later at The Last Day.
Secondly, the writer would like to say thanks a lot of people who helped the writer in writing this thesis. The writer wants to say thanks to my supervisors Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum and Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA who have helped, guided, supported, and suggested me in writing this thesis. The writer also wants to say thanks for all classmates ELITE 2017 who have given additional suggestion and support to finish this thesis.
To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many people. So, the writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are:
1. The Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, Prof. Dr. H. Suaidi, M.A, Ph. D, the first vice rector, Dr.
Rafiqoh Ferawati, S.E., M.EI the second vice rector, Dr. As‟ad Isma, M.Pd, the third vice rector, Dr. Bahrul Ulum, M.A who allowed to study in this Univercity.
2. The dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Dr. Halimah Dja‟far, S.Ag.,M.Fil, the first deputy dean Dr. Ali Muzakir, M.Ag, the second deputy dean Dr. Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed, the third deputy dean Dr.
Raudhoh, S.Ag., SS., M.Pd.I, the head of English Literature Department, Dian Mukhlisa, M.A, and the secretary of English
ix
x ABSTRACT
Alawiyah, Tuti 2021 : Language Style of The American Presidential Candidate in Election Debate 2020. English Literature Department, Adab and Humanity Faculty, State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS., M. Hum Pembimbing II : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA
In this thesis the author will examine the language style used by each of the American presidential candidates during the final debate of the 2020 presidential election. The aims of this study are (1) to find the language style used by each presidential candidate; (2) to find the stylistic function; (3) to find factors that can influence the use of language style by each presidential candidate.To answer the problem formulation in this thesis, the author uses three theories, namely (1) the theory of style by Martin Joss, (2) theory of language functions by Mathioth, and (3) the theory of factors that can influence the use of style by Wardhaugh. This research used qualitative descriptive analysis. The source of data in this research is the final debate of American presidential candidate in election debate 2020 on youtube. For technique of collecting data, the writer used documentation. The result of this research showed that: First, the authors found three styles of language used by each presidential candidate, namely formal style, consultative style, and relaxed style. Second, for the function of the style of language used in the debate, there is an increase in the audience's appetite, invites the audience, makes conversation ideas clearer and fills a certain mood from the expressions and statements spoken by each presidential candidate. Third, is the social dimension that affects the use of language style, in this dimension the author only finds factors of language use that can affect language style on the social distance scale.
Keyword: Sociolinguistics, Language Style, Debate.
xi ABSTRAK
Alawiyah, Tuti. 2021 : Language Style of The American Presidential Debate In Election Debate 2020. Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum Pembimbing II : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA
Dalam tesis ini penulis akan mengkaji gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh masing- masing calon presiden Amerika Serikat saat debat final pemilihan presiden 2020.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh masing-masing calon presiden; (2) menemukan fungsi stilistika;
(3) untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi penggunaan gaya bahasa oleh masing-masing calon presiden. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah dalam tesis ini, penulis menggunakan tiga teori, yaitu (1) teori gaya bahasa oleh Martin Joss, (2) teori fungsi bahasa oleh Mathioth, dan (3) teori faktor dimensi yang dapat mempengaruhi penggunaan gaya bahasa oleh Wardhaugh. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah debat final capres Amerika dalam debat pemilu 2020 di youtube. Untuk teknik pengumpulan data, penulis menggunakan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: Pertama, penulis menemukan tiga gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh masing-masing calon presiden yaitu gaya formla, gaya konsultatif, dan gaya santai. Kedua, untuk fungsi gaya bahasa yang digunakan dalam debat terdapat peningkatan selera penonton, mengajak penonton, membuat ide pembicaraan lebih jelas dan mengisi mood tertentu dari ungkapan maupun pernyataan yang diucapkan oleh masing-masing calon presiden. Ketiga adapun dimensi sosialyang mempengaruhi penggunaan gaya bahasa, dalam dimensi ini penulis hanya menemukan faktor penggunaan bahasa yang dapat mempengaruhi gaya bahasa dalam skala jarak sosial.
Kata kunci: Sosiolinguistik, Gaya Bahasa, Debat.
xii
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL ... i
NOTA DINAS ... ii
LETTER OF RATIVICATION ... iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ... iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii
ABSTRACT ... viii
ABSTRAK ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of The Problems... 1
B. Formulation of The Problems ... 4
C. Purpose of The Research ... 4
D. Limitation of The Problems ... 5
E. Significance of The Research... 5
CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK A. Sociolinguistics ... 6
B. Language Style ... 7
C. Context ... 11
D. Functions of The Language Style ... 13
E. Social Dimensions Influencing Language Use ... 14
F. Debate ... 15
G. United States Presidential Debate ... 15
H. Previous Studies ... 16
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH A. Design of Research ... 21
xiii
B. Source of Data ... 22
C. Technique of Data Collection ... 22
D. Technique of Data Analysis ... 23
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS A. Finding ... 25
B. Analysis ... 25
1. Kinds of Language Style ... 24
2. The Functions of Language Style ... 33
3. Social Dimensions Influencing Language Use ... 41
CHAPTER V A. Conclusion... 45
B. Suggestion ... 46 REFERENCE
APPENDIX I APPENDIX II APPENDIX III
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Problem
Language is a basic of human communication which is however easy to understand by the speaker. The Language as a tool of communication has language style and In this case, it is influenced by different interaction of human. According Martin Joos, he described that language style has five styles. He (1976) claimed that the ceremonial occasions almost invariably require very formal speech, public speech is somewhat less formal, casual conversation is quite informal, and conversations between intimates on matters of little importance may be extremely informal and casual.
