i
The 12thInternational Conference on Mathematics, Statistics and Their Applications (ICMSA)
Building Aceh Through Science, Dignity & Prosperity
-Main Secretariat : LPPM Unsyiah. Biro Lama KPA Unsyiah Lt. 2. Website :www.aic.unsyiah.ac.id,E-mail :aic@aic.unsyiah.ac.id
CO M M I TTEES
Adv isor y Com m it t e e s
Prof. Dr. I r . Sam sul Rizal, M.Eng, Syiah Kuala Universit y - I ndonesia Dr. Hizir, Syiah Kuala Universit y - I ndonesia
Prof. Dr. I r . Hasanuddin, M.S., Syiah Kuala Univer sit y - I ndonesia
Or ga n iz in g Com m it t e e s
Chairm an:
Dr. Syaifullah Muham m ad, M. Eng
Vice Chairm an:
Prof. Dr. Sam adi, M. Sc Dr. Rini Okt avia, S.Si, M.Si Secret ary:
Dr. Nasrul Arahm an, MT drh. Triva Murt ina Lubis, MP
Scie n t if ic Com m it t e e s
Dr. drh. Al Azhar, M. Kes
Syiah Kuala Universit y - I ndonesia Dr. Saiful, M.Si
Syiah Kuala Universit y - I ndonesia Dr. Heru Fahlevi, SE., M.Sc
Syiah Kuala Universit y - I ndonesia Dr. Taufik F. Abidin, M.Tech
Syiah Kuala Universit y - I ndonesia Dr. Hasan Basri
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The 12thInternational Conference on Mathematics, Statistics and Their Applications (ICMSA)
Building Aceh Through Science, Dignity & Prosperity
-Main Secretariat : LPPM Unsyiah. Biro Lama KPA Unsyiah Lt. 2. Website :www.aic.unsyiah.ac.id,E-mail :aic@aic.unsyiah.ac.id
ED I TOR
Prof. Dr. Sam adi, M.Sc. ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia) Dr. Saiful, S.Si. ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia) Dr. Heru Fahlev i, S.E., M.Sc. ( Syiah Kuala Univer sit y – I ndonesia) Dr. Nasrul Arahm an, ST, MT ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia)
Dr. Yunisrina Qism ullah Yusuf, S.Pd., M.Ling. ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia) Dr. I rsyadillah S.Pd., M.Sc. ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia)
Dr. Hasan Basri M.Com . ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia) Dr. drh. Al Azhar, M. Kes. ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia)
dr. Trist ia Rinanda, M.Si. ( Syiah Kuala Universit y – I ndonesia)
REV I EW ER
Dr. M. Dani Supardan
(Syiah Kuala University – Indonesia)
Dr. Taufik Fuadi Abidin
(Syiah Kuala University – Indonesia)
Dr. Salm awat i
(Syiah Kuala University – Indonesia)
Dr. Mohd. I qbal
(Syiah Kuala University – Indonesia)
Dr. I ra Devi Sara
(Syiah Kuala University – Indonesia)
Dr. Jane Teng Yan Fang ( Sult an I dris Educat ion Universit y – Malaysia) Prof. Dr. K. Ponnari Lakshm i ( Narasaraopet a Engineering College – I ndia)
Asst . Prof. Dr . Pairot e Bennui ( Thaksin Universit y – Thailand) Dr. Ahm ed H. Ahm ed ( Sout h Valley Universit y – Egypt )
Dr. Alhashm i Aboubaker Lasyoud ( Sharj ah Universit y - Unit ed Arab Em irat es) Dr. Rosaria Mit a Am elia, M.Hum . ( Universit as Padj aj aran – I ndonesia) Dr. T. Zulfikar Akarim ( Universit as I slam Negeri Ar Raniry - I ndonesia)
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The 12thInternational Conference on Mathematics, Statistics and Their Applications (ICMSA)
Building Aceh Through Science, Dignity & Prosperity
-Main Secretariat : LPPM Unsyiah. Biro Lama KPA Unsyiah Lt. 2. Website :www.aic.unsyiah.ac.id,E-mail :aic@aic.unsyiah.ac.id
W ELCOM E SPEECH FROM TH E RECTOR
Assalam ualaikum Wa Rahm at ullahi Wa Barakat uh,
I n t he Nam e of Allah, t he Most Beneficent , t he Most Merciful
May t he peace, t he m ercy, and t he blessings of Allah be upon you.
Dist inguished Part icipant s, Ladies and Gent lem en,
On behalf of Syiah Kuala Universit y, I would like t o welcom e all of you t o t he The 6t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference Syiah Kuala Universit y in conj unct ion wit h The 12t h I nt ernat ional Conference on Mat hem at ics, St at ist ics and Their Applicat ion ( I CMSA) , 2016.
I sincerely hope t his conference is inspiring and also t he one t o be ant icipat ed in t he next yea rs t o com e. The organizing com m it t ee is com m it t ed t o m ake t his conference a success wit h it s ready applicat ions not only t o t he universit y but also t o t he governm ent . No m at t er how m uch we can accom plish by ourselves, whet her it be research or developm ent , it is never sufficient in t his world of knowledge. Therefore, t he focal drive of t his conference is t o exchange ideas, and by part icipat ing in t his exchange, it is hoped t hat all part ies who m ay benefit from t he conference can apply it in m anaging act ivit ies in t heir areas. I t is pleasing t o not e t hat t he agenda of t his conference covers a wide range of int erest ing t opics relat ed t o life sciences, sciences and engineering, social sciences, and special t opics on m at hem at ics and st at ist ics sciences.
Last but not t he least , m y deepest grat it ude goes t o t he Organizing Com m it t ee, inst it ut ions, and com panies who have direct ly and indirect ly support ed t he well - running of t his sem inar. The com m it t ee has organized a vibrant scient ific program and is working hard t o present highly respect ed and int ernat ionally not orious speakers t o lead it . Alt hough we t ry our finest t o be professional, on behalf of t he Rect or of Syiah Kuala Universit y, please accept our sincere apologies should t here be inconveniences t hat occur before, during, or aft er t he event .
I wish you a very product ive conference wit h excit ing and encouraging discussions and exchange of knowledge so t hat t oget her we can ant icipat e a fut ure of groundbreaking sciences, t echnologies and educat ion. May God bless us all wit h good healt h t o m ake t his event a successful and enj oyable one!
Thank you.
Prof. Dr. I r. Sam sul Rizal, M.Eng
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The 12thInternational Conference on Mathematics, Statistics and Their Applications (ICMSA)
Building Aceh Through Science, Dignity & Prosperity
-Main Secretariat : LPPM Unsyiah. Biro Lama KPA Unsyiah Lt. 2. Website :www.aic.unsyiah.ac.id,E-mail :aic@aic.unsyiah.ac.id
M ESSAGE FROM TH E CH AI RM AN
Assalam ualaikum Wr. Wb.
Honorable Guest s, Present ers, and Part icipant s,
As t he Chairperson of t he Organizing Com m it t ee, I t ake t he privilege t o warm ly welcom e our dist inguished speakers and delegat es who have com e from all over I ndonesia and overseas t o our conference t oday. We are indeed honored t o have you here wit h us.
The Annual I nt ernat ional Conference ( AI C) conference is a forum of inform at ion dist ribut ion, scient ific discussion of lit erat ure, research, innovat ive and sust ainable t echnology, indust ry product , et c. The AI C act ivit y has been carried out regularly by Unsyiah since 2011. This year, t he universit y will host The 6t h Annual I nt ernat ional Conference ( AI C) in conj unct ion wit h The 12t h I nt ernat ional Conference on Mat hem at ics, St at ist ics and Their Applicat ion ( I CMSA) . Furt herm ore, in t his year The AI C program will also deliver an I nnovat ion Ex po and I ndust rial Forum event .
