The effect of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) on the present perfect tenses achievement of the English Department students of Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya - Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya Repository

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ACHIEVEII{ENT _{TEST SCORES}

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ANOVA CALCULATTON (Achievement _{Test Scores)}

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APPENDIX IX

ANOVA TABLE

Sortrce of Varietion (sr)

Degree of Freedon {df)

Sum of Squares (ss)

Illeen of Squrres {ms)

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APPENDIX X P O S T T E S T

with verbs in the past simple, present p r e s e n t p e r f e c t p r o g r e s s i v e .

. . . E n g l i s h i n H o n g k o n g f r o m 1 9 5 0 _ Your answer : tauqht

1 . ( m a k e ) M r . R i _ c e . . . _{s e v e r a l t r i p s t o J a p a n i n t h e} l a s t ten years.

Your answer :

2 . ( h a v e ) _{T h i s i s the nicest time that I} have been here.

Your answer : F i I I _{i n t h e blanks} p e r f e c t _{s i m p l e , o r} Example :

( t e a c h ) H e . . 1 9 6 5 .

( r a i n ) _{I t . .} Your answer :

Your answers : ( 6 )

( 7 )

B . ( t r y ) _{M a r y . . . t o c a l l} Your answer ;

4 . ( s t e a l ) _{A t t r i e f b r o k e i n t o B i I I , s}

h o u s e a n d TV and his stereo set.

Your answer :

( p l a y ) _{T h e c h i l d r e n a r e} for the last two hours, t i r e d y e t .

Your answer :

6 . ( s e n d ) O u r u n i v e r s i t y ( 6 )

in other countries llst year.

60 students abroad over l-ast

. , . e v e r y d a y s o f a r t h i s w e e k .

a t t h e p a r k . They .. b u t t h e y d o n , t seem

150 students to

I n t o t a l , w e ( Z )

ten years .

3 .

5 .

s i n c e I

hi.s

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study

you several t i m e s t o d a y .

c o r r e c t f o r m . II. _{Put the verb in the brackets into the}

C h o o s e A , B, C, or D.

1. Jane _{: How long} A. have you been B - b e y o u D . C a r o l : Irm not out

a n e w j o b . A. am starting

( 9 . y o u , b e ) o u t o f w o r k ? C . w e r e y o u

are you

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C. have you found

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D . do yoi-firra

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A. have answered B. answered

Your answers :

( e )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( L 2 )

_ D . h a s b e e n u s i n g R i c h a r d : W e l I , i t

A . g o t _{B .} getting

Your answers : ( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

w a s n ' t m e . I have got

I t ' s _{a l l w e t ! A n d i t} day before !

C . h a s used

( L 4 . g e t ) m y o w n . C . g e t _{D . h a v e been}

p a p e r .

2 . R o n : Someone (L3. use) my soap. was wet yesterday _{and the} A . i s u s i n g _{g . u s e d}

4 .

P a t r i c i a _{( L 5 . c o l l e c t )} entered an elementary

A . w a s collecting c o l l e c t i n g

N o w s h e ( 1 6 . c o l l e c t ) where to put them.

telephone _{cards ever} school

-B . i s c o l l e c t i n g C

-s i n c e -s h e

tras been

A . c o l l e c t h a s collected

Your answers :

( l s )

( 1 6 )

M r . R e e d , Susan, s ( L 7 . t e l l ) S u s a n

A - h a s told D . t e l l s

B . w a s collecting _{C . c o l l e c t e d} D . c o l l e c t e d

so many that she doesn't know

C . d i d y o u f i n i s h D . h a v e y o u f i n i s h e d ( L 9 . d o ) t h e l e t t e r t o

typing _{the one toMr. Jones} C. have been doi.ng

D . d i d

employer, dictated four letters and to type them as soon as possible. B . t o l d _{C - h a s b e e n t e l l i n g}

H a l f an hour later he rang Susan's office. , , y o u (Lg. f i n i s h ) _{t h o s e l e t t e r s : f r 6 a s f . e a .}

-A. have you been finishing B . d o y o u finish

W e l l r ' _{S a i d S u s a n , , I} M r . S m i t h , _{a n d I ' f t n o w}

A. was doing B. have done

b u t I ( 2 0 . n o t start) Mrs. Mattews yet.