In daily activity, people cannot separate with language. There are many parts of the language, and one of them is sociolinguistics.
Sociolinguistics is study about the relationship between language and society, with language as a study material. Deal with this statement, Hudson in his book said “sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation with society”.1 In communication, they always communicate each other with different style. Because, “no one speaks the some way all the time”.2 Sometimes they use formal language in formal situation, for example when student talk with teacher. They use intimate language when they have clos relation, for example between parents with their children.
Related to this statement:
Joos state in Wardhaugh‟s book stated that you can speak very formally or very informally your choice being governed by circumstances. Ceremonial occasions almost invariably require very formal speech, public lecturer somewhat less formal, casual conversation quite informal, and conversations between intimate
1 R.A.Hudson, Sociolinguistis Second Edition, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p.4
2 Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Linguistics Fifth Edition, (UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2006), p.5
intimates on matters of little importance may be extremely informal and casual.3
Language style can identify when there is question, with whose they speak, where, what, and others. Usually, people use the different language style according to the situation., age or the listener, and any other factor.
Debate is formal disciplined, and rule governed contest/
competition, that is conducted within a set framework.4 Since the 1967 general election, debates between presidential candidates had been a part of USA presidential campaigns. Political campaign discourse possesses one overarching goal to persuade citizens to cast their votes for one candidate instead of for an opened (of course a few candidates may campaign to promote an issue as well, but they are not a primarily concerned with winning the election.5
It happens in the third round American presidential debate 2020, it was the most popular debate in 2020, the candidate of presidential were Donald Trump and Joe Biden. Donald John Trump is an American politician, businessman, and television personality, he is the president- elect of the USA and a 45th president of USA (2017-2021). Trump was born and raised in the Queens borough of New York City and received a bachelor‟s degree in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.6 Joe Biden briefly worked as an attorney before turning to politics. He became the fifth-youngest U.S.
senator in history as well as Delaware‟s longest-serving senator. Joe Biden is served Barack Obama‟s vice president from 2008-2016. His 2008 presidential campaign never gained momentum, but Democratic nominee
3 Ronald Wardhaug. 2006. An Introduction to Linguistics Fifth Edition, (UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd), p. 48
4 Broda-Bahm,Ken and Daniela Kempf. 2004. Argument and Audience: Presenting Debates in Public Settings. New York: International Debate Education Association.
5 William L, Benoit, et al. 2002. The Primary Decision: A Functional Analysis of Debates in Presidential Primaries. P 3
6 Broda-Bham, ken and Daniela Kempf. 2004. Argument and Audience: Presenting Debates in Public Settings. New York: International Debate Education Association.
Barack Obama selected him as his running mate, and Biden went on to serve two terms as the 47th vice president of the US. Biden born on November 20, 1942, grew up in the blue-collar city of Scranton in northeast Pennsylvania.7 Trump and Biden were candidates for President 2021 to 2025.
President‟s debate was one of campaign between candidates of presidential, candidate would show their vision and mission to USA society. Therefore candidates used strategy to get audience sympatic, one of strategies appear in debate was language style.
(18:03-18:21)
Donald Trump : 99% of people recover. We have to recover. We can‟t close up our nation. We have to open our school and we can‟t close up our nation, or you‟re not going to have a nation.
Kristen Welker : And, of course, the CDC has said young people can get sick with COVID-19 and can pass it. Vice President Biden, I want to talk broadly about strategy though.
Joe Biden : Can I respond to that?
Kristen Welker : 30 seconds, please. Then I have a question.8
7http://WWW.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/2020102200607-134-561748/debat-final- pilpres-as-pertarungan-terakhir-trump-biden
8http://WWW.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/transcripts/donald-trump-joe-biden-final- presidential-debate-transcript-2020.
In the conversation at page 3, it illustrates an example from the conversation between Donald Trump and Joe Biden in the final debate of the 2020 US presidential election, in this conversation Trump and Biden use a formal language style in conveying their respective opinions and opinions. The use of this style of language aims to ensure that the debate is conducted smoothly and efficiently.
In this research, the writer is interested in analyzing the language style of language used by each of the American presidential candidates, because of the very different characteristics of this course will also use the method or style different in expression statements or rebuttals.
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on some reasons explained in the background of the study above and to this research easier to solve, the writer studies particular problem as state below:
1. What are the kinds of language style used by two presidential candidates in The American Presidential Candidate In Election Debate 2020?
2. What are the functions of using language style in the American presidential election debate 2020?
3. How can social dimension could affect the use of language in the American presidential election debate 2020?
C. Purpose of the Research
1. To know the type of language style are used by two presidential candidates in The American Presidential Candidate In Election Debate 2020.