Wit h m any research act ivit ies t hat are conduct ed t oday on t he global ext ent , it is im port ant t o share t hem t o prom ot e int egrit y in research at an int ernat ional level. Accordingly, about 150 papers will be present ed in t his event , including t hose in t he fields of Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, and I CMSA t opics. Therefore, t o all part icipant s, I would like t o t hank you for your valuable cont ribut ions t o t his conference.
I am also happy t o infor m t hat t he com m it t ee is fort unat e t o have five keynot e and invit ed speakers from Aust ralia, Canada, Thailand, Malay sia and I ndonesia, w ho have support ed us from t he very beginning wit h t heir capabilit ies t o t ry and personally com e and m eet you all here at t he conference.
At t his j unct ure, I would like t o t ake t he opport unit y t o t hank everyone who has m ade t his event happen. I t is a great pleasure for m e t o be a part of t he organizing com m it t ee t o coordinat e such a rem ark able conference. I t does not only funct ion as a plat form t o bring us who are academ icians, researchers, st udent s and ot hers in sharing our research and experiences, but it also bridge us t o furt her share ideas, concerns and const ruct ive exam ples t hat we gain from t his conference t o build our societ y.
Finally, I hope t hat all part icipant s will have m em orable m om ent s t hrough t his conference. The weat her in Banda Aceh at t he m om ent is at it s best , so we hope t hat you enj oy your st ay in Banda Aceh.
Thank you.
Sincerely,
Chairm an of Com m it t ee
Pages
Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair Program: Advanced Synchrotron Technology for Livestock and Feed Research
Peiqiang Yu 2
2 The 3 Ps of Reproduction: Pheromones, Photons and Phood
Graeme B. Martin 3
3
Theme : Chemistry-Chemical Engineering
4
Biodiesel Production by Microwave Assisted Methanolysis of Refined Palm Oil in a Flow Reactor
Marwan, Muhammad Furqan, Amzar Arfa and Cut Meurah Rosnelly (Indonesia)
6
5
In Situ Transesterification Of Screw Pine (Pandanus Tectorius) Seed To Biodiesel Using Mechanical Stirrer
Mahlinda Mahlinda, M. Dani Supardan, Husni Husin and Medyan Riza (Indonesia)
11
6
The Adsorption Process of Nitrite and Nitrate Content from Fertilizer Plant Liquid Waste of PT. PIM by Using Activated Carbon from Coffee Waste
Mariana, Mahidin and Farid Mulana (Indonesia)
18
7
Simultaneous Adsorption Of Trace Metal And So2using Zeolite Adsorbent During Combustion Of Brown Coal
Asri Gani (Indonesia)
23
8
Chitosan-rhodamine B probe as a simple colorimetric naked-eye sensor for Hg2+ in aqueous solution
Zarlaida Fitri, Della Kharisma and Muhammad Adlim (Indonesia)
30
9 PI Control of a Continuous Bio-Reactor
Rudy Agustriyanto (Indonesia) 34
10
Activation of Palm Midrib by Using Mixed Citric Acid and Tartaric Acid and its Application for Adsorption of Zn (II) Heavy Metals from Wastewater
Farid Mulana, Mariana, Pocut Nurul Alam and Abrar Muslim (Indonesia)
40
11
Synthesis And Characterization Of Bioplastic Based On Cassava Starch-PLA For Food Packaging Application
Harunsyah, Ridwan, Salahuddin (Indonesia)
46
12
Utilization of Crude Extract Papain from Papaya Latex as A Coagulant inThe Tofu Production
Faridah, Fachraniah, Ariefin, Ayu Ardhia Rizqi and Cut Meutia Sari (Indonesia)
53
13
Synthesis of α-Mn2O3@α-MnO2 Core/Shell Nanocomposite and Catalytic Oxidation of Phenolic Contaminants in Aqueous Solutions
Edy Saputra (Indonesia), Jhon ArmediPinem (Australia), Syaiful Bahri (Indonesia), Shaobin Wang (Australia)
58
14
Application of a water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for treatment of wastewater from a chicken farm
Suhendrayatna, Marwan, Putri and Susanti Ria (Indonesia)
62
15
Identification of Mineral of Jades from Nagan Raya Aceh, Indonesia by using XRD and SEM-EDX Techniques
Julinawati, Lubis, Irfan Mustafa (Indonesia)
66
Theme : Architecture, Civil And Mechanical Engineering
16
Development and Performance Test of Furrower Model Blade to Paddlewheel Aerator Samsul Bahri, Radite Praeko Agus Setiawan, Wawan Hermawan and Muhammad Zairin Junior (Indonesia)
73
17 The Priorities of Selection Suppliers
Ikhsan Siregar (Indonesia) 77
18 Vehicles Potholes Detection Based Blob Detection Method and Neural Network
19 Movements
Hafsah Nirwana, Eddy T, Muh. Ahyar and Ibrahim Abduh (Indonesia)
88
20
CFD Simulation Of LPG Combustion In Annular Combustion Chamber Of Micro Gas Turbine
Asyari Daryus, Ahmad Indra Siswantara, Budiarso, Gun Gun R. Gunadi and Rovida Camalia (Indonesia)
94
Theme : Agricutural Science and Plant Biology
21
Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Enriched with Lemongrass Essential Oil Against Phomopsis vexans of Eggplant
Nurul Faziha Ibrahim and Eleoni Rikan Marten (Malaysia)
101
22
Fig Wasps Emergence Sequence and the Number of Nematodes Carried Out of Ficus racemosa Figs
Jauharlina, Eka Putra and Stephen Compton (Indonesia)
105
23
Study on Fermented Complete Feed by Using Sago Residues as Main Sources Diet on Performance and Internal Organ of Sheep
Samadi, Sitti Wajizah and Yunasri Usman (Indonesia)
110
24
Analysis of Drought Severity and Hydrological Disaster Mitigation Efforts in Krueng Jreue Subwatershed, Great Aceh
Helmi, Hairul Basri, Sufardi and Helmi (Indonesia)
117
25
Evaluation of Weevil Productivity and Infestation on Stored Sweet Potatoes in Terengganu, Malaysia
Nur Aida Hashim, Nurul Athirah Muhamad Noor and Nurul Adawiyah Zulkifli (Malaysia)
123
26
Feed Enriched With Fermented Cocoa Pod and Sugar Cane Byproducts Improve Agricultural Business Economy of Beef Cattle Gandapura District, Bireuen, Aceh Dzarnisa, Didy Rachmadi and Muhammad Fakhrurradhi (Indonesia)
128
27 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities at the University Farm of Ie Seuum Station
Fikrinda, Syafruddin, Sufardi and Rina Sriwati (Indonesia) 133 28
Genomic DNA Extraction of Lactobacillus Isolates From Aril Durian Fermentation (Jruek Drien)
Yulia Sari Ismail, Cut Yulvizar and Novekhana Anelia (Indonesia)
138
29
The ability of Leptosphaeria biglobosa to infect oilseed rape and swede cultivars grown in New Zealand
Suhaizan Lob, Marlene Jaspers, Hayley Ridgway and Eirian Jones (Malaysia)
