MODALITY USED IN THE BUSINESS ARTICLES
OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degeree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic Universitiy of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: Andy Suryanata Reg. Number: A93212182
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Suryanata, Andy. 2016. Modality Used in the Business Articles of the Jakarta
Post Newspaper. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor : Endratno Pilih Swasono, M. Pd.
Key Word : Business Article, Prediction, Modality, Modal Verb.
In the business world, the prediction is an important term, and one of the ways to analyze the statement of prediction in business articles is used modality. Furthermore, the writer realizes that although there are many subjects that can be analyzed used modality theory, but it should be appropriate used in business article. The reason is because business article contains quite a lot of statement of prediction. Thus, the writer is intended to analyzes the business articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper used the theory of modality. The focus of this research is to analyze what the kinds of modal verbs used in business articles and its function. Therefore, the objectives of this research is to describe whether the kinds and the function of modality in business articles.
Moreover, the method that is used by the writer is qualitative approach to collect and analyze the data, which it was taken from business articles during ten days of publication. Then, to analyze the data, the writer uses Charles W. Kreidler’s theory, which divided modality into two kinds ‘deontic modality’ and ‘epistemic modality’.
Overall, the finding of this research is there are two kinds of modality:
ABSTRAK
Suryanata, Andy. 2016. Modality Used in the Business Articles of the Jakarta
Post Newspaper. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel. Surabaya.
Pembimbing : Endratno Pilih Swasono, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci : Modality, Modal Verb, Business Article, Prediction.
Dalam dunia bisnis, prediksi adalah istilah yang penting, dan salah satu cara untuk menganalisis pernyataan dari prediksi di artikel bisnis dengan menggunakan modalitas. Selanjutnya, penulis menyadari bahwa meskipun ada banyak pelajaran yang dapat dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori modalitas, namun harusnya penggunaannya sesuai dalam artikel bisnis. Alasannya adalah karena artikel bisnis mengandung cukup banyak pernyataan prediksi. Dengan demikian, penulis bermaksud untuk menganalisis artikel bisnis di koran Jakarta Post dengan menggunakan teori modalitas. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis apa jenis verba modal yang digunakan dalam artikel bisnis dan juga fungsinya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan apa jenis dan fungsi dari modalitas di artikel bisnis.
Selain itu, metode yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data, yang diambil dari artikel bisnis selama sepuluh hari publikasi. Kemudian, untuk menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan teori Charles W. Kreidler, yaitu modalitas dibagi menjadi dua jenis, ‘deontic modality’ dan‘epistemic modality’.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover ... i
Inside Title ... ii
Declaration ... iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval ... iv
Thesis Examiner’s Approval ... v
Motto ... vi
Dedication ... vii
Acknowledgement ... viii
Table of Contents ... ix
Abstract ... xii
Abstrak ... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1Background of the Study ... 1
1.2Statement of the Problem ... 7
1.3Objective of the Study ... 7
1.4Significance of the Study ... 8
1.5Scope and Limitation ... 9
1.6Definition of Key Terms ... 9
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …………... 11
2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 11
2.1.1 Newspaper ... 11
2.1.1.1 Business Article ... 12
2.1.1.2 Business (Prediction, Speculation and Probability) ... 13
2.1.2 Modality ... 14
2.1.2.2.2 Epistemic Modality ……….. 23
2.1.2.3 Meanings and Functions ……… ... 24
2.2 .. Related Studies ……… 26
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 28
4.1.1.1.7 Will Not ……… 55
4.1.1.2 Epistemic Modality ……… 56
4.1.1.2.1 Can ……… 57
4.1.1.2.2 Could ………. 62
4.1.1.2.3 May ……… 65
4.1.1.2.4 Must ……….. 70
4.1.1.2.5 Should ……… 72
4.1.1.2.6 Will ……… 77
4.1.1.2.7 Would ……… 81
4.1.1.2.8 Might ………. 85
4.1.1.2.9 Can Not ………. 86
4.1.1.2.10 Should Not ……….. 88
4.1.1.2.11 Will Not ……….. 90
4.1.1.2.12 Would Not ………...… 91
4.1.2 The Function of Modality ………. 92
4.1.2.1 Deontic Modality ……… 93
4.1.2.2 Epistemic Modality ………. 101
4.2 Discussion ……….. 117
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 120
5.1 Conclusion ………. 120
5.2 Suggestion ……….. 121
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 124
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problems, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.
1.1Background of the Study
Newspaper, based on Collins Cobuild Dictionary (2016) is a publication consisting of a number of large sheets that arranged in a form folded paper, on which news, advertisements, and other information is printed. Generally, newspaper is usually sold by the peddler in the junction or it can find in a bookstore. In Oxford Dictionary (2016:295) written, newspaper is a set of large printed sheets of paper publishes every day, the journalists argued that newspaper must be periodic, mechanically reproduced and available to all who pay for it.
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should be as convenient as reading a conventional newspaper. Jakarta Post has an official webpage that can be accessed on www.thejakartapost.com. Warner (2012:24) said that electronic newspaper must offer advertising and editorial content that is distinctly different from the news of the day available elsewhere in the local media environment. Otherwise, the electronic newspaper will either fail or simply supplant print sources, but it is not become an additional news source. Jakarta Post newspaper or electronic newspaper has not much different because information contents of both kinds are similar. In the Tech Target article (2007) written that an electronic newspaper is a self-contained, reusable, and refreshable version of a traditional newspaper that acquires and holds information electronically. The electronic newspaper should not be confused with newspapers that offer an online version at a Web site.
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editors with their own language. The role of newspapers in the business world is very influential. Almost every newspaper printed by various local or foreign media certainly provides about business news columns arranged in a business articles. Business article is some of columns for the readers to give information and discussion about every aspect about a business that is booming in nowadays and in an update issue. In her article titled Business Life Cycle, Michael Salach (2001:1) stated that Business is what sustains an economy. Without an economy, there would be no wealth exchange. So that, in a sense, without business, peoples cannot buy goods or services of any kind, and must create anything that they use. It can be found and studied in the business world.