A. have not started B . d i d n o t start

Your answers : ( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( l s )

( 2 0 )

the ones to Mr. Cummings and

C. am not starting D . d o n o t start

A P P E N D I X X I M A T E R I A L S G E N E R A L I N S T R U C T I O N A L OBJECTIVE

S t u d e n t s _{a r e a b l e t o m a s t e r t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t T e n s e s} S P E C I F T C I N S T R U C T I O N A L O B J E C T I V E S

S t u d e n t s _{a r e a b l e t c , ' i}

A .

t .

z.

3 .

I d e r t i f y _{t h e f o r . ' r s of the present perfect S i r n p l e} I d e n t i f y _{t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t} S i m p Ie .

U s e e i t h e r t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t _{S i m p l e o r t h e p a s t} S i m p r e .

. I d e n t i f y _{t - h e forms of} p r o g r e s s i . v e . I . I < r e n t i f y _{t h e f u n c t i o n s}

P r o g : e s s i v e

. U s e e i + , h e r the present perfect p r o g r e s s i v e _{o r t h e} P r e s e n t P e r f e c t s i m p l e .

PAR- A

P R E S E N T P E R F E C T SIMPLE

R e a d t L e f o l l o w i n g t e x t c a r e f u l l y _{a n d p a y a t t e n t i o n t o} t h e u n d e r l i n e d _{w o r d s I}

E r u . L p R E N A N p T E L E V T S T O N

T l , " r e a r e m a n y k i n d s o f e n t e r + a i n m e n t f o r c h i l d r e n t o d a y . b o o k s , m o v i e . , , g a m e s , and s p o r t s a r e o n l y a few o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s . T e l e v i s i o n _{i s o n e o f} t h e f a v o r i t e k i n d s o f

e n t e r t a i n m e n t . _{I t h a s} ^4i5!eg _{for less than} -a n f i f t y y e a r s , b u t r t Le_s_ ha_d_ a great i n f l u e n c e o n c h i l d r e n S t u d i e s s h o w that e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l

c h i l d r e n _{i n t h e U n i t e d} S t a t e s w a t c h _{t e l e v i s i o n} B . I

z

3

t h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t

o f c h e P r e s e n t P e r f e c t

about twenty five trours a week.

Some people feel that television has had a good influence on children because it offers educational programs for them. One of the best and most popular progr€rm is Sesame. Street.

Children in fifty countries now watch thls program.

Other people feel that television has had a bad influence on children. They feel that there are too many programs about crime and violence, and that even educational programs don't help a ctrild's education.

children simply watch too muctr television, and

therefore, they don't do a 1ot of other things that are important for their education.

1. FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

WeII, what did you The sentences with the colour have ttre following

has existed sentences are in at the fol}owing

1

recognize in the text above ? words typed in the different verb forms :

has had Those

Look

Chart

the present perfect simple. c h a r t s .

you, we, they, Mary and John

have I had

she, it, television,

John

has

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How long

it

it

Has it

Has it

Hasn't it

Has it

What

Who

has has not

not

has has

existed.

existed.

existed?

existed?

existed?

existed?

existed?

existed?

From chart 1 and 2 you have noticed that the Present Perfect Simple is a construction made up of :

have + the pagt participle of the maLn verb

T h e a u x i l i a r y h a v e m u s t a g r e e w i t h t h e s u b j e c t i . e . I, we, you, they, Mary and John

h e , s h e , i t , t e l e v i s i o n , J o h n

Have and has (used as auxiliary verbs, not as main verbs) are usually contracted. with personal prono\rns _{in both} speaking and informal writing. _{Have anO has are often} contracted with nouns and other

speaking but not in writing.