141
30 In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Piper nigrum L.
Noni Zakiah, Yanuarman and Miralena Kartika (Indonesia) 146
31
Rapid and Non-Destructive Evaluation by NIRS: Comparison between Partial Least Square and Support Vector Machine Regression Approaches to Predict Total Acidity of Intact Mango
Rahmaddiansyah and Agus Arip Munawar (Indonesia)
150
32
Antibacterial activity of the extract combinations of Myrmecodia pendens and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum
Munira, Muhammad Nasir and Ainun Mardiah (Indonesia)
154
33
Fusarium species associated with infected sea turtle eggs in Chagar Hutang, Redang Island
Siti Nordahliawate Mohamed Sidique, Andrew A. Ngadin, Nurul Faziha Ibrahim and Juanita Joseph (Malaysia)
159
Theme : Animal, Fisheries and Marine Science
34
Effect of Salinity on the Growth of Juvenile Giant Trevally (Caranx ignobilis)
Firdus, Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi, Muhammadar A. Abas, Boihaqi, M. Ali S and Samadi (Indonesia)
165
35
Biodiversity of Fish in the Krueng Geumpang River After One-Year Mass Kill of Fish in Geumpang, Pidie Regency of Aceh Province
Muhammad Nasir, Iqbar, Dalil Sutekad, Najian Haly, Muchlisin ZA and Munira (Indonesia)
170
36
A Study of Adaptation of Simeuleu Wild Buffalo Behavior for Semen Collection Kartini Eriani, Dasrul, Rosnizar, Ria Ceriana, Irma Suryani and Syahruddin Said (Indonesia)
176
37
Wound Healing Effect of the Leaf Extract ofJatropha curcas Linn in Mice M. Nur Salim, Darmawi, Ummu Balqis, Cut Dahlia Iskandar and Dian Masyitha (Indonesia)
181
38
Supplementation of Aceh Coffee Arabica Extract for Improving Quality of Uterus in Postmenopausal Conditions Using Rats as Animal Models
Safrida and Mustafa Sabri (Indonesia)
185
39 Identification of Cellulase from Enterobacteriaceaein the Rumen of Aceh’s Cattle Based
Rosnizar and Kartini Eriani (Indonesia) 41
Effect of Hunting Activity on the Level of Blood Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium on Local Dogs in Tabek Panjang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Triva Murtina Lubis, Sri Rahmila Indris, Gholib and Azhar (Indonesia)
197
Theme : Pharmacy and Health Science
42 Drugs Knowledge of School Going Adolescents in Banda Aceh
Afriani and Haiyun Nisa (Indonesia) 202
43
Antioxidant Activity and Vitamin C of Banana Peel Infused Water Basis on Difference of Infuse Duration and Water Temperature Using DPPH Radical Scavenging and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Method
Manna Wassalwa, Supriatno and Hafnati Rahmatan (Indonesia)
207
44
Optimization of Early Warning System Using Climate Data for Malaria Elimination in Aceh Province
Rinidar, Zaitun, Hamny and M. Isa (Indonesia)
213
45
Syneresis and Acidity Evaluations On Probiotics Milk Added By Different Levels Of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Carrot (Daucus carrota L) puree
Yurliasni, Yusdar Zakaria, Zuraida Hanum and Raudhatul Jannah (Indonesia)
219
46
Fast and Simultaneous Detection of Honey Adulteration and Soluble Solids Content using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Agus Arip Munawar, Hendri Syah and Yusmanizar (Indonesia)
223
47
The Correlation Between The Level of Knowledge, Educational Degree and Family Support to The Drug Compliance in Leprosy Patients in North Aceh District Fitria and Vera Dewi Mulia (Indonesia)
227
48 Factors Affecting Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Pregnancy
Marisa and Juwita (Indonesia) 232
49 Another Way to Trace Microbes in Human Tissue Section
Wilda Mahdani (Indonesia) 237
50
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram Negative Bacteria from Urine Samples in the Primary Hospital Care of Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Masra Lena Siregar, Hijra Novia Suardi (Indonesia)
242
51 Riboflavin Deficiency: What Do We Really Know?
Juwita and Marisa (Indonesia) 247
Theme : Social Science
52 Integration of oil palm and cattle to empower farmers’ economic in east aceh, Indonesia
Saifuddin Yunus, Suadi Zainal, Suryadi and Fadli Jalil (Indonesia) 253 53 The effects of sukuk (islamic bonds) in the economy
Derry Fahrian and Chenny Seftarita (Indonesia) 257
54
The role of knowledge management on the performance of coffee company in southeast asian countries: an initial meta-analytic review
Hendra Syahputra and Edwar M Nur (Indonesia)
262
55 Dividend policy in developed and developing countries: a literature review
Husaini, Said Musnadi and Faisal (Indonesia) 269
56 The family firm’s performance: a literature review
Iswadi, Said Musnadi and Faisal (Indonesia) 274
57 Critical theory and accounting research: a critical review
Irsyadillah (Indonesia) 279
58
Determinants of budgeting consistency in local goverment– a case of sabang local goverment Indonesia
Heru Fahlevi, Islahuddin and Didi Wahyudi (Indonesia)
285
59
The contribution of risk management to profit and cost efficiency in rural shariah banks (bprs)
Anggraeni (Indonesia)
291
60
The effect of industrial diversification and geographic diversification on the practice of earnings management (an empirical study on manufacturing companies listed on indonesian stock exchange year 2011-2014)
Dahlia and Hasan Basri (Indonesia)
298
61
The relationship between knowledge and stress felt by teachers of economics implementing kurikulum tingkat satuan pendidikan
Lisa Agustina, Nor Aishah Buang and Mohammad Hussin (Indonesia)
304
62 Honesty in indonesian literature
B. B. Dwijatmoko and B. Ria Lestari (Indonesia) 309
63 The development of senior high school students’ worksheet based on chemo
Nyak Mutia Ismail, Juliana, Rusma Setiyana and Hayatul Muna (Indonesia) 65 Language learning strategies employed by successful and less successful learners
Chairina Nasir, Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf and Raihan Zulfarlia (Indonesia) 323 66 “Oke, any questions?” The questioning interaction in an EFL classroom
Fina Yanita, Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf and Sofyan A. Gani (Indonesia) 328 67 Testing listening by using audio aid and animated film
Dian Fajrina, Syamsul Bahri and Mohammad Kholid (Indonesia) 334 68 English proficiency in facing asean economic community: an opportunity or a challenge?