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Besides there is a term associated with a prediction that is a term speculation. In the business world, speculation statement is sometimes required in business in certain circumstances such as for example the statement in urgent circumstances. Thomas A. Schweich (1998:73) stated that when business are considering whether it should speak to choose or be silent, keep in mind that there are types of comments which is a type of speculation that called statement of probability. Probability speculation is a prediction that an event relevant to the business will or will not occur. In its explanation between prediction, speculation, and probability have a relations in the business world. Therefore, the statements related with the term predictions, speculations, and probability will often appear in the business world.
The description about business articles above are an interesting topic to discuss. There are words that used on statements of probability in the business articles to stimulate understanding of the business articles well. The reader should understand about the modality theory. It theory contains of the prediction, speculation, and probability statements that certainly many of using modal verb, modal auxiliary, modal adverb, adjectives, and other ways of expressing modality, could be learned in modality theory.
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and what is not true, what has happened and what has not happened. They also talk about what may be true or not, what ought to be and what ought not to be, what certain individuals are capable of and what is impossible for them, what obligations they have to do or to refrain from doing. Modality is the complex grammar that needs deep understanding to apply it. The complexity is not only the way to apply or use it but also the way for the reader to translate or take a meaning of it.
In the previous study, Susi Susilowati (2012) analyzed modality realized in education article in Jakarta post in May 2011 edition. Whereas, the data of her research is modality and the data source of this research is written data taken from the education article. Based on the analyzing of the data, Susi was found that two kinds of modality were used in Education article in Jakarta post in May edition. They are modalization and modulation.
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this case is very important especially to the reader to know deep how modality has used in Jakarta Post.
The year 1983 marked an important milestone in the history of media in Indonesia when the first publishing of The Jakarta Post appeared on April 25. Jakarta Post is a newspaper that publishing full in an English-language. Minister Moertopo (1982) said that the possibility of publishing an English language newspaper of the highest editorial quality which would not only cater to the fast growing foreign community in the country but more importantly one that would be able to provide an Indonesian perspective to counter the highly unbalanced Western dominated global traffic of news and views. So that, to fulfill effort by Moertopo for manage thought of Indonesian people in global traffic, existence of Jakarta Post as media newspaper is needed. As has been stated in the official web (2016), Jakarta Post has vision to improve the standard of English language media in Indonesia. As a country that has many cultures and language, introducing a language that seldom used in general conversation in Indonesia is the biggest challenges for Jakarta Post newspaper.
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this topic which the writer wants to analyze are the kinds of modality that used in the business articles and the function of modality that used in the business articles.
1.2 Statement of the problems
Based on the background of the study above, the writer formulates the problems as follows:
1.2.1 What are the kinds of modality in business article?
1.2.2 What are the functions of modality in business article?
1.3 Research Purposes
This study is to answer the research questions the objectives are formulates as follows:
1.3.1 To describe what the kinds of modality in business articles of the Jakarta post Newspaper.
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1.4 Significances of the study
The present study provides some significance.
1.4.1 This research can helps the readers of the Jakarta Post Newspaper to understand clearly about the kinds and function of using modality. The study of modality gives some significant contributions to the readers in some aspects. The reader will be able to know about modality and the function text that used in business articles of Jakarta Post. The writer hopes that this study encourages the reader to have deeper study about language.
1.4.2 The writer expects that this study is able to help the editors of the Jakarta Post to understand the functions and use modality in order to convey the message or idea. The writer hopes that this study encourages the editors of Jakarta Post to have deeper study about theories of language.
1.4.3 For the next research, the writer hopes this study can give basic concept of modality theory and help to know the term modality in analysis to function maximally.
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1.5 Scope and limitation of the study
Due to the available time, the writer limit the data of discussing about modal verb in business article from Business page of Jakarta Post e-Newspaper published in duration ten days. The writer take ten days are different with the previous study by Susi Susilowati (2012) was clearly analyzed modality realized in education articles in a month. The writer’s reason limit the duration of ten days because in every day there much business article are published. The differences limitation that was Susi took is she take scope only in the headlines. It makes the researcher in analyzing this research confident that ten days is relative limitation.
1.6 Definition of key terms
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the key term used, the writer define some terms are follows:
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1.6.2 Modal verb: In the book titled Mood and Modality there is statement by F. R. Palmer (1981:278) written that modal verbs are a closed set of verbs that are used immediately before the main verb in a sentence to reflect the mood or attitude of either the speaker or the subject of the sentence from the perspective of the speaker.
1.6.3 Newspaper: On the official webpage of the Pennsylvania News Media Association (2016) explains that newspaper is a publication that containing local and international news stories, articles, advertisements, announcements, opinions, cartoons, sports news, education news and business news.
1.6.4 Business articles: articles contain news and information about business (Washington Post, 2016). In business there must be producing statement of prediction and speculation (Texas A & M University, 2006). In stated prediction and speculation, there must be thinking about how to predict and speculate in some situation, so that we also thinking about possibility and probability (Thomas A. Schweich, 1998).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
To support this research, the writer will give some theories related to the research. Those are definition of Newspaper (business articles and business), Modality (two kinds of modality, modal verbs, and meanings and functions), and the review of related studies, as follows in its term.
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Newspaper
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local and international news stories, articles, advertisements, announcements, opinions, cartoons, sports news, education news and business news.
Sacha and Santosh (2000:472) stated that the success of an electronic newspaper depends upon the quality of service it provides to its users. The electronic version of a newspaper must guarantee a quality that makes the electronic version at least as attractive as a paper version. In other words, reading an electronic newspaper should be as convenient as reading a conventional newspaper. In the Tech Target article (2007) written that an electronic newspaper is a self-contained, reusable, and refreshable version of a traditional newspaper that acquires and holds information electronically. The electronic newspaper should not be confused with newspapers that offer an online version at a Website.
2.1.1.1 Business Article
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Without an economy, there would be no wealth exchange. So that, in a sense, without business, peoples cannot buy goods or services of any kind, and must create anything that they use. It can be found and studied in the business world.