2. To find the function of using the language style in the American presidential election debate 2020.
3. To find the factors that can influence the use of language style in the American presidential election debate 2020.
D. Limitation of the Problem
In this research the writer only focused on The American Presidential Candidate “Joe Biden and Donald Trump”, in their final debate 2020. The writer only limited it to presidential candidates Joe Biden and Donald Trump, but did not include the deputy debate and the duration of the debate was only 93 minutes in their debate file. In this research, the writer will analyze what are the kinds of language style, what are the functions of using language style, and how to the language style used by the presidential candidate at the time of delivering opinions and opinions when the debate takes place.
E. Significance of the Research
The study of language style in this thesis is supposed to give some significant contributions to the readers in some ways to elevate their knowledge. The readers will know what the type of the language style and the difference of language style used from Language Style By American Presidential Debates on Their Third Debate. Second, the reader understand that language style can be applied in many scrip text that we have ever seen. Besides, the writer hopes that the readers have enough learning about the language style to know how to use it in other text. The writes also to hopes that the result of this research could give some massage for the audience especially to the English Literature Department in Adab and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin (UIN STS) Jambi.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is kind of linguistics, which examines the phenomenon of language that has relationship with social factors, such as social class, genre, age, and ethnic, and at the same time chacking on the phenomenon of social and using a decree. So that, everyone can see about social condition a social community or can look it by language that they use.
Hudson said in his book, “I defined sociolinguistics as „the study of language in relation to society‟, implying (intentional) that sociolinguistics is part of the study of language.9 Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes languages as an object of study. It is field that analysis of language as part of social property. The study explores the functions and the varieties of language, the contacts between different languages, as well as plans on language. In the early definition of the study, some linguist used the term sociology of language, while others name it sociolinguistics.
In reference to difference, the term sociolinguistics is used more to refer to the study of language in relation to society, whereas, sociology of language is used mainly to refer to the study of society in relation to language. Thus, sociology of language, the emphasized object of the study societies, whereas in sociolinguistics, the focus of study is language.
Although, the different emphasis seems to make a sense, in practice the discussions inevitably overlap.
Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language is trying to discover how social structure can be better understood though the study of language, eg., how vertain
9 R. A. Hudson, Sociolinguistics Second Edition,(New York: Cambridge University press, 1996), p.4
6
linguistic features serve to characterize particular social arguments.10
The explanation above is clear enough in the relationship between language and society, where people give a great contribution to the development of language. And the result are to find out the structure of that language and how language functions in their communication. The same result in sociology of language is trying to find out how social structure can be easier understood whole the study of language.
There are two kinds of sociolinguistics they are micro- sociolinguistic and macro-sociolinguistic. Micro-sociolinguistic investigate how social structure effect the way people speak and how the varieties of language and usage pattern correlate with social attributes such as class, gender, and age. And macro-sociolinguistic studies what societies do with their languages, that is, attitudes, and attachment that account for the functional distribution of speech forms in society, language shift, maintenance, and replacement, the delimitation and interaction of speech communities. “However, there is general agreement that both perspectives are indispensable for a full understanding of language as a social phenomenon.11
B. Language Style
Chaika states that language style is the way people use the language in communication, it can be written or oral language. Language style actually refers to the selection of linguistics form to convey social or artistic effects.12 Style also acts as a set of instruction. We manipulate other with style; even we are manipulated ourselves whether consciously or unconsciously. In doing communication people usually use formal or informal language which depend on the situation they are communicating
10 Ronald Wardhaugh, (2006). An Introduction to Linguistics Fifth Edition, (UK:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, P. 13
11 Florian Coulmas (ed), The Handbook of Sociolinguistic, (Tokyo):Blackwell Publising, 1998), p.5
12 Chaika, Elaine. (1982). Language The Seciety Mirror. Rewley Massachussets: New House Publisher Inc, P. 29
with others. Style also tells the listener to take what is being said;
seriously, ironically, humorously or in some other ways.
Language style uses all of the resources of language, such as tone of voice, choice of word or diction, grammar, and even different ways of pronouncing sound. In expressing or delivering ideas in both forms, spoken and written language, people have and use their own style because it is related to the social aspect. There are two kinds of language style, they are: language style of spoken and language style of written. One of example of language written advertisement. Advertisement is one of people activities that can be found in , magazine, newspaper, etc. example of language style spoken are from radio, television, discussion, etc.
in this research as for the types of language style that the writer will use language style by Martin Joos, where he claimed that language style consists of five sorts: frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style.They are:13
1. Frozen Style
Joos characterizes the frozen style as a style for people who are to remain social strangers. It is used in every formal setting such in ceremony, church, palace, and some other occasions. It is also called oratorical style which characterized by the very careful, has fixed form, and has symbolic or historical nature.
Example:
PROCLAMATION
We, the people of Indonesia, do at this moment proclaim the independence of Indonesia
all matters about the transfer of power, etc,.
will be carried out expediently and in the shortest possible time.