Study these examples: - He has

words in informal

never broken his arms. H e ' s

I have I r v e l'lary has

soup done much travel

never eaten Vietnamese chicken - t'lary' s

The past farticiple often' ends in -ed etc) but mqny important verbs are written, done, etc)

(opened, decided, i r r e g u l a r ( l o s t ,

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

2 . 1 F U N C T I O N 1

Study this time line:

The action happened

here _presenthas a connection with the

x___________x

Past time

Present nohr time _{Future time}

The present perfect _{simple is used to express an action} that _{has been completed before the prejent time. This} action _{happened at an unspecified time i.n he pist, but} has a connection with tha present, _{The exact tine it} happened is not important. rf there is a specitic mention o f t i m e , the simple past is used. e.g. I lost my key last n i g h t .

Examples:

Study the examples be1ow.

- I have_loqt my key. (= I haven't got it now.)

- Peter has gone-to rtaly. _{(- He 1s in itar-y or in his} way there_nsql

O w ! I ' v g c l t m y f i n g e r . ( = I t , s _{b l e e d i n g n o w ) .} Your hair _{looks different. Have yo,r_trggG-Taircut?}

( = I s it better now?)

EXERCISE 1

Prease read this situation _{and then write a suitabre} sentence by using the verb given

E x a m p l e : _{T 9 * i s l o o k i n g f o r h i s k e y . He can,t} f i n d i t . ( I o s e )

A n s w e r : H e h a s ' I o s t _{h i s k e y .} - Oh dear, I've forqotten her

can't _{remember it now )} - Have you eaten? (= Aren,t - Has she__.gegbe5! her hair ? Here some more examples.

A n n ' s h a i ! was dirty. N o w A n s w e r : . . . . .

- Look! Somebody has .solit milk on the carpet. (=Tbe c a r p e t i s dirty n o w ) .

telephone _{number. (= I}

you hungry now?) ( = i s it clean now?)

i t ' s c l e a n . ( w a s h )

w e i g h t 7 5 . ( g a i n

present time future time 1 .

2 .

t s

he Harry was 65 kilograms. Now w e i g h t )

A n s w e r : . . . . .

2 . 2 F U N C T I O N 2 Please study this time line.

past time

The present information Examples:

-perfect _{simple is often used to gi.ve new} or to announce a recent happening.

I ' v e _{l o s t n y k e y . Can you help me look for} i t ?

- Do you know about Tom ? He's qone to ltaly. - Ow ! Irve burnt myself.

Time marker just _{(= a short time aqo) can be used to} announce a recent happening.

E x a m p l e s : - M r . Clark has iust received bad news. - Hello, trave you just arrived ?

- I,ve iust had supper recent happening

Here some more examples.

- ' W i l I you post the letter?, r - 'When are you going to finish

i - - I , r " j u s t finish;d it., - ,hthen will they gel-married?,

T h e y ' v e - i u s t q o t married.'

I ' v e ' i u s t p o s t e d i t . your assigmment?'

EXERCISE 2

Use iust _{in answering the questions with the words} g i v e n .

Would you Iike to eat. (no thank you/ I / j ust/have/dinner ) .

N o t h a n k y o u , I've just had dinner. 1. Would you like a cigarette _{? (no thanks/I/just,/put,zone}

o u t )

A n s w e r : . . . . . A n s w e r : . . . . .

Example :

Answer :

2. Would you like something ( no thanks / I / jusE/ drinkTa

A n s w e r : . . . .

t o d r i n k ?

b o t t l e o f c o k e )

FUNCTION 3

2 . 3

P I e a s e

_{study this time line.}

x

past tine

present now _{time future time}

The present perfect _{simple expresses an idea that} ggmethinq has.never happened ir Vou haven,t

d;;;-Fgnethino during a period _{of timE wtriEn-GntfiG .rp to} the present.

Study these examples:

- It hagn,t rained for three months.

( n o t ' r t doesn,mnths,)

-

{ll has never driven a

car-- I have{r'tcar--smoked siEll IgS_t,tdqek. ( n o t , I _{d o n ' t s n o k J G j n - E ; _ fast week,)}

- He hesn,t written _{to his parents for almost thro} months.

Here

EXERCISE 3 Answer these

Example

Answer

1. When did you A n s w e r : . . . 2. When did she

A n s w e r : . . .