2.1.1.1.1 Business (Prediction, Speculation and Probability)
In the business world, the prediction is a term that its existence is important. In the book by Texas A&M University (2006:63) titled Three Essays on Business Failure: Causality and Prediction, explained that the important one of attention is placed on prediction accuracy. Meanwhile in the article of business media about Predictive Analytics by SAS (2016:1) written that the goal is to providing a best assessment on what will happen in the future.
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2.1.2 Modality
Kreidler (1998:239) stated that modality is people who talk about factual matters. Indeed, modality gives the information about what is true and what is not true, what has happened and what has not happened. They also talk about what may be true or not, what ought to be and what ought not to be, what certain individuals are capable of and what is impossible for them, what obligations they have to do or to refrain from doing. Tonhauser (2006:22) add that modality is the relation between the actual world and the worlds of evaluation. According to Kreidler (1998:240), modality can be expressed in nouns like duty, obligation, probability, likelihood; in adjectives like necessary, possible, likely, in adverbs such as obviously, probably, perhaps; but for description of how modality is expressed in English we need to concentrate on modal verbs, verbs like ought and may.
The writer takes examples which are taken from a book “Introducing English Semantics” by Kreidler (1998:239-240), as below:
a. It’s your duty to visit your ailing parents.
b. You ought to visit your ailing parents.
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statement about that proposition, that is, your duty and what you ought to do. In other example is about possibility:
a. Jessica is possibly at home now. b. Jessica may be at home now.
Both of them are nearly synonymous sentences containing the same proposition and making equivalent statements about the proposition a possibility or what may be.
2.1.2.1 Modal Verbs
In the book titled Mood and Modality there is statement by F. R. Palmer (1981:278) written that modal verbs are a closed set of verbs that are used immediately before the main verb in a sentence to reflect the mood or attitude of either the speaker or the subject of the sentence from the perspective of the speaker.
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a type of auxiliary verb. The key way to identify a modal verb is by its defectiveness (they have neither participles nor infinitives). In addition, modal verbs unlike other verbs, its do not take the inflection -s or -es in the third person singular.
2.1.2.1.1 Must
As Joos (1964:147–148) points out, a child of four may ask the meaning of duty but is not likely to ask about the meaning of must. The child knows what must means, but neither a child nor an adult is capable of explaining the meaning. It also has to be said that the modal verbs have numerous subtleties in what they express in different contexts. They have shifted semantically throughout the history of the language, and different speakers of the language differ somewhat in which modal verbs they prefer for what meanings.
Kreidler (1998:240) stated that modal verb must has two meanings, which we can first illustrate with two little dialogues. Suppose a young athlete plans to enter an important and difficult race and we say to him or her, “If you expect to win, you must train very hard,” and he or she answers, “I will.” Suppose, on the other hand, this
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must train very hard,” and the response might be, “I do.” In the first
instance the verb must is about obligation, the obligation of the person denoted by you, and the statement is prospective, about actions yet to be accomplished, as shown by the answer “I will.” The second
dialogue has must expressing probability
2.1.2.1.2 Should
Downing and Locke (1992: 392) stated that modal verb should can express areas of modal meaning to express an obligation.
a. We must leave immediately b. We should leave immediately
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2.1.2.1.3 Can and May
In this section devoted to the topic of can. The writer is pay attention to the register distribution of these modal and then the attention is turned to the meanings of can. Downing and Locke (1992:387) stated that basically, there are three kinds of modal meanings in this pair, namely: possibility, ability and permission. In contrast to some other modals (e.g. exclamatory wish expressed by may) and their meanings, all of the mentioned meanings of can are common. In other side, Leech (1971: 75 – 77) stated that may can express three meanings, while the possibility meaning is commonly used, meanings of permission and an exclamatory wish can be used as rare. Possibility that is subject-centered is expressed with the modal verbs can and may.
a. Edward can lift 250 pounds. (He has strength and training.) b. Sally can speak four languages. (She has knowledge and
experience.)
c. You may/can leave the room. (You have permission.)
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for a long time, and can is often used to express permission, as in the last sentence above.
The permission and possibility meanings of may have already been more or less discussed in the previous subchapter. However, there are some more details to be added. Although the possibility meaning of can and may can be basically considered overlapping, it is possible distinguish between factual (may)/immediate and theoretical (can) possibility (Leech: 82).
2.1.2.1.4 Could
In the book of modality theory that Kreidler (1998:243) has wrote. He stated that to express personal potential in the past could is used. It is thus the past tense form of can.
a. When I was younger, I could run a mile in four minutes, but I couldn’t do better than that.
Modal verb could can express a reduced potential, a lesser degree of possibility at any time.
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2.1.2.1.5 Might
The permission and possibility meanings of may have already been more or less discussed in the previous subchapter. The past tense form of may is might, which sometimes expresses permission at some time in the past, but usually only in reported speech:
a. Our teacher said we might leave the room for ten minutes.
In other example, we would not use might in place of had permission to in this sentence:
b. We had permission to leave the room for a while yesterday. 2.1.2.1.6 Will and Would
The next modal verbs discuss are will and would, which are not always modal verbs. There is a wide range of meanings that can be expressed by the will are prediction/predictability, intention, will and insistence. By the meaning of predictability, we can refer to habitual predictions. In this case, the prediction is a result of the previous activity in a conditional clause.
a. This summer is hot, and next summer will be hot, too.
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fact, as the first clause presumably is. Kreidler (1998:246) said that it is a prediction.
2.1.2.1.7 Negative Modal Verb
Negative modal verb are modal verb that there is negativity means it can be an opposite meaning. The negative modal verbs are illustrated below:
a. We mustn’t stay here. b. We don’t have to stay here. c. We oughtn’t to stay here. d. We shouldn’t stay here.
