A COMPARATIVE CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE AMERICAN
FIRST LADIES NOMINEE (SELF) REPRESENTATION SPEECH:
MICHELLE OBAMA VS MELANIA TRUMP
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for
Sarjana Sastra
Degree
Eko Pamuji
1409010020
FACULTY OF LETTERS
MOTTO
Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim.
Accept no one’s definition of your life; define yourself (Harvey Fierstein)
.
Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time
to understand more so that we may fear less (Marie Curie).
Ask yourself if what you’re doing today will get you closer to where you
want to be tomorrow (Anonymous).
It’s important
to celebrate your failures as much as your successes. If you
celebrate your failures really well, and if you get to the motto and say,
“Wow, I failed, I tried, I was wrong, I learned something”, then you realize
you have no fear, and when your fear goes away, you can move the world
DEDICATION
This little piece of my superlative work is
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my thankful and gratitude to Allah SWT who has given
me grace and blessing so that I am able to finish my undergraduate thesis as a
partial fulfilment of the requirement for Sarjana Sastra degree in Faculty of Letters,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto.
I have accumulated a long list of debts in writing this undergraduate thesis
which I hope to humbly repay by acknowledging them with my deepest gratitude.
Sincerely, without their helps and guidance, I will never finish this thesis. Herewith,
I would like to thank:
Ambar Pujiyatno, S.S., M.Hum., as the dean of Faculty of Letters and
also my supervisor who has already given me so much helps, support
and has spent much time for guiding and advising in finishing this
undergraduate thesis. I can only hope this work would have made him
proud.
Khristianto, S.S., M.Hum., who has made me interested to select the
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) subject as the theory being applied in
this undergraduate thesis so that I became extremely consistent to use
this subject.
Besides, I would also like to say many thanks to those who have provided support
and passion to finish this thesis:
Fitri Rakhmawati, S.S., M.Pd., as the Head of Study Program of Faculty
of Letters who has been like my own friend by always giving directions
and suggestions to be able to complete this thesis as soon as possible.
All of my lectures, Titik Wahyuningsih, S.S., M.Hum., Condro Nur Alim,
ABSTRACT
This study belongs to the realm of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The
purpose of this research is to compare between the two figures who become the
object of research material in relation to their ideologies and powers in bringing
their (self) representation speeches. The present research employs the theory of
CDA proposed by Teun A. van Dijk (2004) namely Ideological Discourse Structure
alongside with another theory called Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) by M.A.K
Halliday. Then, the data of this research are speeches of both American First Ladies
namely Michelle Obama and Melania Trump while they were conveying their (self)
representation speech to their husbands during a campaign in their respective
parties.
After the theory is applied to the data for analysis, then there are three line
answers of the research aims. The first is the analysis of linguistic features on the
speeches. The second is the analysis using Ideological Discourse Structure which
shows the ideology brought by American First Ladies nominee to deliver their
speeches, thus influencing the way in which they convey the speeches and what
materials they select to be raised in the speech. The third result is a power analysis
that shows what powers of these two American First Ladies nominee have and
how they use it to attract attention and persuade people to vote their husbands.
Then, the final result of this study is the conclusion of the comparison between
the two American First Ladies nominee in which Michelle upholds the human right
equality which leads to more specific ideologies such as gender equality,
anti-racist, feminism, ageist ideology and all of them become the American dream
ideology. Meanwhile, Melania is careless, greedy, selfish, ignorant which lead her
to have the self-absorbed ideology and class-ideology.