Please study

questions _{using the} : When did you last

( f o r 1 0 y e a r s ) : I h a v e n , t visited

y e a r s .

last drink _{wine ?}

last _{sing on a pub}

2 . 4 F U N C T I O N 4 t h i s t i m e l i n e .

words in brackets.

visit _{your hometown ?}

my hone town for 10

( f o r a long time)

? ( s i n c e last summer) are some more examples:

: :*

aos

+gqa:+g!_any food_since rhis mornins.

-

_sne+gE never gone to Canada.--

I e n a s n ' t p t a r e a tennis foi-a lonq time. - They hqve!..!--1r:!s:i.gg1! me Eince-Gnuary.

-x

I

x--r--x- - -x_ _ _x_ _ _x__

_x_ _ _x___)

t tine

_resent now _{time future}

time

Time markers that can be used for this event are: once,

v I

ti.mes -

{.t* hA_s ggne to the USA for several times.

-

!h: has ftoyrn ol al

airplane-nffi-EiiEEl-- wele_trevclellto

Europe twiEEl

- How many times heyg you lrlsi.tea Niagara falls? - We've had four tests-so EE-ttri.s semester.

Here some more examples:

- How.many times have you presented papers on_semi.nars? - I-'vg p{ese{rte9 papers several times on seminars. - She's deceived me three times recently.

r r e p r e s e n t perfect _{s i m p l e afso expresses} f

" l . a c t i v i t y b e f o r e n o w . The exact ti_me r e p e t i t i o n _{i s n o t important.}

t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f e a c h

Study these exarnples:

I hevg_lrllten_my _{wife a letter} for the last three weeks.

I have met many people since I

every other day

canre here in April EXERCISE 4

Anserer-the questions _{in a complete sentence by using the} words in parentheses.

Example : How many classes have you had so far t o d a y ? ( t w o classes)

Answer _{: I have had two classes so far today.}

1. How many times have you eaten steak at a restaurant since you cane here ? (once)

A n s w e r : . . . . -2. How many test

the semester ? A n s w e r : . . .

Please study t h i s _{t i m e } i n e .}

I

have you taken since the beginning of ( several )

2 . 5 F U N C T I O N 5

X---X

I

now present _time past tine

Study

An event began

continue up to the presentin the past and

future time

even

n

past

_present

these examples:

George has been ill a lot _{in the past few months.} I haven't _{seen Chuck recently- Have you?}

We've. eaten good food in the last few days. Everything _{is going fine. We haven,t had any} p r o b l e m so far.

- It has rained much so far this week. W e u s e the present

p e r i o d of time that p e r f e c t continue s i m p l eup to when we tal-k aboutt h e p r e s e n t .

Here some more exanples.

- It has been very hot in thein the past few weeks.

- W e

- W e

- H e

paFt

bave !.rorked hard sffi

Fave beg! very tired

reggn.Ely.

has studied hard

recentlv.-Study these examples:

- I,ve_ read 10 newspaper today.

( p e r h a p s I'Il _{r e a d r n o r e befire t o d a y f i n i s h e s .} - Harry is visitilg h i s g i r l f r i e n a a i a i . n .

-That's the third _{time he,s visited._[er this week.}

-

lriska-ba+lmprovcg

rnuch thiE-TEitl

- Haye vou had a sarary raiE@srl

- I haven,t _{seen Jererny ttris moining. Have you?}

Here some more examples.

- Has_Tom had vacation this vear?

-

9lr.l:

is getting

a Aoor prize again.

Thatrs the fourth time hl ,s qot a door

v e a r .

- S h e ' s w r i t t e n 5 ( p e r h a p s she'II

p r i z e this

letters todav.

write _{more before today finishes)}

for and

the past and

.The present perfect also, wlien-uEed with

s i n c e , expressesa situation that began in

continues to the present.

Notice _{the difference between for and since.} f o r - - - a d u r a t i o n _{o f t i m e ( t h r e e hours)}

s i n c e - - - a p a r t i c u l a r _{t i m e ( b e g i n n i n g o f d u r a t i o n ) ( 6} o ' c l o c k )

. W e use the present p

m o r n i n g / t h i s evening/today/thii

w e e k / t h i s term,

il-"i;;;;kins)

of speaking presen

s]'nce

t?