Examples above are made by Kreidler (1998:242) in his book. There is a great difference between “a” and the rest of these. The first says that we are obliged not to stay; negativity is attached to the embedded proposition: not staying is our obligation. Kreidler (1998:242) explains that the others say that we are not obliged to stay; negativity applies to the modal verbs; staying is not an obligation. Schematically the difference can be represented this way:
Must: not + stay here
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2.1.2.2 Two Kinds of Modality
Johanna (2006: 70) stated that the second parameter that is needed to describe the semantics of modality is the source of the modality. This is a refinement of the distinction between epistemic modality and deontic modality (Bybee 1985; Bybee et al. 1994; Coates 1983; Lyons 1977; Palmer 1986; Perkins 1983; Sweetser 1982). Epistemic modality is “concerned with matters of knowledge, belief” (Lyons 1977: 793), with “opinion rather than fact” (palmer, 1986: 681-82), whereas deontic
modality is “concerned with the necessity or possibility of acts performed by morally responsible agents” (palmer, 1986: 823). Obligation (must,
have to) and permission (may, can) form the major types of deontic modality.
2.1.2.2.1Deontic Modality
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modality as for epistemic modality, and the meaning is distinguished from context: He must be there by now (epistemic) versus He must be there tomorrow at noon (deontic).
2.1.2.2.2Epistemic Modality
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2.1.2.3 Meanings and Functions
Modal meanings can be expressed in several ways, such as main verbs, adverbs, intonation, inflection, auxiliary verbs, particles, adjectives, and nouns. The focus of the thesis is on modal verbs, in example the grammaticalized expressions that have or had a verbal status or that function in paradigms in which the majority of the markers have had this status, indicating the semantic domains which involve possibility and necessity as paradigmatic varians (van der Auwera & Plungian 1998: 80, van der Auwera 2001: 23)
The Cambridge Dictionary explains that we often use modal verbs or other modal expressions when we want to express an opinion or attitude about a possible fact or to control a possible action. All modal expressions are about the speaker’s or writer’s view of the world.
a. He’s her brother. She told me.
(I know this fact for certain. I am not expressing an opinion about it. I am stating it as a fact.)
b. He must be her brother. They look so much alike.
(I am expressing an opinion about a fact because of the evidence that I have.)
c. Jan always goes with us.
(I’m not expressing an attitude or opinion about this action.)
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(I’m controlling a possible action. I’m giving Jan permission.)
We can divide most modal words and expressions into two types of meaning that the speakers or writers decide how certain something is, either in the present, future or past. They predict or speculate about a fact. We see this type of meaning when we talk about degrees of certainty, possibility, likelihood, doubt:
a. Paula can’t be home yet. It’s impossible. She left 10 minutes after us.
(The speaker hears the phone ring and predicts who is ringing.) b. There’s the phone. That’ll be Mum.
c. I may go. I haven’t decided yet.
The speaker or writer wants to control the action. They give and refuse permission. They talk about obligation and necessity. They talk about how they would like the world to be:
Parent says to child that;
a. You can come if you’re good. b. He should take more care.
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2.2 Related Studies
In the previous study, Zdenka Smutná (2010), in his bachelor paper analyzed about the use of the modal verb can in newspaper reporting. The paper consists of two parts, a theoretical part and an analysis. The main focus of the theoretical part is on epistemic and deontic kinds of modality and the modal verb can and its meanings. As for the frequency of individual occurrences of the modal verb can, it occurred in the following sequence: possibility, ability, and permission meaning. It was found out that the reports contained a large number of modal verbs can in its possibility meaning. The analysis also proved that it is often very difficult to recognize whether an occurrence represents possibility or ability meaning.
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In the other previous study, Susi Susilowati (2012) analyzed modality realized in education article in Jakarta post in May 2011 edition. Whereas, the data of her research is modality and the data source of this research is written data taken from the education article in Jakarta Post in May edition. Based on the analyzing of the data, Susi was found that two kinds of modality were used in Education article in Jakarta post in May edition. They are modalization and modulation. In the case of modalization, the Education article in Jakarta post used probability most dominantly among the other types of modalization such as usuality. Meanwhile, in modulation, the Education article in Jakarta post used obligation most dominantly among the other types of modulation such as inclination. Furthermore, she recommend to the future researchers to use this research as a reference in conducting studies in the same field with larger data and another different data sources.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part present the research process, and research is an efforts in science that done to get the facts and for getting the truth. In other words, methodology is the first step that guide the writer about the arranging how the research done (Nazir, 1988:51). So that research methodology is the first step that must be prepared before the writer does his research.
3.1Research Approach
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3.2 Technique of Data Collection
3.2.1 Source of Data
In this research, the writer takes articles as the data from official webpage of Business pages in Jakarta Post Newspaper. This is the main display of the Jakarta Post’s webpage:
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which analyzed are Business articles that contains of modality words. The data that the writer analyzed are in the form of words in sentences. The writer analyzed sentences of each quotation of the article from Business articles.
3.2.2 Instrument
The first instrument of this research is the writer himself as the main instrument and the second, Business articles in the Jakarta Post Newspaper. In doing this research, the writer selects exact tools in elaborating his study in order to make the reader understand the topic when he was presenting. The tools means here are program Microsoft Word as color marker of e-document from webpage of the Jakarta Post as the data, and book or e-book of theories that used as source of reference in the process of the analysis.
3.2.3 Procedure
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deontic modality, and then the writer computed the occurrence of the modality items. Finally, he will analyze the data as accurately as possible.
3.3 Technique of Data analysis
To answer the research question, qualitative data collected base on the occurrence of modality words and the analysis in term of function and reason that available in the newspaper written. As this research aims to study on the modality words and their function, data analyzed qualitative. Content analysis involves coding and classifying data, also referred to as categorizing and indexing and the aim of context analysis is to make sense of the data collected and to highlight the important messages, features or findings.
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The example picture above shows the date and time as coding in each article of data. The coding specific sentence that contains modality word based on date and time. Example:
D: day T: time
Data 1: The government therefore would leave pricing in the hands of an individual company so long as it first fulfilled the requirements of those permits and licenses required to operate legally. (D25, T8.37)
This example represent that the data takes on day’s 25th time 08.37am. 2. The writer takes step categorizing: The data collective after through
examine step will be categorized which are epistemic modality and which are deontic modality. This step aimed for limiting the specific words that are the writer wanted to focus. Example:
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Data 1: The government therefore would leave pricing in the hands of an individual company so long as it first fulfilled the requirements of those permits and licenses required to operate legally. (E)
This example represent that the data categorize use deontic modality.