Jakarta, August 17, 1945
13 Nikolas Coupland. 2007. Style: Language Variation and Identity. USA: Cambridge University Press. p.10.
On Behalf of the Indonesian People Soekarno – Hatta
2. Formal Style
Formal style is The formal style characterized by informative, detachment, and cohesiveness. It is less autonomous than the frozen style, but still, according to Joos, a style basically discourages interaction, formal speech tends to occur in two types of situation. Joos (1961: 36) says that the informative quality of formal speech, its dominant characteristic, is ancillary in consultation, incidental in casual discourse, and more or less absent in intimate conversation; code labels identifying formal speech include the use of „may‟ for „can‟ or „might‟. It means the formal style used in school by teacher, student, lecturer, headmaster and also can used in the formal event, talks about the serious problem such as in the formal speeches and official meeting.
Example:
a. I would like to introduce myself to you.
b. Well, it is rather difficult to say at this point.
c. May I be of assistance d. Can I help
e. I may not attend f. I might not come
g. In my opinion, it would be advisable to go h. I think we should go
Joos comment that the use of the formal style protects the speaker from involvement. Formal speech tolerates few ellipses and cultivates syntactic complexity.
3. Consultative Style
The consultative style may be characterized as a style suited to cooperation without involvement. In contrast to frozen and
formal speech, consultative speech invites feedback and listener participation. It means this style used in some group discussion, regular conversation at school, companies, trade speech conversation or used in semiformal communication of situation
Example:
a. I see. You will change the project and sale it to other companies, right?
b. Excuse me, I think it is really important for me to add about the topic that we discuss.
c. I doubt if Williams is the person we‟re looking for 4. Casual Style
Casual style is Casual style is usually called informal language. It means the casual style used to the situation in which utterances are expressed. It occurs between speaker and hearer which have close relationship. This can happen in conversation between parents to children, friends, family members or when on vacation or when do exercise during recess and so on. It can be concluded the casual style used for the conversation in our relaxed or normal situation.
Example:
a. Hello guys, are you okay?
b. Do you enjoy the party?
5. Intimate Style
Intimate style often characterized as a personal language codes. This style among intimate members of family or friends and it is only for certain group. It means the intimate style is used by speaker and hearer that have a very close relationship. Moreover, intonation on intimate style is more important than wording or grammar.
Example:
a. What is it, honey?
b. Hey darling, how are you?
C. Context
According Hymes (1974) in Wardaugh has proposed an ethnographic framework which takes into account the various factors that are involved in speaking. Hymes uses the word SPEAKING as an acronym for the various factors he deems to be relevant. We will now consider these factors one by one.14
1. Setting and Scene
The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural situations that can influence the people in choosing the code. In general, these factors point to the circumstances and the physical environment to the cultural limitations of the site of the speech. So it is clear that the setting refers to the physical condition of speech, while the scene pointed to the psychological and cultural boundaries a speech. It is also possible for a speaker to switch from one code into another code in a particular scene in the same setting.
2. Participants
The Participants are the people involved in the communication found in the setting. Participants can be used to refer to at least two parties to speak. The first party is the first or the speakers, and the second is the partner speech. In time and certain situations can also happen that the number of participants is more than two, namely the presence of a third party. Election code associated with speech component will involve two dimensions of human social, solidarity concerning the relationship with the partner speakers‟ speech that had been built previously and power, the issues related to the age, rank and social status of the participants‟ speech.
14 Hymes, D. 1974. Foundation in Sociolinguistics. Phidelphia, pa: University of Pennsylvania Press. P. 154.
3. Ends
The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he (she) wishes to persuade the crowd before him (her) in order to receive support for the election. However, if a mother speaks to her son before he leaves for school, she might want her son to behave himself in the school. Thus, for different ends, speakers a language often choose different code.
4. Act Sequence
The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, a narrative, a conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example, is set carefully with an opening expression, followed with an introduction, a story, before entering the main topic. The sequence in speaking is the considered to be also an important factor to consider.
5. Key
The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the voice or manner of a speaker.
The spirit or the feeling may be sincere modest, or low.
6. Instrumentalities
The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one.
7. Norm of Interaction
The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.
8. Genre
The genre is referred to the type of the utterances whether it is in the form of a poem, a proverb, a prayer, a lecture, etc.
D. Functions of the language style
Chaika (1982) stated the speakers gives a great deals of information about themselves just by the word, grammar, and pronunciation they choose both unconsciously and consciously.15This information reveals to the hearer such things as the speakers social background and regional affiliation. Trudgill (1974) states that there ar two aspects of language behaviors are very important from a social point of view: first, the function of the language is establishing and social relationship; and second the role played by language in conveying information about the speaker.16
Mathioth and Marvin in Wardhaugh (1985) states that the language‟s function is unit‟s individuals and group within a large communities. Therefore, it can be employed the to reflect and symbolize some kinds of identity: religion, social, ethnic, or religious.17 Functions of language style as;
1. Increase the audience’s taste
Language style increases what the speaker willing to follow and what is being said by the speaker. It will raise the audience‟s opinion about what the writer massages that the expressed on his or her said and it also what purposes going to be communicated by the writer.