Y '

6 o ' c l o c k (beginning _of

hours -

ol

t l

g oiLrocx

( n o w ) for three

( d u r a t i o n )

duration)

s l n c e

sunday ₁₉₆₀

26 April Christmas

January _{I was achild} 7 o ' c l o c k _{S h e a r r i v e d}

Iunch time etc.

f o r

five hours _{eight years}

five minutes _{a long-time}

six days _ages

six months several weeks

a w e e k _{e t c .}

Study these examples:

- It has been cold for five days.

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

- It has been cold since last Monday. (=from Monday until now)

-

the hgg_had_that car for ten years. (= not' since t e n y e a r s ' )

- He has known her_:!cr many years. (=not , since many years )

-

Il:V h?ve liked horror movies ever since hey were k i d s . _{( = n o t ' f o r t h e y w e r e k i d s , )}

We do not use for:. in expression with aII (aII dav/all r n o r n i n q / g l l _{w e a T - k / a l l n v - life.}

" t . . 1

- She's lived in America all her life. ( n o t , f o r aII h e r l i f e ' )

Here some more examples.

- Tom_has__hac! cold for the past week.

- David abd Elaine have known each other since they were at school

- We__haven:! met for ages.

- Bob has been unemployed since January.

EXERCISE 5

Rephrase the following _{sentences using the present} P e r f e c t _{S i r n p l e w i t h for o r s i n c e .}

Examples :

E x e r c i s e _{: I t ' s t h r e e y e a r s since I was last in Rome.} Student : I haven,t _{been in Rome for three years.}

1 .

2 .

E x e r c i s e _{: H e l a s t shaved on January Zg.}

Student _{: He hasn't shaved. since January 29.}

E x e r c i s e _{: H e l a s t p a i d taxes in 19g0.} Student :

E x e r c i s e _{: I t , s t e n w e e k s since I last had} n i g h t ' s s l e e p .

Student :

2 . 6 F U N C T I O N 6

We can also use the present perfect _{simple with alreadv} to sav that something has haipenea ="o"Ei-tiiii'"rp-ected. Study these examples:

-

? ? r ' t f o r g e t t o p h d n e Mr. Jones, wiII you ? I , v e a l r e a d y p h o n e d him.

-When is Jane going Eo move to the new apartment ? She has alreadv moved.

Here are some more examples:

- ' W h y don't you read the novel?, ' I,ve already phoned him., - 'ShaII _{I return}

the book to the library?, - ' N o , Irve already returned them.r

a good

EXERCISE I n t h i s a l r e a d v . Example: E x e r c i s e Student

1 . E x e r c i s e Student 2 . E x e r c i s e

Student 6

exercise _{you have to write sentences with}

D o n ' t f o r g e t to post that letter. I ' v e _{a l r e a d y p o s t e d it.}

: Will _{you submit your assignment tomorrow ?}

: S h a l l I g i v e the waiter a tip ? : N o , I . .

2 . 7 F U N C T I O N ?

e o f t e n u s e shows that the

i s u s e d in

the present s p e a k e r i s questions

p e r f e c t _{s i m p l e w i t h v e t . y e t} expecting _{something to happen.} a n d n e g a t i v e sentences.

Study these examples:

- Have you eaten yet ?

- Has it stopped raining vet?

- Have they qybqritted he assignment yet ? - I. haven't finished my studies

vet.--

llt" h3sn,t.tol.d them about the accident vet-- they haven,t returned the books vet.

Here some more examples: -

the_heS4'.|1gr1t.!9q to me vet. - Has Ana qot a ear_ye.!?

- Have you finished writing that letter vet ?

EXERCISE 7

Answer these questions _{in the} E x a m p l e :

Exercise _{: Have you read} student _{: I traven,t read}

s h o w n . U s e vet.

today's _{newspaper ?}

i t y e t but I,m going to read i t .

1 . J o h n : Have you : 2 . E x e r c i s e :

You

you deposi.ted _{the money at the bank ?}

Have you analyzed the article ?