Iskandar Abdul Samad and Siti Sarah Fitriani (Indonesia) 339 69 Investigating the language choice of acehnese intermarriage couples in the home domain
Zulfadli A. Aziz, Bukhari Daud and Windasari (Indonesia) 345 70 Questioning in teacher talk
Cut Aulia Makhsum, Siti Sarah Fitriani and Usman Kasim (Indonesia) 351 71 The effect of indirect corrective feedback in reducing error on students’ writing
Endah Anisa Rahma and Siti Sarah Fitriani (Indonesia) 358 72 Biochemistry concept level of difficulty profile of prospective biology teachers’ perception
Hafnati Rahmatan (Indonesia) 363
73
Problem-based learning associated by action process object schema theory in mathematics instruction
Achmad Mudrikah and Luki Luqmanul Hakim (Indonesia)
367
74 Developing numeracy skills by using numbers lottery game
Dinny Mardiana, Achmad Mudrikah and Nurjanah (Indonesia) 375
75
Students’ character development and lecturer’s teaching profile in introduction to elementary mathematics class using logical mathematics materials that based on character education
Nurjanah, Usep Kosasih and Dinny Mardiana (Indonesia)
381
76
The principles of law to resolve disharmony of regulations in the calculation of financial loss to the state
Ronald Hasudungan Sianturi, Rizkan Zulyadi and Rahmayanti (Indonesia)
386
77
Legal instruments for the protection of migrant workers by asean and indonesia national law
Jelly Leviza, Ningrum Natasya Sirait and T. Keizerina Devi (Indonesia)
390
78
Harmonization of asean investment law on the perspective of indonesian national investment law
Jelly Leviza, Ningrum Natasya Sirait and T. Keizerina Devi (Indonesia)
395
79 Post-conflict peace education to build sustainable positive peace in aceh
Suadi Zainal (Indonesia) 399
Poster Session
80
Identification of Mineral of Jades from Nagan Raya Aceh, Indonesia by using XRD and SEM-EDX Techniques
Julinawati, Surya Lubis and Irfan Mustafa (Indonesia)
404
81
Removal of Naphthol Blue Black Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Titania Pillared Bentonite
Surya Lubis, Sheilatina and Vicky Praja Putra (Indonesia)
404
82 River Water Quality Analysis Near Illegal Gold Mining Area in Aceh Jaya District
Saiful, Abduh Ulim and Asri Gani (Indonesia) 405
83
The effect of cellulose particles from oil palm empty fruit bunch on mechanical properties and the crystallinity of chitosan-cellulose composites
Rahmi (Indonesia)
405
84 Using Bayesian Inference to Analyze the Phylogenetic of Dipterocarpaceae Family
Essy Harnelly, Muhammad Subianto and Mirna Yunita (Indonesia) 406 85 Removal of Cadmium from groundwater Using Aceh Natural Zeolite
Sri Mulyati, Cut Raziah, Sofyana and Syawaliah (Indonesia) 406 86 Purification And Characterisation Of Thermostable Α-Amylase From Jaboi Sabang Isolat
Febriani, Rayyana, Mildatul Ulya, Frida Oesman and T.M. Iqbalsyah(Indonesia) 407 87 Effect of Zeolite Adsorbent on Patchouli Oil Quality Parameter
Suraiya, Bastan Arifin and Muhammad Faisal (Indonesia) 407 88
The Removal of Phospate from Laundry Waste Using Combined Zeolite Adsorption And Cellulose Acetate Ultrafiltration Processes
Cut Meurah Rosnelly, Hisbullah and Fuadi Harun (Indonesia)
408
89
Structure Formation of Polyethersulfone-Nano Carbon Membrane Prepared with Difference Polymer Solutions
Nasrul Arahman (Indonesia)
Addendum to:
91 Land Suitability for Palm Oil in Tripa Peat-Swamp Forest, Aceh Province (Indonesia)
Sufardi, Sugianto, airul Basri, Syamaun A. Ali and Khairullah (Indonesia) 409 92
Demand Elasticity and Projected Consumption of Raskin in Aceh (Almost Ideal Demand System Approach)
Suriani, Diana Sapha and Cut Zakia Rizki (Indonesia)
410
93 Physical Quality of the Meat of Aceh Cattle
Al Azhar, Triva Murtina Lubis, Razali Razali and Sugito Sugito (Indonesia) 411
94 A Local Isolate Of Pls 80 Capable Of Producing A Β-Lactams Antiobiotic
Teuku M. Iqbalsyah, Fani Sartika, Yusniar, Nurdin Saidi and Febriani 412
95
Geochemical Study On Geothermal Systems In Upflow And Outflow Manifestations Zone, Seulawah Agam, Aceh Besar
Muhammad Yusuf, Muksin Alatas, Subhan, Andi Lala, Ghazi Mauer Idroes, Fajar Fakri, Marwan, Muhammad syukri, Saiful, Rinaldi Idroes (Indonesia)
412
96
Isolation and Screening of Proteolytic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
Keynote and Invited Speaker
2
Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair Program: Advanced
Synchrotron Technology for Livestock and Feed Research
Peiqiang Yu
Professor and Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Canada
*Corresponding author: Tel: +1 306 966 4132; E-mail: peiqiang.yu@usask.ca
Abstract
Novel research ideas and novel research tools play a significant role in advances in feed science and animal nutrition research. In this presentation, a novel approach was introduced to show the potential of the advanced synchrotron-based analytical technology, which can be used to study feed molecular structure and structure changes induced by various processing and treatments (e.g. gene-transformation, bioethanol processing, and heat processing) in relation to nutrient utilization and availability in animal. Advanced synchrotron radiation-based technique has been developed as a rapid and non-destructive and bioanalytical technique, unlike conventional wet analytical methods which during processing for analysis often result in destruction or alteration of the intrinsic feed structures. This cutting-edge bioanalytical technique, taking advantages of synchrotron light brightness, is capable of exploring the molecular chemistry or molecular structure of a biological tissue without destruction inherent structures at ultra-high spatial resolutions. To date there has been little application of synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy to the study of feed inherent structures in relation to nutrient availability in animal science community.
In our ministry of agriculture strategic research chair program: advanced synchrotron technology for livestock and feed research, we use the beam stations at various international synchrotron centers, including the National Synchrotron Light Source in Brookhaven National Laboratory (NSLS-BNL, New York, USA) and Advanced Light Source (ALS, California) which are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and various founding agency and Canadian Light Source (CLS) at University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Canada) which is supported by Canadian federal and provincial funds are main synchrotron sources for our study. The outline of my presentation include: I. what is Synchrotron? a) short definition; b) major components of synchrotron; II. synchrotron molecular spectroscopy techniques; a) principle and advantage of synchrotron radiation; b) synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy; III: applications: synchrotron-based research programs; a) feed structure in relation to nutrient availability; b) feed molecular-chemical make-up; c) feed molecular chemistry imaging; d) effect of gene transformation on feed structure; e) heat-induced changes in structure and relation to nutrient availability; f) effect of bioethanol processing on feed structure and quality. In summary, the synchrotron-based technology is making contributions to advances in feed science and nutrition research.
3
The 3 Ps of Reproduction: Pheromones, Photons and Phood
Graeme B. Martin
*UWA Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009 Australia
Corresponding author: graeme.martin@uwa.edu.au.
For about 40 years, I have been wondering about how reproduction is affected by the environment. A lot of my basic research is relevant to human fertility but it is difficult to ask fundamental questions with experiments on people so, in biomedical research, we use animal models. My models include the emu, ostrich, marsupials, domestic dog, African wild dog, rhino, and pygmy hippo. However, in this lecture series, I focused on the humble sheep: its reproductive system is similar to ours, perhaps more than we would like to admit, and it has the added advantage of being an important industrial animal. The sheep brain takes in information about night length (photons), the odours of its flock mates (pheromones), and the availability of phood, and integrates this information with information about its own body status (energy stores; pregnancy; lactation). It then enacts a strategy that has been fine-tuned over evolutionary timescales to maximise reproductive success. As with most scientific journeys, unexpected discoveries about reproduction in sheep have offered new perspectives about mammalian biology. For example, we used to think that brain cells cannot divide, but now we know that they can do so in response to photons and pheromones from the outside world. We also used to view reproduction as a simple process in which the brain produces a hormone that stimulates the ovaries and testes, but now we know that brain-gonad communication is an intricate two-way exchange. Even within the gonad, there is a whole extra suite of communication channels, perhaps the most astonishing involving a massive group of molecules called small RNAs that are produced by DNA and interfere with the control of the cells by the genes. Gone is the simple traditional view that a gene produces RNA that produces a protein. What are the implications for these discoveries? First, we are increasingly optimistic about the possibility of regenerating and repairing brain tissue. Second, small RNAs offer a whole new suite of possibilities for dealing with problems in our tissues. Third, photons, pheromones and phood have led to new options for clean, green and ethical management of livestock. So, in this one small presentation about reproduction, offer you three revolutions.
