Mapping of Workers with Disabilities in Indonesia Policy suggestions and recommendations

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Tendy Gunawan, National Programme Officer ILO Jakarta Office

Date: Wednesday/ 8 / February / 2022

Policy suggestions and recommendations

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Background

Advancing social justice, promoting decent work

• Major work of the ILO, part of the Decent Work Country Programme, promoting decent employment for persons with disabilities

• SDG 8, leaving no one behind, livelihood, employment and economic growth.

• UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

• Indonesia Business and Disability Network or Jejaring Bisnis dan Disabilitas Indonesia, re-launched in December 2020, part of the Global Business and Disability Network

• Access to training and livelihood opportunity: Digital training, Entrepreneurships

• Advocacy work, with the tripartite constituents

• Rapid assessment, job matching for youth with learning difficulties (2020 – 2021)

• UN Disability Inclusion Agenda

• Various studies, webinars and trainings ILO’s work on Disability Inclusion

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Mapping of Workers with Disabilities in the Labour Market in Indonesia

• Mapping of employment: based on a study in 2017

• Analysis from National Employment Survey (Sakernas) 2020, partly from Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) 2020

• Information from Indonesia Business and Disability Network

• ILO’s own research and assessment

• Supporting the Government of Indonesia in implementing the related laws and regulations

• Available in Bahasa Indonesia & English

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and recommendations (2022)

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Differences in categories and scales of measurement of disability between different surveys are obstacles and challenges to obtaining accurate information as a basis for policy making

Data Collection

Activity Year Disability Measurement Answer Category Disability Prevalence

Number of Observation

Susenas

2018

Ask the individual if he/she has any dysfunction/limitation/disability in seeing (even after wearing glasses), hearing (even

after using a hearing aid), communicating with others (in terms of speaking),

remembering/concentrating, walking/climbing, and self-care.

Three answers categories: no, mild,

severe.

11% 264.226.891

2019 10% 267.303.490

2020 8% 270.311.824

Sakernas

2017

Asking the individual whether he has difficulty/impaired in seeing, hearing, walking/climbing (mobility), using/moving

fingers/hands, speaking and/or

understanding/communicating with others, other disabilities (eg remembering, concentrating, emotional, self care etc.)

Three answers categories: no, moderate, severe.

10.2% 20,575,229

2018 10.6% 20,602,633

2019 10.5% 20,728,227

2020 8.8% 17.952.509

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Scaling of disabilities does not reflect the actual situation, mental and intellectual disabilities are not captured

Sumber: Sakernas, Perhitungan Penulis

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In general, women has greater prevalence of disabilities

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Higher education has not fully guaranteed access to work for persons with disabilities in urban areas, and those in rural areas work in sectors that do not require higher

education

Distribusi Penyandang Disabilitas berdasarkan Tempat Tinggal dan Pendidikan (%), 2020

Distribusi Penyandang Disabilitas berdasarkan Tempat Tinggal dan Status Kerja, 2020

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The prevalence of Disability increases with age. Reasonable accommodation will benefit everyone

Distribusi Penyandang Disabilitas berdasarkan Usia (%), 2020 Jumlah & persentase lansia penyandang Disabilitas, menurut usia dan jenis kelamin, 2020

Sumber: Susenas, Perhitungan Penulis

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70%-80% of people with disabilities only graduate from primary school, twice as big as non-disabled people.

Distribusi Penyandang Disabilitas Berdasarkan Tingkat Pendidikan, 2017 - 2020

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Increasing trend of the proportion of persons with disabilities who are self-employed, decreasing trend for those who works

Distribusi Penyandang Disabilitas Berdasarkan Status Pekerjaan (%), 2017-2020

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The proportion of persons with disabilities who are self-employed is 1.5 times higher compared to non-disabled persons

Perbandingan Distribusi Status Pekerjaan Penyandang Disabilitas dan Non-Disabilitas, 2020

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The majority of people with disabilities work in the informal sector and the percentage has increased during the pandemic

Informal Formal

Distribusi Penyandang Disabilitas Berdasarkan Sektor Informal/ Formal (%), 2017-2020

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The wage/earning gap between persons with disabilities and non-disabled persons decreases as the level of education increases

Perbandingan besar penghasilan berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan, 2020

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55.5% of the unemployed with severe disabilities are between 15 to 34 years old. The same trend also applies for people with mild disabilities.