3. The writer takes step analyzing: The data that has been collected through some steps, the writer will analyze the data collected in function meaning as modality words. In analyzing the writer take three step that are it discussions will written in the page of Finding and Discussion. First, the writer will explain context of the data. Second, the writer will discuss the meaning of the data. Third, the writer will discuss the function of the data.
4. The writer takes step tabulating: The data collective after through recombining step as analyzing, the writer will take step tabulating step. In tabulating, the words will specify in grouping and counting as percentage all the data collective as using deontic and epistemic modality. Example:
No. Modal Verbs Kinds of Modality Total
Deontic Epistemic
1 Can 2 4 6
2 Could 1 3 4
3 Will … … …
Final Total … … … …
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The use of epistemic modality is appeared in the all document as many as 9 times and the total data collected is 55. So that, it can count as follow:
This example represent that percentage of epistemic modality is 16,36%.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses the analysis of the collected data which answer the question in chapter one. It is the main purpose of the study. This chapter is the most significant part of the whole study. In data analysis, all questions are expected to be answered on the basis of modality theory by Charles W. Kreidler presented in chapter two.
4.1 Findings
This section discusses about the data from Business articles in Jakarta Post newspaper. The writer takes data in different kind of modal verb from four business articles in Jakarta Post newspaper that release during five days in April 2016. The data are analysis by using modality theory.
4.1.1 Kind of Modality
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4.1.1.1 Deontic Modality
Deontic modality has to do with obligation (the necessity of action or non-action). Deontic modality is typically centered on some entity, generally expressed in the subject of the sentence (Kreidler, 1998:247). In finding the deontic modality in Business articles of the Jakarta Post e-newspaper, there are modal verbs can, must, should, will, cannot, could not, and will not. By using modality device for analyzing the data, the writer finds the meanings in each kind of deontic modality words.
4.1.1.1.1 Can
Possibility that is subject-centered is expressed with the modal verbs can. Kreidler (1998:243) stated that if the potential for an act is entirely in the subject, modal verb can is used. The finding’s data are explained below.
Data 1
In an attempt to implement President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s pledge
to ease the flow of goods across the nation, the Transportation Ministry on Monday relaunched its sea traffic information management system, in which businesses can submit online forms to secure various permits, including a sea transportation business permit (SIUPAL) and a ship mooring plan (RPK) for freight liners or non-scheduled tramp ships.
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“We are very glad about this as we can make payments (for registration) via bank transfer. We can then upload (the payment
receipts) online,” she said on Monday. (D5, T8.43)
The quotations above are representing how Marthalia Vigita’s
feeling as corporate secretary of PT Pelayaran Tempuran Emas. In an effort to implement the promise of President Joko Widodo to facilitate the flow of goods across the nation, the Ministry of Transport launched back in the ocean system of traffic management information, in which businesses can submit the form online to secure various permits, including marine license transport enterprises (SIUPAL) and plans mooring ship (RPK) for freight liners or non-scheduled tramp ships. System upgrades inform the company on the necessary documents and procedures and allows them to check the process of monitoring, issuance and validity of documents.
increased Pertalite sales. Pertalite is cheaper than Pertamina’s other
non-subsidized gasoline types, Pertamax and Pertamax Plus, which cost Rp.7,750 and Rp.8,750 per liter respectively.
Before Pertalite was introduced, Pertamina’s Premium gasoline made
up 92 percent of gasoline sales, followed by Pertamax at eight percent. However, by the end of February, Premium made up only 87 percent, followed by 8 percent of Pertamax sales, four percent of Pertalite sales and one percent of Pertamax Plus sales.
“This is a good time to see who actually consumes Premium, whether
its mostly for private cars or other vehicles. We can figure out whether or not we really need to provide more than 75,000 kl (of Premium) a
day,” Wianda said. (D7, T9.02)
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respectively. Therefore in her statement above, Wianda wanted to know whether premium gasoline consumption started to decline lately. So that she wanted to see who actually consumes Premium, whether it is mostly for private cars or other vehicles in purpose to figure out whether or not we really need to provide more than 75,000 kl (of Premium) a day.
From the second data above, the writer finds argument sentence that use modality word can in the last sentence. Modality word can above is kind of deontic modality. Last sentence is clearly kind of deontic modality because it sentence is represent the necessity. The necessity shows by Wianda that wanted to know whether premium gasoline consumption started to decline lately. Now, we see the next data made from Bali Island, it is explained below.
Data 3
Twenty-two-year-old Ni Nyoman Ayu Tisiwi, one of EBC’s workers, said she earned a monthly salary of Rp 1.7 million ($128). Although it
is slightly lower than the regency’s minimum wage of Rp 1.9 million, Ayu said it was more than enough to help improve her family’s
economy.
“I can help my husband, who works as farmer, to provide additional
family income,” she said. (D7, T9.48)
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feels helped to provide additional family income. She said that she earned a monthly salary of Rp.1.7 million ($128). The quotation above tells that after securing the support of investors and business license from the local government, cashew processing business under the banner of East Bali cashew (EBC) was established. The company running the factory in the middle of the village to produce and package a ready-to-eat cashews not far from where they grew. This young company is a stepping stone to fulfilling the mission of helping to empower the locals. Some of the profits from the business will be used to improve Ayu's family income.
The third data is business information come from Bali. In data
above, the argument by Ni Nyoman Ayu Tisiwi, one of EBC’s
workers is using deontic word modality. The word can is represents the necessity. The necessity centered on herself as the subject of the sentence. So that, as farmer, Ni Nyoman Ayu Tisiwi needed to help her husband and to provide additional family income. The writer finds next modal verb as fourth data is explained below.