THEME :
CHEMISTRY AND
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
Chemistry And Chemical Engineering
6
Biodiesel Production by Microwave Assisted Methanolysis of Refined
Palm Oil in a Flow Reactor
Marwan*, Muhammad Furqan, Amzar Arfa, Cut Meurah Rosnelly
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia.
*Corresponding Author: marwan@unsyiah.ac.id
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative fuels to reduce or even replace petroleum based diesel fuel. It offers many significant benefits, including being renewable, less greenhouse gas effect, low pollution, and non-toxic, while for the engine, biodiesel requires no modification and has excellent lubrication properties. Its production is potentially enhanced by combining the processes with microwave irradiation. Microwave does not only provide heating effect on the reactions, but also stimulate intermolecular interaction of involving materials such as reactants, solvent, and catalyst which is expected contributing on reaction rate enhancement.The purpose of this study is to produce palm oil biodiesel at a maximum yield in a short time by utilizing a flow reactor and microwave heating. The methanolysis was catalyzed by sodium hydroxide. The glass pipe reactor was installed inside a household type microwave. Flow rate of the reacting solution significantly determined the biodiesel yield. The yield was increased as the flow rate was reduced from 90 ml/min to 30 ml/min, and the yield was significantly dropped at lower flow rate due to soap formation in the feed tank. The results showed that the optimal condition of methanolysis was found at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 5:1 and a flow rate of 30 ml/min which resulted in maximum yield of 93%. This flow rate was corresponding to residence time of 1.33 min which is much faster than the reaction time needed in a batch reactor to achieve similar yield. FTIR analysis showed that the product formed is biodiesel. It is characterized by the formation of absorption at a wave number of 1435 cm-1, which is evidence of the formation of methyl ester groups. The final biodiesel met EN 14214 and SNI standards. It shows a promising feature of flow type microwave reactor to produce biodiesel.
Key words: palm oil, methanolysis, biodiesel, microwave, flow reactor.
Introduction
Biodiesel offers many benefits as an alternative energy resource including being derived from a renewable domestic resource, thereby reducing the dependence on petro-diesel, and being biodegradable and non-toxic nature (Datta and Mandal, 2016). The total annual petroleum demand in the world increased from 90.3 in 2012 to 120.9 (million barrels per day) in 2040 with an average annual increase of 1.0% between 2012 and 2040 (USEI Administration, 2016). Further, petroleum fuel combustion has been known as the main reason for climate change and global warming. Annual production of CO2 emissions has increased significantly in recent years. According to projected data, world energy-related CO2 emissions rise from 32.2 billion metric tons in 2012 to 35.6 billion metric tons in 2020 and to 43.2 billion metric tons in 2040(USEI Administration, 2016). Therefore, the demanding needs for a clean-burning and sustainable fuel such as biodiesel is constantly growing to avoid future problem of energy supply.
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2008). Since the mixture of plant based oil, alcohol, and homogeneous base catalyst contains both polar and ionic components, fast heating is observed upon microwave irradiation, and because the energy interacts with the reacting compounds on a molecular level, a very efficient heating can be acquired (Barnard et al., 2007). Microwave heating shows superior performance over conventional methods, where heating can be relatively slow and inefficient due to lack of energy transfer rate by convection currents and the thermal conductivity of the reaction mixture (Koopmans, 2006).
In the present work, preparation of palm oil biodiesel was studied by utilizing a flow reactor and microwave heating. Such flow system is much more suitable for large scale production. The methanolysis was catalyzed by sodium hydroxide and carried out at different flow rates and methanol to oil molar ratios. The resulted biodiesel was characterized for its functional groups, and some physical properties.
Materials and Methods
The refined palm oil was purchased from a local store. The palm oil, methanol 99.8% (Aldrich), sodium hydroxide, and deionized water were used as received. Experiments were performed in a modified Panasonic’s NN-ST 342M model microwave unit, working at frequency of 2.45 GHz and maximum power output 800 W. A coiled glass tube (made of Pyrex, 126 cm in length x 0.635 cm in inside diameter) was installed inside the microwave chamber. The reaction fluid was circulated by a peristaltic pump (MasterFlex).
Transesterification was carried out at fixed parameters for the oil amount of 250 g and catalyst loading of 1% (w/w of the oil). Different flow rates (10, 30, 60, and 90 ml/min) and molar ratios of oil and methanol (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5) were selected for the transesterification reactions. Fig. 1 shows arrangement of microwave reactor for the present experiments. The oil, methanol, and the catalyst were charged into a 1.0 L feed flask and stirred during the experiments. The mixture was flowed to the reactor inlet by a peristaltic pump at selected flow rate until the mixture in the feed flask was empty. The reactor outlet was connected to a product flask. During the reaction, the microwave oven was run with heating set at low-micro power. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was settled in a separatory funnel overnight, and the biodiesel phase (upper layer) was obtained. Finally, the biodiesel was washed with warm water three times, and dried by adding sodium sulphate. The yield of biodiesel was evaluated by gravimetric method. As a comparison, the palm biodiesel was also prepared by conventional technique in a stirred reactor by water bath heating at 60oC for 15, 30 and 60 min. The agitation speed was kept constant at 200 rpm.
The resulted biodiesel was characterized to determine its density, viscosity, water content, acid number, and refraction index. The chemical changes were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer (Model 8400S, Shimadzu) equipped with Interferometer to exclude the effect of moisture and carbon dioxide in the surrounding atmosphere.
Figure 1. Schematic experimental setup (1. microwave oven, 2. feed flask, 3. stirring unit, 4. peristaltic
pump, 5. coiled glass tube, 6. product flask)
Results and Discussion
The reaction mixture was pumped through the coiled glass tube in a single pass. It is essential to determine a precise transesterification time to ensure completion of the reaction. For a flow system, the reaction time corresponds to its residence time, which is determined by the flow rate. Analysis of the
1
2
3
4
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outlet flow indicates that biodiesel was being formed.Fig. 2 shows the biodiesel yield with flow rate for NaOH 1% at different methanol to oil molar ratios. The yield was increased as the flow rate was reduced from 90 ml/min to 30 ml/min, and then the yield was significantly dropped. At flow rate of 10 ml/min, soap formation in the feed tank was observed. It shows that the optimal condition of methanolysis was found at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 5:1 and a flow rate of 30 ml/min which resulted in maximum yield of 93%.
Figure 2. Biodiesel yield at different flow rates and methanol to oil molar ratios.
In the previous work (Marwan et al., 2015), preparation of biodiesel in batch mode microwave reactor resulted in maximum yield of 94-96% for reaction time of 6-10 min, while the conventional heating method gave similar maximum biodiesel yield after 45 min. The maximum yield of 93% in the present work was observed at the flow rate of 30 ml/min. This flow rate was corresponding to residence time of 1.33 min which is much faster than reaction time needed in the batch mode to achieve similar yield. This result is comparable with the residence times of 1.75 min and 2 min found in Choedkiatsakul et al. (2015) and Encinar et al. (2012), respectively. Higher biodiesel yield at lower flow rate was due to long exposure time to microwave irradiation, and simultaneously causing an increase in thermal gradient during the reaction (Encinar et al., 2012). Thermal microwave effects are revealed being dominant for homogenous-catalyzed reactions (Mazubert et al., 2014).