Tingkat Pengangguran berdasarkan usia, %, 2020

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COVID-19 has the same impact on the incomes of most workers in Indonesia, the negative impact on workers with disabilities is slightly greater than for workers without disabilities

Perubahan pendapatan selama Febuari – Agustus 2020 (%) Perubahan jam kerja selama Febuari – Agustus 2020 (%)

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A poll conducted by JBDI shows that companies face various obstacles in recruiting persons with disabilities

Sumber: Form Registrasi JBDI, 2021

Polling kendala perusahaan dalam merekrut penyandang disabilitas, Jaringan Bisnis dan Disabilitas Indonesia, 2021

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Ways of looking for jobs

21.07%

39.36%

29.32%

5.88%

88.31%

8.09%

4.55%

1.42%

1.86%

4.82%

22.11%

16.85%

10.35%

86.11%

20.17%

12.77%

3.01%

4.66%

9.07%

12.01%

9.07%

0.00%

94.70%

5.30%

6.34%

5.30%

0.00%

Mendaftar pada bursa kesempatan kerja Menghubungi perusahaan/kantor Melamar pekerjaan berdasarkan iklan Mengiklankan diri di media cetak Menghubungi keluarga/kenalan Mengumpulkan modal/perlengkapan Mencari lokasi/tempat usaha Mengurus surat perizinan usaha Lainnya

PWOD Mild Disability Severe Disability

Sumber: Mapping of Workers with Disabilities, 2017

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Indonesia Business and Disability Network/ JBDI

69.6%

interested to recruit 28.3% considering to recruit 2.1% unable to recruit

62.5%

already have employees with disabilities 29.5% do not have

employees with disabilities

Number of employees

63 national enterprises

11 multinational enterprises 3 state-owned enterprise 26 CSO/ INGO

11 Academics 14 others

128

^members

Sharing of information, trainings, knowledge and resources

Registrasi IBDN/ JBDI: https://bit.ly/registrasiIBDN

99.4% sudah, berminat,

dan mungkin merekrut

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A third party such as JBDI, ULD are needed to bridge between employers and job seekers with disabilities

Diagram peran pihak ketiga dalam menjembatani permintaan dan penawaran tenaga kerja dengan Disabilitas, 2021

Sumber: Analisa Penulis, 2021

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1. Pembuatan program dan kebijakan yang berpijak pada konsep disabilitas berdasarkan hak asasi manusia sesuai dengan Konvensi PBB mengenai Hak-hak Penyandang Disabilitas (review UNCRPD, April 2020)

• Disabilitas adalah konsep yang berkembang dan disebabkan oleh interaksi antara orang yang mempunyai keterbatasan dengan hambatan sikap dan lingkungan di sekitarnya, di mana hal ini menyebabkan halangan bagi mereka untuk berpartisipasi penuh dan efektif dalam masyarakat atas dasar kesetaraan dengan orang lain

• Pendekatan menghilangkan hambatan: eksternal dan internal, Pendekatan pemberdayaan

2. Menyamakan konsep/ definisi dan pengukuran menjadi penting sebagai dasar pembuat kebijakan dan program bagi penyandang disabilitas yang inklusif.

• Penyandang disabilitas yang seringkali berada pada area abu-abu seperti LD

• Kategori dan skala pengukuran di Sakernas juga tidak menangkap data penyandang disabilitas mental dan intelektual.

• Data nasional penyandang disabilitas yang tersedia menggunakan konsep dan kategorisasi yang bervariasi dari satu set data ke set data lainnya

• Pendaftaran penyandang Disabilitas, Pengumpulan data nasional untuk penyandang disabilitas saat ini hanya berfokus pada rumah tangga

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3. Program pemberdayaan yang mengkhususkan perempuan dengan disabilitas sebagai penerima manfaat.

4. Meningkatkan akses pada pendidikan menengah dan tinggi, dan pelatihan keterampilan untuk memberikan kesempatan yang lebih besar dalam mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak.

• Pendidikan rendah

• Mayoritas bekerja di sektor informal dengan perlindungan sosial yang sangat terbatas.

• Kendala-kendala yang menyebabkan putus sekolah

• Akses pada pelatihan keterampilan dan kesempatan pada pekerjaan formal.

5. Irisan program perlindungan sosial untuk lansia dan penyandang disabilitas lansia perlu diperhatikan dan dicermati lebih lanjut.

• Mengingat bahwa hampir separuh lansia tua, terutama perempuan adalah penyandang disabilitas, perlindungan sosial untuk lansia, dan untuk penyandang disabilitas lansia perlu diselaraskan.

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6. Mengakomodasi tren peningkatan penyandang disabilitas yang berwiraswasta dan kesempatan untuk bekerja dan berkarya secara daring.

• tren peningkatan proporsi penyandang disabilitas yang berwiraswasta

• meningkatnya persentase pekerja rumahan tidak berbayar

• Pandemi covid-19 dengan pembatasan sosial berskala besar, tren pembelajaran dan pelatihan secara daring, dan tren bekerja dari rumah

7. Pentingnya dukungan untuk peran pihak ketiga yang dapat menjembatani pemberi kerja (perusahan) dan pencari kerja dengan disabilitas.

• Peran pihak ketiga seperti pemerintah daerah/ nasilnal. Organisasi Penyandang Disabilitas, lembaga pelatihan publik maupun swasta, sekolah dan universitas, asosiasi pengusaha, serikat pekerja, lembaga penelitian/ pemerhati penyandang disabilitas, yayasan, dan donor, dsb menjadi sangat penting untuk memastikan demand dan supply dapat bertemu.

• JBDI yang didukung ILO dapat menjadi wadah untuk ketiga pihak (pemberi kerja, pencari kerja, dan pihak ketiga) untuk bertemu dan berjejaring.