2. Persuade the audience’s
15 Chaika, Elaine. 1982. Language The Seciety Mirror. Rewley Massachussets: New House Publisher Inc. p. 31.
16Trudgill, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics: An IntroductionNew York. Penguin Books.
17Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Linguistics Fifth Edition, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. P. 31.
Language style makes the audience‟s fell sure and trustful toward what is being said by the writer. The writer or speaker asks the reader or listener attractively by using rhetoric language.
3. Add the artistic effect of the idea being offered by the speaker Here, one of the functions of language style contributes to the artistic effect. It will make the reader or listener enjoys and attracts.
4. Make the audience’s idea clearer
Every speaker want the listener to understand and catch the massages and idea that carried by the text. Thus, the writer should use the correct and certain word and language style to make his or her massages and ideas clearly transferred to the reader.
5. Cried certain mood
The language style that is used by the speaker influences that listener in the case or the creating the mood. It can also influence about the listener or reader‟s felling or thought. So, how the writer or speaker uses the language style in their communication, it consequently will cry certain mood.
E. Social Dimensions Influencing Language Use
The use of language can also be influenced by the social dimension. Language use is determined by social dimensions:18
1. Social distance scale
How well we know someone, the way to get to know someone well is by going through several factors. These factors are the place where the person grew up, how he behaves and how he talks to others, and how he gets along or communicates with other people, be it family, people in his environment, or with new people.
2. Status scale
18 Mu‟in, Fatul. 2019. Sociolinguistics: A Language Study in Sociocultural Perspectives.
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Lambung MangkuratBanjarmasin. P. 13
High-low status in social life; superior-subordinate status. The social status of a person also affects the use of language in the social dimension, because the higher a person's social status, the better the words he utters.
This is because someone with a high status tends to be respected and seen more in social life.
3. Formality
Formal-informal; high-low formality. In the formal dimension, of course, someone will use formal language in his delivery and speech because usually in this formal dimension, people who are educated or have experience in a meeting will follow.
Social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior. The age-grading phenomenon can be used as evidence. In this relation, for instance, young children speak differently from other children; and children speak differently from mature.
Consequently, there are some varieties of the same language (dialects, styles, speech levels, etc.) and ways of speaking, choices of words, and rules for conversing. Linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure. Sociolinguistics studies a language and its varieties, and how they are used in the speech community in relation to the socio-cultural background of the language use itself.
F. Debate
Debate is formal disciplined, and rule governed contest/competition, that is conducted within a set framework.19 Since the 1967 general election, debates between presidential candidates had been a part of USA presidential campaigns. Political campaign discourse possesses one overarching goal to persuade citizens to cast their votes for one candidate instead of for an opened (of course a few candidates may
19 Broda-Bahm,Ken and Daniela Kempf. (2004). Argument and Audience: Presenting Debates in Public Settings. New York: International Debate Education Association.
campaign to promote an issue as well, but they are not a primarily concerned with winning the election.
G. United States Presidential Debate
The United States (US) General Election will be held starting November 3, 2020 with Joe Biden and Donald Trump as presidential candidates. Joe Biden is partnered with Kamala Harris and represents Democrats. Meanwhile, the Republican party is represented by Donald Trump who is paired with Mike Pence. The electoral system conducted in the US is different from that of Indonesia. If in Indonesia the winner of the election is the winner of the most votes, in the US this is not the case.
Reporting from the BBC, the US president is not directly elected by the public, but by an institution known as an electoral college or a voting institution.
The general election to determine the president of the United States is a hot topic of conversation in the United States. This time there are two presidential candidates who are contesting, the first is Donald Trump who represents the Republican Party and Joe Biden who represents the Democratic Party. Important notes of the presidential election system in the United States, namely:20
1. The winner of the presidential election is not determined by the majority of popular votes, the voters, but is determined by the electoral council (Electoral College)
2. When the citizens of the United States go to the polls, they are actually electing a group of people who will occupy the electoral college.
3. The word "collage" here means a group of people with a common task.
These people are called "Electors", and their job is to elect the president and vice president.
In the United States the number of electors is scattered as many as 538 people, while presidential candidates need a minimum of 270 electoral
20 https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/11/04/200400465/infografik--mengenal- sistem-pemilihan-presiden-di-amerika-serikat
votes to win the presidency. The number of electors in each country is different, the more the population, the more the number of electors.
Usually each state casts an electoral council vote for a presidential candidate who wins the popular votes. There is a State called the "Swing State". The swing state is defined as the competitive states that are the key to determining the winner of the presidential election. The republican and democrat parties have equal strength and the same opportunity to win the swing state.
H. Previous studies
There are some researcher which concern they research on language style. Firstly, the student of English Language and Letters Department, Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. Named is Irkhas Ziana Rizqi Afriza, the title is
“Language Style In Exclusive Interview of Jessie J and Sarah Sechan on NET TV” 2017. The writer used descriptive qualitative, the writer used Chaika (1982: 31) and Keraaf (2002: 17) to identify and investigate about the types of Language Style in that exclusive interview. There are two research problems in this thesis, (1) What types of Language style are used in the Exclusive interview of Jassie J and Sarah Sechan on NET TV? (2) How are the Language Style used in the Exclusive interview of Jassie J and Sarah Sechan on NET TV?. In this research, the writer finds fifty data which are appropriated with the kind and characteristics of language style.