2 . 8 F U N C T I O N 8

a. The present perfect _{simple is also used after a} s u p e r l a t i v e .

Study these examples:

- What an interesting film ! It,s the most ifrterestinq film _{f 've ever €_se&.}

-

th"'s the r_nost bequtiful qi;f I:lte ever seen. - rtls the biqgeqt_di"tion@

- rt's the most delicious s o t o - r j : e e v e r E n . EXERCISE 8-A

A. comprete ttre answers to these questions. _{use the verb} i n b r a c k e t s .

Example :

Mary : Is it a good novel ?

Y o u _{: Y e s , i t ' s t h e b e s t n o v e l I've ever read}

Mary You Mary You

Is it a cheap watch ? (buy)

: Are they generous persons ? (meet)

2 .

b . _{We also use the present perfect s i n p l e}

w i t h T h i s is

t h i r d t i m e .

, e t c .

Study these examples:

- Totok never got an injection. _{He,s very nervous}

b e c a u s e iFi!, t.he first tine he,s qot an injection.

-: i l " l ^ -: -: r l 1 -: -: t - l " . . b a s

a s a i n . rt,s the third time

stre has lost _{her bag.}

-

W

Jeremy has driven a car.

^rq- \,'l- I v rtstt <i cdr

-

:l:^9":lll

t_]"gk cornf

ortabre- uecause..._1r

ls__Ebs_

f i r s t _{t i m e s h e , s ridden a horse.}

EXERCISE 8-B

B. Now you have to write questions _{and answers as shown} in the example.

Example : ,

J u 1 i a i s p l a y i n g a drama on a stage. She,s not very good at acting, _{she,s very nervous.}

Y o u a s k : _{I s t h i s the first t i i m e y o u , v e p l a y e d a drama on} a stage ?

J u l i a _{: Y e s , I've never played a drama on a stage} b e f o r e .

r

L . _{Douglas is} nervous and

You ask :

p r e s e n t i n g _{a p a p e r on a seminar. He,s very} cannot express his ideas weII.

D o u g l a s : . . . . .

2 ' A n n e i s teaching Engrish. she doesn't look confident a-nd cannot explain clearly.

Y o u a s k : . . _ -A n n e _{: . . _ . .}

3. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

vs

PAST SIMPLE

a. Do. not use present perfect _{simple for happenings or} actions _{which are not connected with the} '-

iresent { f o r e x a m p l e , h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s ) . F o r t h e s e

happenings or actions we use the pastsimple. Study these examples :

- Ebiet G. Ade-g-omposed ,Tetes-tetes _{d o a k a m i , . ( n o t} t h a s composed,)

Y . B : Y 3 " s u n w i j a y a . y r o t e ' B u r u n g - b u r u n g

M a n y a r ,

{ n o t r h a s s r r i t t e n ' t

-How many syurphonies did Beethoven ' h a s . . . composed, )

b . _{We_use the present perfect simple to give new}

compose ? (not

recent happening. But if we normally _{use the past} information _{or to announce a}

we continue to talk _{about it,} s i m p l e .

- A : B : A : B :

- A : B : A : B :

these examples:

9 r ! 1 ' y e c u t . m y s e l f ! ( a recent happening) How did you do that ? (not 'have vou doie,) I peeled potatoes.

took!.Someone _{has burned a hole in the sofa ?} Y e s , _it_-geg John. (not,4gE_bee!:y

How-did h9 do_that : (trot ifugrg,)

He. d_rgpoed cigarette _{on it *t i.fE-ne was} w a t c h i n g television. _{( n o t ' h a s dropped,)}

Look ! Someone has stained _{the carpet ?}

_I_t

was_Tom.

(noE@,t---

--How3!!!_he do it ful

He_ spilt paint _{on it wtrit_e-EE-wEs painting} the w a l l . _{( n o t , h a s s p i l t , )}

c. A conversation _{abut past action often begins with a} question _{and answer.in the present perfe-t}

simple, but normally continues _{in the pist sinpie,}

"rrer, *fr'er, .ro t i m e _ i s g i v e n . This is beciuse the-aci.io"-iii"i'

mentioned- has now hecome rle-finite _{in the nin<ts of t-he} speakers.