Theoretical molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:3 is required for the reaction, but higher than the stoichiometric value is necessary in practical production to enhance the degree of reaction completion. Moreover, effect of the molar ratio may be a key parameter due to high microwave absorption of methanol (Encinar et al., 2012). Owing to its high dielectric constant (ε = 33) as compared to palm oil (ε = 3), methanol strongly absorbs microwave energy (Choedkiatsakul et al., 2015). In this study, yield of biodiesel reached 88% for the reaction at stoichiometric composition and flow rate of 30 ml/min. Higher yields of 91% and 93% were obtained as the molar ratio was increased to 4:1 and 5:1, respectively. Effect of the molar ratio was more pronounced at higher flow rates or shorter residence times.
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Figure 3. Infra-red spectra of the biodiesel produced in the microwave assisted flow reactor
Quality assessment was performed using physicochemical parameters such as density, viscosity, refraction index, acid number, and water content, and determined according to the EN14015 and ASTM D6751 standard methods. The results are listed in Table 1. The finally obtained biodiesel properties were within the mentioned range of biodiesel fuel standards.
Table 1. Quality assessment of biodiesel produced in the microwave assisted flow reactor
Properties This Work EN 14214 SNI
Density at 15oC 896 kg/m3 860-900 kg/m3 850-890 kg/m3 Kinematic Viscosity at 40oC 5,2 mm2/s 3,5-5,0 mm2/s 2,3-6 mm2/s
Refraction Index 1,44 - 1,45
Acid Number 0,07 max 0,5 max 0,8
Water Content 0,012% - max 0,05%
Conclusions
A flow reactor system with heating by microwave irradiation was adopted for preparation of biodiesel. Refined palm oil was reacted with methanol, using sodium hydroxide as homogenous catalyst. The most influential variable was flow rate, which corresponds to residence time and also temperature gradient of the reaction. The optimal condition of methanolysis was observed at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 5:1 and a flow rate of 30 ml/min which resulted in maximum yield of 93%. This flow rate was corresponding to residence time of 1.33 min which is much faster than reaction time needed in a batch reactor to achieve similar yield. The study also showed that the quality of the produced biodiesel satisfies the European and Indonesian standards; hence, it can provide an alternative. Moreover, microwave heating offers a fast and easy route to this important biofuel with advantages of enhancing the reaction rate, and lowering production cost that making the biodiesel more economically feasible and being attractive to the consumers.
Acknowledgements
Financial support from Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education for Muhammad Furqan and Amzar Arfa through Student Creativity Program, Grant Year 2015 is gratefully acknowledged.
References
Barnard, T. M., Leadbeater, N. E., Boucher, M. B., Stencel, L. M., and Wilhite, B. A. (2007). Continuous-Flow Preparation of Biodiesel Using Microwave Heating, Energy and Fuels, 21: 1777-1781.
650
1150
1650
2150
2650
3150
A
b
so
rb
an
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(
a.
u
.)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Chemistry And Chemical Engineering
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Choedkiatsakul, I., Ngaosuwan, K., Assabumrungrat, S., Mantegna, S., Cravotto, G. (2015). Biodiesel Production in a Novel Continuous Flow Microwave Reactor. Renewable Energy, 83: 25-29.
Datta, A., Mandal, B. K. (2016). A Comprehensive Review of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57: 799-821.
Encinar, J. M., Gonzalez, J. F., Martinez, G., Sanchez, N., Parda,l A. (2012). Soybean Oil Transesterification by the Use of a Microwave Flow System. Fuel, 95: 386-393.
Koopmans, C., Iannelli, M., Kerep, P., Klink, M., Schmitz, S., Sinnwell, S. (2006). Microwave-Assisted Polymer Chemistry: Heck Reaction, Transesterification, Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation, Oxazoline Polymerization, Acrylamides and Porous Materials. Tetrahedron, 62: 4709-4714.
Marwan, Indarti, E. (2016). Hydrated-Calcined Cyrotopleura costata Seashells as an Effective Solid Catalyst for Microwave Assisted Preparation of Palm Oil Biodiesel. Energy Conversion and Management, 117: 319–325.
Marwan, Suhendrayatna, Indarti, E. (2015). Preparation of Biodiesel from Microalgae and Palm Oil by Direct Transesterification in a Batch Microwave Reactor. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 622:
DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/622/1/012040
Mazubert, A., Taylor, C., Aubin, J., Poux, M. (2014). Key Role of Temperature Monitoring in Interpretation of Microwave Effect on Transesterification and Esterification Reactions for Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology, 161: 270–279.
Motasemi, F., Ani, F. N. (2012) A Review on Microwave-Assisted Production of Biodiesel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 4719-4733.
Naureen, R., Tariq, M., Yusoff, I., Chowdhury, A. J. K., Ashraf, M. A. (2015). Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Studies of Sunflower Oil Biodiesel Using Optimized Base Catalyzed Methanolysis. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22: 332-339.
Rabelo, S. N., Ferraz, V. P., Oliveira, L. S., Franca, A. S. (2015). FTIR Analysis for Quantification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced by Microwave-Assisted Transesterification. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 6: 964-969.
Refaat, A. A., El-Sheltawy, S. T., Sadek, K. U. (2008). Optimum Reaction Time, Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Biodiesel Produced by Microwave Irradiation. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 5: 315–322.
USEI Administration (2016). International Energy Outlook 2016 – With Projection to 2040. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2016).pdf
Varma, R. S. (2001). Solvent-free Accelerated Organic Syntheses Using Microwaves. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 73: 193-198.
Chemistry And Chemical Engineering
11
In Situ Transesterification Of Screw Pine (
Pandanus tectorius)
Seed
To
Biodiesel Using Mechanical Stirrer
1,2*Mahlinda, 1M. Dani Supardan, 1Husni Husin, 1Medyan Riza
1School of Doctoral Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdul Rauf 7 Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111
2Institute for Research and Standardization of Industry, Banda Aceh, Jl. Cut Nyak Dhien No. 377 Lamteumen Timur Banda Aceh 23236
*Corresponding Author: mahlinibr_aceh@yahoo.com
Abstract
This research aimed to produce biodiesel from screw pine (Pandanus tectorius) seeds through in situ transesterification using mechanical stirrer. The reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol to seed weight ratio and catalyst loading on the biodiesel yield had been observed. The experimental result showed that the maximum yield of biodiesel obtained was 86,38% at reaction time 240 minutes, reaction temperatur process 65 oC, mass ratio of methanol to seed 25:1, KOH catalyst loading 5% at 400 rpm of stirrer speed. Test result of physicochemical properties (viscosity, density, acid value) showed that these parameters conform to SNI 7182-2012. The analyses of fatty acid methyl ester component by Gas Chomatography–Mass Spectrometry identified five chemical componds in biodiesel that were methyl palmitate (26,43%), methyl linoleate (25,57%), methyl octadec (30,57%), methyl oleate (2,73%) and methyl stearate (14,70%).
Keywords: screw pine seed, biodiesel, in situ transesterification, mechanical stirrer.
Introduction
Biodiesel (Fatty acid Methyl Esters, FAME) is a new energy source that has grown in importance over recent years. Biodiesel name was initially introduced by National Soy Diesel Development Board (recently known as National Biodiesel Board) of United State of America in 1992, which was pioneer of biodiesel usage in motor vehicle (Singh and Singh, 2009). Compared with fossil fuel, biodiesel has many advantages such as renewable, biodegradable, produce lower emission, non-toxic and free from sulphur.. Biodiesel potentially reduces pollution level, environmental pollution and reduces toxic gas generated by motor vehicle (Martini and Shell, 1998; Knothe et al., 2005). Biodiesel usage as fossil alternative fuel could break two main problems, i.e. reducing energy crisis and reducing environmental damage (Refaat, 2010). Biodiesel can be produced from various natural materials such as vegetable oil and animal fat. Biodiesel can be used in compression-ignition (diesel) engines with little or no modifications because its properties are very close to petroleum diesel (Lee et al., 2011; Dermibas, 2009).