They can divided four types of Language Style base on the analyzing, namely: informal style, colloquial style, casual style, and consultative style. As the characteristics of this style, in those video have conversation that tool like family member and best friends.
Secondly, the student of English Department, faculty of Art and Humanities State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya, named Nur Ika Rahmawati, the title is “Analysis of Language Style In The New York Times Advertisements” 2019. The writer used descriptive qualitative. Then analyzed categorized the data in accordance with the
kind of language style based on the William Well‟s theory. There are two research problems related to the language style of The New York Times advertisement. They were (1) what kinds of language styles are used on the advertisements of The New York Times? (2) How are the language styles used in the advertisements of The New York Times? According to that theory, these are several styles of advertisement to demonstrate the message; these include hard sell, soft sell, lecture, and drama, straightforward, demonstrations, comparison, problem solution, slice of life, and spokesperson. But, kinds of language style are used on the advertisements of The New York Times just ware Hard Sell Style, Soft Sell Style, Straightforward Style and also Comparison Style. For the second, there are some strategies used on language styles in the advertisements of The New York Times. For the first is hard sell style; it usually presents the message with rational information and emphasizes tangible product features, benefits and facilities. The second is soft sell style, it usually uses emotional information intended to create a response based on feeling and attitude. The third is straightforward style, it style performed information or message without using any gimmicks of embellishment. The fourth is Comparison style it contrast two or more products and usually finds the advertisers brand to be superior.
Thirdly, the thesis from Fatin Marshelina, thesis entitled “The Differences between Men and Women Language Styles In Writing Twitter Updates” 2013. This study used qualitative approach. The data were the twitter updates written by men and women users on twitter. In analyzing the data, the writer used theory by Adelaide Haas (1979) and A Mullac (2001). There were eight twitter users consisting of four men and four women. The research problems of the study are (1) what kinds of language styles that are mostly used by men and women in writing twitter updates (2) what are the purposes of using certain language styles in writing twitter updates used by men and women on twitter. In this research, the writer finds the language style and communication purposes between men and
women twitter updates. The present writer suggests the future writers to find men and women differences in language style from literary works such as novel, short story, or next writers can examine other twitter feature such as twitter mention or also analyze the differences between men and women in conversation like in the movie or debate show on television. It is also suggested for the future writers to use another other theories beside Haas theory to analyze the phenomenon in sociolinguistic area especially in language and gender.
Fourthly, the student of English Literature Department Adab and Humanities Faculty, named Nofita, thesis entitled “The Analysis of Language Style in Wild Wild Child Film by Nick Moore”. The research discussed about language style in Wild Wild Child movie. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the kinds of language qualitative method, descriptive research, and content analysis to analyze the data. As the result, the writer found five language style, they are: frozen style, consultative style, formal style, casual style, and intimate style. From thirty eight data, the writer finds one data is present in frozen style, four data for formal style, three data for consultative style, fourteen data for casual style, and for intimate style and the writer found the reason the language style found in film. They are the listener of the speaker. Where is conversation taking places, when the conversation happens.
From the previous studies, the writers‟ drawer and conclusion that her research is has similarity and difference from the previous researchers.
The similarity of the researches above with this research is the same field or subject that is the language style. The difference of this research with previous researches above is different object which is Irkhas Ziana Rizqi Afriza used interview in NET TV, Nur Ika Rahmawati used advertisement in New York Times, Fatin Marshelina used writing in twitter updates, and Nofita used dialogue in film. In this research, the writer used the conversation in the debate on the American presidential election in the
final debate 2020 as an object to analyze the language styles used in the debate conversation.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH A. Design of Research
Design of the research was needed by the writer because design helped the writer to collecting and analyzing data systematic, this research the writer used qualitative research and descriptive method. Taylor state that qualitative research refers in the broadest sense to that produce descriptive data people‟s own written or spoken words and observable behavior.21 Qualitative research may be in descriptive form. The data collects in the form of words as a descriptive explanation that a number.
The result of the research contains quotation from the data to illustrate and substantive the presentation. Descriptive research is a research which aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research, where the data are analyzed through interpreting, not statistical analysis. According to Denzin and Lincoln define:
“qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretative, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study thing in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts that describe routine and problematic moments and meaning in individuals‟ lives.”22
In this theory, qualitative research is research procedures which produce descriptive data as spoken words of the person or behavior being researched. Descriptive method is a research which aims to describe a
21 Taylor, Steven J. 2016. Introduction to Qualitative Research Method. New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 7.
22 Denzin and, Lincoln in John W. Creswell. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. (United State of America: California.1997). p. 15
21
phenomenon accurately based on the characteristic of research.23 Moh Nazir stated that “metode deskriptif adalah ini bertujuan untuk membuat deskripsi, gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, factual dan akurat mengenai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan antar fenomena yang diselidiki”.24 it make easy the research to get the right data.