Data 4
“We hope we can lead the MPV market this year with share of 38 to
40 percent,” said KTB’s head of sales and marketing division, Imam
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He said he expected the IIMS to strengthen Mitsubishi’s brands among
Indonesian consumers. (D8, T9.43)
Major carmakers are showcasing their latest products at the Indonesia International Motor Show (IIMS), which they hope will breathe new life into the market excited. The local arm of the Japanese car maker Mitsubishi try to increase sales by launching new products and promotional offers at the fair amid slowing car sales earlier this year. Official sole distributors Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors (KTB), which are among exhibitors at the IIMS, are targeting reasonable growth backed by their latest products and newly launched brands.
The data above is come from one of business articles in 8th
days. Deontic modality word is appears from argument by KTB’s head
of sales and marketing division, Imam Choeru Cahya. The word can is deontic modality because it is about target (obligation) of the sole
distributor of Mitsubishi brands (KTB). Imam said that “we” as
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4.1.1.1.2 Must
Kreidler (1998:240) stated that the modal verb must has two meanings. In the first, the modal verb must is about obligation. The second, the verb modal must is about expressing probability. The data are explained below.
Data 1
Indonesia must equip its foreign language education curriculum with better facilities and competent instructors to produce a qualified workforce to support its growing tourist sector, officials and educators have suggested.
There are also problems in the education sector more broadly, said
Ahman Sya, the Tourism Ministry’s deputy for institutional
development. Ahman said many Indonesian schools, including vocational schools (SMKs) offering courses in tourism, were struggling from a lack of supporting facilities to accommodate the development of language and IT skills. (D6, T9.25)
A poor grasp of foreign languages and a lack of IT and
managerial skills are considered the main reasons why Indonesia’s
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The writer finds modality word from business article titled
“Language Training Opens Up Opportunities” in first sentence. The
word must appear as deontic modality because it word represent
obligation. The sentence focusing in the subject “Indonesia”, so that
Indonesia obligate to equip its foreign language education curriculum with better facilities and competent instructors to produce a qualified workforce to support its growing tourist sector, officials and educators. The second data as modal verb must can see below.
Data 2
Asian Development Bank (ADB) economist Priasto Aji said the government would need support from private investments to help construct its infrastructure projects as government spending would run at a slower pace from July because of shrinking revenues.
The government, together with the Financial Services Authority (OJK), must also make efforts to make the financial sector be more inclusive in order to open wider funding access for projects run by private investors, Priasto said. (D7, T8.58)
Quotations above are tells that the government has to lure more private investments into the country in a bid to maintain growth
momentum as economists projected the impacts of the government’s
spending will diminish by the end of this year’s first half. Asian
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that the investors have the money but on the other hand they need ready-to-execute infrastructure projects so they can start construction quickly.
In the data above, the writer find modality word in first sentence by Priasto argument. The word must appear as deontic modality. Priasto said the government would need support from private investments to help construct its infrastructure projects. So that, in Priasto argument explain that the government obligate to make efforts to make the financial sector be more inclusive in order to open wider funding access for projects run by private investors. The next data is modal verb should that explained below.
4.1.1.1.3 Should
Modal verb should have meaning to express an obligation. Kreidler (1998:241) explain that modal verb should is express obligation but weaker than must. The data are explained below.
Data 1
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Quotation above is made by "we" as the editor. The government of Indonesia, as we know, is still struggling to formulate policies to boost economic growth. Looking at growth variation across the regions, it can draw important lessons on how to accelerate economic development in Indonesia. In the coming years, commodities prices are very likely to rebound but may never reach levels similar to the commodity boom period in 2010. Therefore, we should realize that our economy cannot rely on the commodities sector anymore, since the party is over and will never come back.
In the first data that use the word should as modality word
above is come from business article about “Strategies to Accelerate
Regional Economic Growth”. The word should in data above appear
as deontic modality. The sentence above is kind of obligate that centered on subject. Obligation shows in sentence that we (as reader) obligate to seriously consider that the current global economic conditions have changed in the last five years. The writer continuous to the second data is explained below.
Data 2
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Quotations above are made by the editor as "we" state that The Indonesian economy was still able to grow despite the fact that 79.6 percent of its export revenue came from commodities. The evidence from some regions in Indonesia (i.e. Aceh, Riau, East and South Kalimantan) has clearly shown that this high dependency cannot support sustainable economic growth. The editor also said that Indonesia has another source of growth that is strong domestic consumption. So that, in order to support sustainable economic growth in the future, Indonesia should modify their economic growth policy from a commodity-based policy to an industrialization-based one.
There is a modality word in the data above that is as kind of deontic modality word. The word should represent necessity that
centered on the subject “we” as the editor of business article on Jakarta
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Data 3
The commodity price drop should be a good moment for Indonesia to revitalize its industrial sector. This sector has always been growing more slowly than the overall economy, resulting in its share in the economy continuously declining since 2004.
There are some strategies the government can adopt to boost economic growth and sustain ability. First, the government should pay more attention to regions with low economic growth, including provinces in Sumatera and Kalimantan. (D6, T9.11)
Quotation above tells that the commodity price drop should be a good moment for Indonesia to revitalize its industrial sector. This sector has always been growing more slowly than the overall economy, resulting in its share in the economy continuously declining since 2004. Its condition make the government created some strategies that can adopt to boost economic growth and sustain ability. The one strategy is the government should pay more attention to regions with low economic growth, including provinces in Sumatera and Kalimantan because these regions have their own growth track, which is good so far.
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Sumatra and Kalimantan. The writer finds fourth data as modal verb should is explained below.
Data 4
Indonesia still lags behind by its neighbor Malaysia in terms of the distribution of high octane fuel. Malaysia removed fuel with an RON lower than 91 in 2008, and now its people regularly consume fuel with an RON of 95. In Indonesia, by contrast, 87 percent of distributed fuel has an RON of 88.
Meanwhile, the executive director of the Committee for the Phasing Out of Leaded Fuel (KPBB), Ahmad Syafrudin, urged the public to start consuming at least fuel with an RON of 91.