Transesterification of oils with short chain alcohol in the presence of a base catalyst is the most common way for biodiesel production process. Many new processes have been developed to to get a more efficient biodiesel production process. Simultaneous processes of in-situ transesterification that combine reaction and separation operations in one unit have been investigated to simplify the biodiesel production process. This process eliminates the requirement of two separate processes of oil extraction and transesterification reaction, thus reducing processing time, cost, and the amount of solvent required (Shuit et al, 2010).
Meanwhile, screw pine (Pandanus tectorius) is one of the promising materials that has not been studied specifically for biodiesel production. Screw pine is one of the mangrove species categorized as a pseudo-mangrove species (Anonimous, 1987). This species has many benefits, not only from the ecological aspects, such as abrasion barrier, but also from a decorative aspect. This family has about 600 known species. These species vary in size and grow along mangroves and in local jungles. The leaves yield strong fibres that are used for making rope and weaving hats and mats (Sheltami et al, 2012; Aditya and Benyamin, 2008). The screw pine fruit is generally ovoid-shaped or globose with a diameter of 4– 20 cm and a length of 8–30 cm. The fruit is made up of 38–200 wedge-like phalanges, which have an outer fibrous husk. Each phalange contains a minimum of two seeds and a maximum of eight seeds (Thomson et al, 2006).
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effect of process parameters, i.e. reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol to seed weight ratio and catalyst loading.
Materials and Methods Material
The major feedstock used in this work was ripe screw pine. It was collected from pandanus trees in Ujung Batee (Aceh Besar district, Aceh Province, Indonesia). The reagent used in the study include methanol technical grade (Merck, 70%), chloroform (Merck, 99%) and KOH pellets (Merck, 85%). The apparatus for in situ transesterification process consisted of mechanical stirrer (SciLOGEX OS20-S), electric blender (Sharp SB-Til72), drying oven (Memmert), rotary evaporator (Laborota 4003), erlenmeyer (Pyrex) and separating funnel (Schott).
The experimental set-up of mechanical stirrer are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Experimental Set-up
Procedure
The seeds of screw pine were collected, cleaned and dried in an oven at 60 C for about 48 h to remove the remaining moisture. The dried seeds were then crushed (particle size, 2–3 mm) in an electric blender. 10 g of crushed seeds was used as the starting material. It was mixed with mixture of methanol (mass ratio 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 and 30:1 w/w), chloroform (1:1 w/w) and KOH catalyst (3, 4, 5 and 6%). The in situ transesterification with mechanical stirrer was carried out at variable speed 200, 400 and 600 rpm. The heat is given by a hot plate at reaction temperature 50, 55, 60 and 65 oC with reaction time 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes. The mixture was filtered and placed in a rotary evaporator to separate off the solvent and co-solvent. The oil fraction separates at 70 C using a rotary evaporator. Then, the remaining mixture was allowed to stand for about two hours, while phase separation occurred by gravity settling with biodiesel on the top and glycerol at the bottom of the bottle. The liquid glycerol phase was removed and biodiesel was dried of the remaining water and impurities on a hot plate at 110 C. The efficiency or yield of in-situ transesterification is defined as the percentage of biodiesel–rich phase over oil content in raw material which is determined by hexane soxhlet extraction. It can be calculated by Eq. (1)
Biodiesel yield (%) =seed mass (g)x oil content (%)Biodiesel mass (g) x 100% (1)
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Result and DiscussionEffect of process variables toward biodiesel yield
The process variables such as reaction time, temperature, solvent mass ratio, amount of catalyst and stirrer speed directly affect to biodiesel conversion. These process variables affect both the yield and the biodiesel characteristics.
Reaction time is one of important factor that can influence the yield of biodiesel. As shown in Figure. 2, it can be observed that as reaction time increased, the yield of biodiesel increased, but at reaction times >240 min. no significant increase in biodiesel yield was observed.
Figure. 2. Effect of reaction times
The maximum yield of biodiesel is 83.38% achieved at 240 minutes of reaction time and stirrer speed 400 rpm. According to Liu and wang (2013) and Leung et al (2010), the reaction time will directly affect the yield of biodiesel. The biodiesel yield increase with increasing reaction time, but excess reaction time does not increase the conversion caused the backward reaction and soap formation, which resulted in reduction of biodiesel yield.
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Figure. 3. Effect of reaction temperatureGenerally, in conventional transesterification requires three moles of methanol for each mole of oil (Meng et al., 2008). In situ transesterification differs from the conventional transesterification, where the extraction and transesterification proceed in one step, the methanol serves as extraction solvent and the esterification reagent, methanol is helpful in dissolving polar lipids and destroying the association between lipids and cell constituent. To study effect of methanol screw pine seed ratio, experiment was carried out with ratio weight of methanol to screw pine seed 15:1 to 30:1. The effect of methanol to seed ratio are show in Figure. 4.
From the Figure 4, it was observed that biodiesel yield increased with increase in methanol ratio and maximum yield 82,91% was obtained at ratio of 25:1. When methanol mass ratio increased up 25:1, the biodiesel yield was decreased a little, but it still maintained on a relatively high conversion rate. In situ transesterification is an equilibrium reaction in which a large excess of methanol is required to drive the reaction to the forward direction. However, the excess methanol mass ratio to seed will slow down the separation process because of glycerin increased in solubility. When glycerin remain in solution, it also makes to drive the equilibrium back to the left, lowering the yield of biodiesel conversion (Komintarachat and Chuepeng., 2010).
Figure. 4. Effect of methanol to seed ratio
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It was found that the biodiesel yield was increased with increasing catalyst concentration and the maximum yield of biodiesel 83,31% is achieved at 5% of KOH catalyst. It was observed that low catalyst loading was insufficient to catalyse the reaction so that the conversion of biodiesel was lowest, but a catalyst loading >5% will decrease the biodiesel yield. Excess catalyst gave rise to formation of an emulsion that increased the viscosity and led to the formation of a gel, lowering the biodiesel production yield, which is possibly due the effect of saponification (Liu and Wang., 2013).
Figure. 5. Effect of catalyst loading
Biodiesel Quality Analysis
The biodiesel obtained through the in situ transesterification was taken to analyzed the physico-chemical properties of biodiesel such as viscosity, density and acid value with the accordance with the testing methode of SNI 7182-2012. The result of biodiesel quality analysis are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Quality Test of Biodiesel from Screw Pine Seed
The viscosity of biodiesel is one of the most important properties that affect the mechanism of atomization in the fuel injection equipment. The viscosity is the resistance to flow of a fluid under gravity; high viscosity means high resistance to flow while low viscosity means low resistance to flow (Allen et al., 1999). Higher viscosity causes poor fuel atomization during spraying, increases carbon deposition on the fuel filter, demands more energy from the fuel pump and wears the fuel pumps and injectors. (Gutti et al., 2012; Meher et al., 2006). In situ transesterification is used to lower the viscosity of any kind of oil. From the result presented in Table 1, the viscosity of the produced biodiesel from screw pine seed was 5,2 mm2/s, this value is compliant with the SNI 7182-2012 standard.