B. Source of data
In this research the writer only focuses on the debate on the American presidential election "Donald Trump and Joe Biden" which was held on Thursday night (22/10/2020) local time or Friday morning (23/10/2020) Indonesian time. The final debate will carry six themes, namely "Combating Covid-19", "American Family", and “Race in America “,” Climate Change “,” National Security and Leadership. The debate will take place in Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. one of the most populous states in Uncle Sam's country. This debate is 93 minutes long and moderated by Kristen Walker.
C. Technique of data collection
The writer applied documentation as technique of data collection.
According to Creswell, “The data collection procedures in qualitative research involve four basic type: interviews, observations, documentation and visual image.25 Sugiyono stated that “Dokumen merupakan catatan peristiwa yang sudah berlalu. Dokumen biasanya berbentuk tulisan, gambar atau karya-karya monumental dari seseorang.”26 It meant that, documentation refer to how to record the events in from of documentation, a note or file that saved. There some forms of documentations, texts, pictures and literary works by someone. Document in the form of literary work such as novels, poetries, films, short stories and others.
23 John W. Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, (United States of America:
California 1997), p. 15.
24 Moh, Nazir. Metode Penelitian. (Bogor: Penelitian Ghalia Indonesia. 2011). p. 54.
25 John W Creswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.
(Sage Publications: United Stated of America. 1994). p. 148
26 Sugiyono. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif. p. 240
The writer used documentation technique to collect the data in this research, because based on the statement above; the form of documentation can be a text, picture of literary work. The writers collect the data from the final debate of the 2020 presidential election. The writer took the data by watching the debate on youtube.
The are some steps in the technique of data collection in conducting this research:
a) Prepare data collection sheet, after getting all important source, the writer wacthes it to make sure that the data are collecting suitable with the research.
b) Selecting the data, to get the data, the writer wacthes carfully the speech that were chosen as data for analyzing.
c) Giving a description, the writer makes description or belief information about the data. Making a note of data, after watching the data carefully, the writer marks any important statement to make the writer easier in analyzing process for research.
d) Drawing conclution, effort to obtain certaintly about the correctness of the data. The writer processes the data to analyze them. Finally, the writer made a good arrangement for the thesis itself as the last in finalizing research.27
D. Technique of Data Analysis
The writer has several techniques from the data analysis, in order to make this research more specific. In qualitative research, technique analysis data is used to answer the formulation of the formulation of the problem.28 In this thesis, the writer used technique descriptive analysis because this research is descriptive. It is why the writer describes analysis the data that has been found in the final debate of the 2020 presidential election to find the answer the formulation of the problem that have been formulated. The steps of techniques of data analysis are:
27 Siswantoro. Metode Penelitian Sastra. (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2010). p. 73
28 Sugiyono. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif. p. 240
a) Data Reduction
Miles and Hubberman described this technique as the first of three elements of qualitative data analysis. Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in writing up field notes or transcriptions. The writer chooses the important data only from all the source of data. The writer identified the data a debate from the final debate of the 2020 presidential election which focussion on language style sentences that used by the candidate.
b) Data Display
According to Miles and Hubberman, data display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclution drawing.
A display can be extended piece of the text or diagram, chart, or matrix provides a new way of arranging and thinking about more textually embedded data. Which as correlation with the problems of research.
c) Conclusion / verifying
Conclusion of verifying is the result of analyzing that answer the research problem based on the data analyzing. The conclusion is the last phase of research. the writer concludes the result of analysis and the answer the formulation of the form of descriptive analysis.29
29 M.B. Miles and Huberman, A.M. Qualitative Data Analysis.(A Source Book of New Method. London: Sage Publication. 1984). P.21
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS A. Finding
Based on the data were taken from the debate of American presidential candidate in election debate 2020, the writer found kinds of language style, the functions of language style, and the use of language style that were derived from utterance in American presidential election debate 2020. The writer took the data from the final debate of American presidential election debate 2020 at Tennessee on Thursday night (22/10/2020) local time or Friday morning (23/10/2020) Indonesian time.
After analyzing the language style of the American presidential candidate in election debate 2020, the writer takes conclusion they are:
There are five the language style according Martin Joos in Malabar. In the 2020 American presidential election debate, frozen style was not found (0) because the debate was more inclined to deliberation, while the use of frozen style was usually carried out at sacred events such as the presidential proclamation or speech in places of worship. In the formal style, there are nine (9) data from the formal style used by American presidential candidates in the 2020 presidential election debate.
In the consultative style, there are five (5) data used by presidential candidates in the 2020 American presidential election debate. In the casual style, there are seven (7) data used by American presidential candidates in the 2020 presidential election debate. In intimate style, the author does not find any use of intimate style (0) because in the debate each presidential candidate tends to use the consultative style in expressing his opinion.
The finding of the function of language style, there are 4 (four) function of language style which used in American presidential candidate in election debate 2020. There are increase the audience‟s taste three (3), persuade the reader four (4) data, make the speakers idea clearer five (5) data, and cried certain mood (2) data by the function of language style in american presidential candidate in election debate 2020.