“I think Indonesians should start to follow Malaysia in
eliminating nonstandardized fuel,” he said. (D7, T9.02)
Quotation above tells condition that Premium has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 88. The executive director of the Committee for the Phasing Out of Leaded Fuel (KPBB), Ahmad Syafrudin stated that Indonesia still lags behind by its neighbor Malaysia in terms of the distribution of high octane fuel. Malaysia removed fuel with an RON lower than 91 in 2008, and now its people regularly consume fuel with an RON of 95. In Indonesia, by contrast, 87 percent of distributed fuel has an RON of 88.
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sentence statement by executive director of the Committee for the Phasing Out of Leaded Fuel (KPBB), Ahmad Syafrudin that use modal verb should centered on subject (Indonesia). According to Ahmad, Indonesia obligate to start to follow Malaysia in eliminating nonstandardized fuel. After analyzing the data as modal verb should, the writer finds other kinds of deontic modality which is explained below.
4.1.1.1.4 Will
The modal verb will can in some case can had 100 percent probability. Kreidler (1998:246) said that it is a prediction. The data are explained below.
Data 1
Finance Minister Bambang Brodjonegoro, who officiated the departure of the cars at Tanjung Perak Port in Surabaya, East Java, on Thursday, said that the shipment was one of the government’s survival strategies amid the decline in demand for commodities from traditional export markets.
The government will support the new marketing strategy by providing
a buyer’s credit facility if countries such as Bangladesh and Egypt do
not have enough money to pay all at once, he explained. (D4, T9.24) The quotation above is statement by Finance Minister
Bambang Brodjonegoro that tells about Indonesia’s exports that have
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global demand. Bambang Brodjonegoro also said that the shipment
was one of the government’s survival strategies amid the decline in
demand for commodities from traditional export markets. A new marketing strategy is necessary to improve the sluggish export performance of recent years, including the targeting of non-traditional export markets such as Bangladesh and Egypt.
Data above is business information come from state-owned train manufacturer (BUMN) PT. INKA. The editors are using modality word as modal verb. The word will in data above is kind of deontic modality. The sentence is representing that necessity centered on the subject. So that, it can explained that sentence above tells about PT. INKA needs the government to support the new marketing strategy by providing a buyer’s credit facility for countries such as Bangladesh and Egypt if they do not have enough money to pay all at once. The other data as modal verb will is explained below.
Data 2
On the same occasion, Trade Minister Thomas Lembong stated that his party was also attempting to penetrate non-traditional markets to
save the country’s exports.
“We will try to penetrate non-traditional markets such as Russia,
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Quotation above is the next quotation from data that has explained before. due to a commodities price slump and weakening global demand. In this quotation says that the government will support the new marketing strategy that Trade Minister Thomas Lembong stated that his party was also attempting to penetrate non-traditional
markets to save the country’s exports. he stated that the government
will try to penetrate non-traditional markets such as Russia, Eastern Europe, Pakistan, India and maybe Africa.
In the next data above is kind of deontic modality. The second sentence of the data representing that center of the sentence is on its subject. The word will is used as modal verb to shows necessity. So
that, it sentence can paraphrasing that subject “we” as the government
needed to try to penetrate non-traditional market such as Russia, Eastern Europe, Pakistan, India and Africa. The writer find the next data as the same device is explained below.
Data 3
The government will assess a complaint filed by Brazil with the World Trade Organization (WTO) that accuses Indonesia of hampering the import of beef from the South American country.
Trade Ministry senior official Karyanto Suprih said he did not
understand the basis of Brazil’s complaint, saying the government was
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The quotation above tells a condition that a complaint filed by Brazil to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Brazil accuses Indonesia of inhibiting the import of beef from South American countries. Indonesian government has denied the allegations with statements by senior officials of the Ministry of Commerce Karyanto Suprih said he did not understand the basic complaint of Brazil, said the government was open to imports of beef from different countries.
From the data above, the editors of Jakarta Post use the word will as modal verb. The word will is modality word as kind of deontic modality because the center of the sentence is on the subject (the government). The sentence above is representing necessity statement. So that the sentence above can be paraphrasing that the government needed to assess a complaint filed by Brazil with the World Trade Organization (WTO) that accuses Indonesia of hampering the import of beef from the South American country. After finds the data modal verb as deontic modality, the writer finds the data as negative modal verb as deontic modality are explained below.
4.1.1.1.5 Can Not
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(1998:243) stated that if the potential for an act is entirely in the subject, modal verb can is used. In contrast, the modal verb can is used as modal verb may although the modal verb may is preferred. The data are explained below.
Data 1
BI Governor Agus Martowardojo said that promissory notes would be one instrument that the authorities planned to reinstate after the policy harmonization. A promissory note is a written instrument of a lending transaction with detailed information on the size of loan, repayment period, interest rate etc.
However, in BI’s view, the past is in the past. “We cannot kill an instrument just because we are traumatized by a past crisis,” Agus said. (D9, T10.59)
The above quote is the condition described by BI Governor Agus Martowardojo, he said that the promissory notes will be one of the instruments that the authorities are planning to return after the harmonization of policies. A promissory note is a written instrument of the loan transaction with detailed information. Agus said that we cannot kill the instrument simply because we are traumatized by past crises. He explained, Agus stated that the past is the past.
The data above is negative modal verb as kind of deontic
modality. The center of the sentence is on the subject “we”. The
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repayment period, and interest rate. So that the speaker wanted to show an opinion that it obligated not kill an instrument just because we are traumatized by a past crisis. The second data as negative modality is explained below.
4.1.1.1.6 Could Not
Negativity applies to the modal verb could. In the book of modality theory that Kreidler (1998:243) has wrote, he stated that to express personal potential in the past could is used. It is thus the past tense form of can. The data is explained below.
Data 1
Aaron later learned that although there were 7,700 hectares of cashew trees in Ban, a remote subdistrict located in the northeastern part of the popular resort island, local farmers could not fully tap the potential of the product as they directly sold newly harvested cashews to India and Vietnam, which processed them further into various ready-to-eat products. (D7, T9.48)
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exploit the potential of their products directly sold freshly harvested cashews to India and Vietnam are supposed cashews they can be processed further into products ready to eat.