INTISARI
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian di bidang Analisis Wacana Kritis. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan antara dua tokoh yang menjadi obyek
materi analisis sehubungan dengan ideologi dan kekuatan mereka dalam
membawakan pidato perwakilan (diri). Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Analisis
Wacana Kritis yang ditemukan oleh Teun A. van Dijk (2004) yaitu Struktur Wacana
Ideologi berdampingan dengan teori yang lain yaitu Systemic Functional Grammar
(SFG) oleh M.A.K Halliday. Kemudian, data penelitian adalah pidato kedua Ibu
Negara Amerika Serikat yaitu Michelle Obama dan Melania Trump saat
menyampaikan pidato perwakilan (diri) atas suami mereka saat berkampanye di
pihak partai masing-masing.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A.1 Background of the Research ... 1
A.2 Problems of the Research ... 9
A.3 Objectives of the Research ... 9
A.4 Significance of the Research ... 9
A.5 Limitation of the Research ... 10
A.6 Organization of the Research ... 11
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 13
B.1 Theoretical Framework ... 14
B.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis of Teun A. van Dijk Model... 14
B.1.1.1 Ideology in Cognition, Society and Discourse ... 15
B.1.1.2 Ideology as Social Cognition ... 16
B.1.1.2.1. Propositional Format ... 16
B.1.1.2.2 The Organization of Ideologies ... 17
B.1.1.3 Ideology in Society ... 17
B.1.1.3.1 Ideology and Social Interaction ... 18
B.1.1.3.3 Ideological Institutions ... 19
B.1.1.3.4 Ideology, Power, Access and Discourse ... 20
1.1.4 Ideological Discourse Structure... 21
1.1.4.1 Meaning ... 22
1.1.4.2 Formal Structure... 25
1.1.4.3 Discourse Forms ... 26
1.1.4.4 Argumentation ... 26
1.1.4.5 Rhetoric ... 27
B.1.2 Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar ... 27
B.1.2.1 Ideational Function ... 28
B.1.2.1.1 Material Process ... 28
B.1.2.1.2 Mental Process ... 28
B.1.2.1.3 Relational Process ... 28
B.1.2.1.4 Verbal Process ... 29
B.1.2.1.5 Behavioral Process... 29
B.1.2.1.6 Existential Process ... 29
B.1.2.2 Interpersonal Function ... 29
B.1.2.3 Textual Function ... 30
B.2 Review of Related Research ... 30
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 32
C.1 Type of the Research ... 32
C.2 Data and Source of the Data ... 33
C.3 Method of Collecting Data ... 33
C.4 Technique of Collecting Data... 34
C.5 Method of Analyzing Data ... 34
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS ... 36
D.1 Data Description ... 36
D.2 Data Analysis ... 37
D.2.1 The Analysis of Linguistic Features ... 38
D.2.1.1 Transitivity (Ideational Function Analysis) ... 38
D.2.1.1.2 Behavioral Process ... 42
D.2.1.1.3 Relational Process ... 43
D.2.1.2 Modality (Interpersonal Function Analysis)... 45
D.2.1.2.1 Modal Verbs ... 45
D.2.1.2.2 Tense ... 47
D.2.1.2.3 Personal Pronoun ... 48
D.2.1.3 Textual Function Analysis ... 50
D.2.2 The Comparative Analysis of Ideology ... 52
D.2.3 The Comparative Analysis of Power ... 63
D.3 Discussion ... 71
D.3.1 The Analysis of Linguistic Feature ... 71
D.3.1.1 Ideational Function ... 71
D.3.1.2 Interpersonal Function ... 72
D.3.1.3 Textual Function ... 73
D.3.2 The Comparative of Ideology ... 74
D.3.3 The Comparative Analysis of Power ... 77
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 80
E.1 Conclusion ... 80
E.2 Suggestion ... 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 84
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Statistic Data of the Speech ……… 36
Table 2. Overview of Process Types ……… 38
Table 3. Ideational Process in the Speech ……….. 39
Table 4. Material Process in the Speech ……….. 39
Table 5. Behavioral Process in the Speech ………. 42
Table 6. Relational Process in the Speech ……….. 43
Table 7. Modal Verbs ……… 45
Table 8. Modal Verbs in the Speech ……… 45
Table 9. Tense of Sentence in the Speech ……….. 47
Table 10. Personal Pronoun in the Speech ……… 48