25
There are three (3) the social dimensions influencing language use of language style American presidential candidate in election debate 2020 (Social distance scale, Status scale, and Formality). The writer found seven (7) the factors of language use can influence language style in social distance scale.
B. Analysis
1. Kinds of Language Style a. Formal Style
Formal style is a language style used greet people in a large scope but is structured, logically ordered and coherent for important or serious situation. It can be seen I the text below:
Datum 01
Trump : How are you doing? How are you?30
At the beginning of the debate carried out by Trump and Biden in the final of the 2020 American presidential debate, the sentence "How Are You?" Being the first sentence passed by Trump. The selection of this sentence was to greet the moderator and also the audience present at the 2020 presidential election debate. This sentence is included in the formal style category, because Trump shows the attitude and protection as an authoritative and also friendly president. The next example is below:
Datum 02
Biden : 220,000 Americans dead. You hear nothing else I say tonight, hear this. Anyone who is responsible for not taking control. In fact, not saying I take no responsibility initially. Anyone is responsible for that many deaths should not remain as president of the United States of America. We’re in a situation where there are a thousand deaths a day now. A
30 Duration 00: 09: 37 – 00: 09: 58
thousand deaths a day. And there are over 70,000 new cases per day. Compared to what’s going on in Europe as the New England Medical Journal said, they’re starting from a very low rate. We’re starting from a very high rate.31
With the expression of the Biden, he illustrates that he knows more about the case being faced by gathering more accurate data both from death data and increasing cases every day. He did this so that the people glanced more as a better person than Trump regarding the handling of this case. The sentence is a discussion of the debate with the theme "Combating Covid-19" how to submit formal to be a choice to be more authoritative when he expressed his opinion. The next example is below:
Datum 03
Biden : What I would do is make sure we have everyone encouraged to wear a mask all the time. I would make sure we move into the direction of rapid testing, investing in rapid testing. I would make sure that we set up national standards as to how to open up schools and open up businesses so they can be safe and give them the wherewithal, the financial resources to be able to do that.32
In the sentence above, Biden invited the American people to wear a time mask. Biden chose to use the formal style so that the community could accept the solution provided by it, the use of this formal style aimed for the American people to see more of its seriousness in responding to the case being faced. The next example is below :
Datum 04
Trump : Thank you, and I appreciate that. Look, all he does is talk about shut downs. But forget about him. His Democrat Governors, Cuomo in New York,
31 Duration 00: 14: 25
32 Duration 00: 15: 29
you look at what’s going on in California, you look at Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Democrats, Democrats all, they’re shut down so tight and they’re dying. They’re dying. And he supports all these people. All he talks about is shut downs. No, we’re not going to shut down. And we have to open our schools. And it’s like, as an example, I have a young son, he also tested positive. By the time I spoke to the doctor the second time, he was fine. It just went away. Young people, I guess, it’s their immune system.33
In the sentence dialogue above, Trump said that he appreciated the suggestions given by Biden before about the closure of schools and public places such as bars, gymnasium. And all these new places may be opened during the pandemic provided that they meet the main health standards as specified. In the sentence, Trump used a formal style because he wanted to deny the statement of Biden who said that Trump wanted to close the country's activities. But Trump actually wants to keep opening a public place to save the economy in his country.
b. Consultative Style
The typical occurrence of a consultative speech is between two people. While one speaks at intervals the other gives a brief response which is largely drawn from a small supply of standard signals. There are basic parts of the system that are essential to its operation. The consultative label is: yes, no, right, mmm, great, I think so and very few others. As in the example dialog text below:
Datum 05
Biden : My response is he is xenophobic, but not because he shutdown access from China. And he did it late after 40 countries had already done that. In addition to that, what he did, he made sure that we had 44 people that were in there in China trying to
33 Duration 00: 25: 20
get the Wuhan to determine what exactly the source was. What did the president say in January? He said, ” No.” He said, “He’s being transparent. The president of China is being transparent. We owe him a debt of gratitude. We have to thank him.”34 In the sentence above, Biden uses a consultative style that is seen in his words that say "My Response is ..." Which sentence indicates that he was discussing or discussing his opinion. He used the style because he wanted to convince listeners that Trump really did not really make movements regarding the handling of this disease solely for the sake of American people, but only to get praise from his people. The next example is below:
Datum : 06
Trump : No, I think my timeline is going to be more accurate. I don’t know that they’re counting on the military the way I do, but we have our generals lined up, one in particular that’s the head of logistics and this is a very easy distribution for him.
He’s ready to go. As soon as we have the vaccine and we expect to have a 100 million vials. As soon as we have the vaccine, he’s ready to go.35
In the sentence above, Trump uses the consultative style which he asserts that the time line is more accurate because he relies on the military and has a marching general which one is the head of logistics and this is a very easy distribution for him. He also said that they hope to have 100 million bottles of vaccines and will soon be sent after he gets the vaccine. Trump chose consultative style because he wanted to show his performance and power in and the effort he did to this case. By relying on the military he hopes it can be caused by the hearts of America. The next example is below:
34 Duration 00: 19: 22
35 Duration 00: 17: 03