The data above represent negative modal verb could. The modal verb could not occur as deontic modality. The center of the sentence is on the subject local farmers. The editor states that local farmers are necessity to fully tap the potential of the product. Then the editor adds a fact that they (subject) directly sold newly harvested cashews to India and Vietnam. After finds the second kind of negative modality, the writer finds other kind of negative modality is explained below.
4.1.1.1.7 Will Not
Negativity applies to the modal verb will. The modal verb will can in some case can had 100 percent probability. Kreidler (1998:246) said that it is a prediction. The data is explained below.
Data 1
The ministry’s director general for oil and gas, IGN Wiratmaja Puja, said his office would soon propose the idea to the House of Representatives.
“The LPG subsidies, which have been set at Rp 31 trillion (US$2.3
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infrastructure. We will not cut it completely, just reallocate it,” he said on Thursday. (D9, T10.57)
The statement above saying that the government is working to gradually reduce the distribution of subsidized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tube and using gas subsidies for the construction of gas pipelines to reach a more residential area. This step will help the Energy and Mineral Resources to meet the targets the development of a gas pipeline. Director General of the ministry of oil and gas, IGN Wiratmaja Puja, said it will soon propose the idea to the House.
The second data that represent negative modal verb will above occur as deontic modality. The center of the sentence is on the subject. We as the center of the sentence built the readers thought. The speaker predict that we necessity not to cut it completely, just reallocate it. After finds the data as deontic modality, the writer finds the data as epistemic modality are explained below.
4.1.1.2 Epistemic Modality
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may, must, should, will, would, and might. By using modality device for analyzing the data, the writer finds the meanings in each kind of epistemic modality words.
4.1.1.2.1 Can
Kreidler (1998:243) stated that if the potential for an act is entirely in the subject, can is used. The modal verb can is used as modal verb may although the modal verb may is preferred. The writer also finds the modal verbs as kind of epistemic modality are explained below.
Data 1
Iwan Agung Firstantara, the newly appointed CEO of PLN subsidiary PT Pembangkitan Jawa-Bali (PJB), said the company planned to start transporting gas to Lombok next year after a 100 MW power plant is established there.
“This can be a solution for remote areas, especially those in the east. We may also be able to do something similar for larger islands, by
sending LNG (liquefied natural gas) by ship,” Iwan said. (D1, T8.44)
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remote areas, especially in the east. So that by sending LNG (liquefied natural gas) with Iwan ship also has other hope is to do something similar to islands larger.
The quotation above is the first data of epistemic modality. The word as epistemic modality above shows in first sentence. The word can above is kind of epistemic modality because the case of the context is the center of the sentence. The case is by converting petroleum-based fuel power plants to utilize gas or renewable energy sources. So that the sentence above paraphrased that it case can be a solution for remote areas, especially those in the east. The second data as epistemic modality that found by the writer is explained below.
Data 2
Asian Development Bank (ADB) economist Priasto Aji said the government would need support from private investments to help construct its infrastructure projects as government spending would run at a slower pace from July because of shrinking revenues. He advised the government to enhance private participation in project delivery through state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and public private partnership (PPP) schemes, to name two.
“The investors have the money but (on the other hand) they need
ready-to-execute infrastructure projects so they can start construction
quickly,” he said on the sidelines of a seminar in Central Jakarta on
Wednesday. (D7, T8.58)
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effort to maintain the momentum of growth as Economists project the impact of government spending will be reduced by the end of the first half of this year. Asian Development Bank (ADB) economist Priasto Aji said the government should have the support of private investment to help build infrastructure projects as government spending, but it will run at a slower pace due to shrinking revenue. So he suggested the government to increase private participation in the project delivery through state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and public private partnership (PPP) scheme, to name two.
Quotation of the statement above is one sentence that content modality word in it. The word can is represent modality word as epistemic modality. The sentence centered in the case. It explained that they need ready-to-execute infrastructure project, they can start construction quickly. So that the word can is clearly as epistemic modality. now, the writer finds third data as epistemic modality is explained below.
Data 3
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Starting with 130 workers, the company can now provide jobs for 350 local people; 85 percent of them are women who used to be unemployed. (D7, T9.48)
Statement above tells that several months is the amount of time of Aaron’s live for establishing the company. After securing the support of investors and the business license from the local government, Aaron launched cashew processing business under the banner of East Bali cashew (EBC). Starting with 130 workers, the company can now provide employment for 350 local people. 85 percent of the workers are women who are empowered to cope with the large number of unemployed in the village.
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Data 4
BI Governor Agus Martowardojo said that promissory notes would be one instrument that the authorities planned to reinstate after the policy harmonization.
A promissory note is a written instrument of a lending transaction with detailed information on the size of loan, repayment period, interest rate etc. The note is signed by the debtor and kept in the possession of the creditor. It was a popular lending instrument prior to the 1997-1998 financial crises, but has since been abandoned because of a lack of guarantees, which led to mounting bad debts.
A bank that holds a promissory note can also put the instrument up for sale to other banks or investors and even use it as security for a repurchase agreement. (D9, T10.59)
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The second sentence in the quotation above appear the word can as modality word because the word can appear as modal verb. The word can above is epistemic modality because it shows that the center of the sentence is the case of the sentence. so that it sentence can be paraphrased that in case a bank that holds a promissory note, it is the case that the bank can also put the instrument up for sale to other banks or investor. The next data that the writer finds is modal verb could as epistemic modality are explained below.
4.1.1.2.2 Could
In the book of modality theory that Kreidler (1998:243) has wrote. He stated that to express personal potential in the past could is used. It is thus the past tense form of can. The data are explained below.
Data 1
In an attempt to implement President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s pledge
to ease the flow of goods across the nation, the Transportation Ministry on Monday relaunched its sea traffic information management system, in which businesses can submit online forms to secure various permits, including a sea transportation business permit (SIUPAL) and a ship mooring plan (RPK) for freight liners or non-scheduled tramp ships.