The density of the biodiesel is also a very important parameter, the density values have been used to measure the amount of fuel in the fuel system by a volumetric method. The variation of the density affects the power and the fuel spray characteristics during fuel injection and combustion in the cylinder (Tesfa et al., 2010). Based on the data in Table 1, it can be seen that the density of the biodiesel produced from screw pine seed was 888 kg/m3. This value is in the range of SNI 7182-2012 standard.
Acid value is a measure of free fatty acids contained in a fresh fuel sample and free fatty acids from degradation in aged samples (Refaat., 2010). The acid value of biodiesel is influenced by the type of feedstock used for fuel production and by its degree of refinement. Acidity can also be generated during the production process, for instance, by mineral acids introduced as catalysts or by free fatty acids resulting from acid work-up of soaps. High fuel acidity will cause corrosion and formation of deposits within the engine, particularly in fuel injectors, by catalysing polymerization in hot recycling fuel loops (Refaat., 2009). The acid value of the present study was 0.6 mg-KOH/g. The acid value of the present study was 0,6 mg-KOH/g.
Property Unit SNI 7182-2012 Biodiesel
Viscosity (40 oC) mm2/s 2,3 – 6,0 5,2
Density (40 oC) kg/m3 850 – 890 888
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Figure 6. Chomatogram of BiodieselComponent Analysis of Biodiesel from Screw Pine Seed by GC–MS
Biodiesel samples at optimum conditions were analysed using GC–MS to identify the fatty acid methyl ester composition in screw pine oil sources with the help of the NIST library. The compositions of fatty acid methyl esters are shown in Figure 6. The result of GC–MS analysis shows that the major fatty acid esters from screw pine seed were methyl octadec (30.57%), methyl palmitate (26.43%), methyl llinoleate (25.57%), methyl stearate (14.70%) and methyl oleate (2.73%). These five components are main components of biodiesel.
Table 2. Component of biodiesel from screw pine seed
Conclusion
In situ transesterification of screw pine seeds using mechanical stirrer has been performed. The highest yield of biodiesel from screw pine seeds was obtained of 83.38% in 240 minutes of reaction time, 65 oC of the reaction temperature, 400 rpm of stirring speed, 25:1 (w/w) of methanol to screw pine pine seed and 5% of cataliyst concentration. The viscosity, density and acid value of biodiesel produced conform to the standards of SNI 7182-2012. The GC–MS analyses identified five chemical compounds in biodiesel from screw pine seeds, that were methyl palmitate (26.43%), methyl linoleate (25.57%), methyl octadec (30.57%), methyl oleate (2.73%) and methyl stearate (14.70%).
References
Allen C.A.W., Watts K.C., Ackman R.G., Pegg M.J. (1999). Predicting the viscosity of biodiesel fuel from their acid ester composition. Fuel. 78: 1319-1326.
Adtya H., Benyamin D. (2008). Teknik pembibitan pandan, Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Z. Info Hutan. 5: 255-260.
Anonimous. (1987). Tumbuhan berguna Indonesia. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Departemen Kehutanan RI.
Alptekin E., Canacki M. (2008). Determination of density and the viscosities of biodiesel-diesel fuel blend. Renewable Energy Reviews. 33: 2623– 2630.
Dermibas A (2009). Characterization of biodiesel fuels. Energy Sources, Part A. 31: 889 – 896.
Gashaw., Teshita A. (2014). Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil and factor affecting its formation: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 5: 92 – 98.
Gude G.V., Patil D.P., Grant E.G., Deng S. (2012). Sustainable biodiesel production. (Proceeding). 2nd World Sustainability Forum. 1–14.
Gutti B., S. Shittu., Bamidele., Bugaje M.I. (2012). Biodiesel kinematics viscosity analiysis of Balanite aegyptiaca seed oil. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 4: 432-435.
Knothe G., Gerpen J.V., Krahl J. (2005). The biodiesel handbook. AOAC Press USA
Peak R. Time Area% Name of Components
1 20.516 26,43 Methyl palmitate
2 24.422 25,57 Methyl linoleate
3 24.665 30,57 Methyl octadec
4 24.751 2,73 Methyl oleate
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Chemistry And Chemical Engineering
18
The Adsorption Process of Nitrite and Nitrate Content from Fertilizer
Plant Liquid Waste of PT. PIM by Using Activated Carbon from Coffee
Waste
1*Mariana, 1Mahidin, 1Farid Mulana
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
*Corresponding Author: mariana_hasyim@yahoo.com
Abstract
Waste from fertilizer plant that containing much nitrites and nitrates is very dangerous when discharge to aquatic ecosystems. The existence of excess nitrites and nitrates content in liquid waste can cause the death of aquatic organisms. Recently, the fertilizer industry is treating excessive amount of nitrites and nitrates by using a neutralization process and aeration (called as KPPL Unit). However the treatment is not considered effective and safe for the environment. Alternative methods that can be used to decrease nitrites and nitrates content is adsorption process by using biomaterial with somes advantages including low cost, high adsorption capacity, utilization of waste cake and environmental friendly. The carbon content in coffee can be used as an bioadsorbent to decrease nitrites and nitrates contained in fertilizer waste. In this study, bioadsorbent was activated by using HCl where it is expected to increase the adsorption capacity. This study includes the preparation of bioadsorbent from coffee waste with a variety of process variables to form activated carbon that has a high reactivity and to be applied as biosorbent to treat the wastewater outlet of KPPL Unit of PT. PIM. This research is expected to contribute to the process of separation of nitrites and nitrates from liquid waste which is the most important issue in the plant that must be addressed. Process variable is includes stirring time, pH, amount of adsorbent (g), and the concentration of the adsorbate. The results showed that the highest adsorption efficiency reached 88.9% and the adsorption capacity reached 28.5 mg/g. The process adsorption in this study followed the model of Isotherm Freundlich that assumes the physical adsorption process, with the largest R2 value for nitrite of 0.841 and for the largest R2 for nitrate of 0,862. While adsorption capacity for nitrite (n) as much as 4,81 10-3 and for nitrate (n) 1,54 10-3 and constant (Kf) for nitrite of 2,42 10-6 and for nitrate (Kf) of 2,61 10-4
Keywords: coffee grounds waste, activated carbon, nitrite, nitrate and freundlich
isotherms
Introduction
PT. Pupuk Iskandar Muda Aceh has been done wastewater management in their factory by using neutralization and aeration process. Some physical chemistry and biological processes have been used to remove nitrite and nitrate dissolved in drinking water and wastewater. However the current performed treatment is considered not sufficiently effective and safe for the environment, especially in the handling of high levels of urea in wastewater. Aeration was performed to release a number of ammonia contained in the effluent into the air. Although the content of ammonia in the water outlet of KPPL unit are below the permitted quality standards of KepMen LH No. 51 Year 2004 (nitrat < 0,008 ppm, nitrat < 10 ppm), but when discharged continuously it will accumulate and exceed the quality standards mainly on the outlet KPPL location just before it has spread. Therefore, it is required an appropriate advanced processing methods to reduce the content of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates from KPPL outlet of fertilizer industrial wastewater. But here the researchers focused on decreasing levels of nitrites and nitrates in the wastewater due to nitrate compounds cause several diseases, especially for babies, causing a condition known as methemoglobinemia, also called as blue baby syndrome (Ogata, et al., 2014). And nitrite excess will lead to a decreased ability of marine biota to bind O2. Additionally, high nitrite compounds will also interfere with the process of spending nitrite compounds from the body of marine life (Trobos, 2007).