Study these examples:

Where_ have you been ? l v e _{b e e n t o the bookstore.}

What, have ygu pAuqht or what did you buy ? ( e i t h e r _{c o u l d b e used)}

L ' v e b q g q h t or I bouqht_a novel.(either c o u l d be used)

Study _ A :

B : A :

- A : B : A :

B :

A: Why3!ir! you buy a novel not a book? B: The price_ggvery _{much reduced.}

- A: Where have you .been ? B : I ' v e been to the-i6vie. A: What was the film ? B : R e t u r n o f N i n i a . A: Did you enjoy;g ?

B : I r e a l l y l o v e d i t .

d. Do not use the present perfect _{simple when you are} talking about a finished _{time in the past (ior}

example: yesterday, _{last night, two weeks ago, in} L 9 6 0 , w h e n they were kids).-Use t h e

p a s t simple.

-

!_tlf_&gnd

his wallet

last niqht.

(not

-

th" broke her televis:.on

( n o t

' h a s b r o k e n , )

yes.Eerllsy.

They moved into a new apartment last month. (not 'have moved, )

She liked _{comics very much when she was a kid.} ( n o t ' h a s I i k e d ,

f i n i s h e d _{t i m e . So we}

u s e

S o w e u s e t h e p a s t s i m p l e . e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t .

present _{p r e s e n t}

o u p h o n e d Mr.

B. Now compare these sentences:

S h e ' s w r i t t e n _{1 0 l e t t e r i S h e w r o t e 1 , 0 letters} v e s t e r d a v .

Y e s t e r d a v is a finished t i m e i n p a s t .

B i I l _{l o s t h i s b a g .}

( H e r e we are thinking _{o f t h e} a c t i o n i n t h e p a s t . W e d o n ' t k n o w w h e t h e r B i I l i s s t i l l w i t h o u t h i s b a g ) .

4 y i s a p e r i o d o f time trich continues _{up to} r e s e n t . I t i s n o t a

F - e r g u s o n this morninq ?

( i-. is s*,-i,.i

iorniGJ-e n n y h a s studiiorniGJ-ed i n u s t r a l i a _{f o r t h r e e}

y e a r s . ( s h e s t i l l s t u d i e s there )

B - i l l h a s lost his bag. ( H e r e we are not thinkinc

f the past action _{; we} a r e t h i n k i n g o f t h e

r e s e n t resuLt of the a c t i o n : h e i s w i t h o u t h i s

g n o w ) .

D i d y o u p h o n e Mr. Ferguson t h i s m o r n i n q ? ( It ii now afternoon)

P e n n y studied in Australia f o r t h r e e y e a r s . _{( S h e no longer} s t u d i e s t h e r e )

EXERCISE 9 A . D e c i d e

Correct w h e t h e r the italicized_{t h e i t a l i c i e e d w o r d s w h i c h a r e wrong.}words RIGHT or WRONG. P r e s e n t p e r f e c t s t r n p l e _{P a s t S i . m p l e}

Examples:

- Y.B. Mangunwijaya has written ,,Burung_burung M a n y a r , .

Answer (right _{or wrong) : wrongl} Correcti.on _{: r,vrote}

- Einstein _{was- the physicist}

who developed the t h e o r y o f relativitv.

Answer (right _{or wr6ng; : ri.ght}

1 . Look at Mary ! She had a hair cut.

Answer (right

or wrong1 :

Correction

:

Answer

. (right or wrong) : Correction :

3. Shakespeare has h,ritten a lot of A n s w e r ( right _{o r w r o n g ) : ...} u o r r e c t i o n _{: . - .}

B.Put the verb into the correct s i m p l e or past sinrple.

E x a m p l e :

2. Daniel has lived in Canada B r a z i l .

Exerci.se : I (not see) him w h e r e he is. Student _{: have not seen}

A : Y o u ( 1 . b e ) h e r e B : Y e s , I ( 2 . s p e n d ) A : Y o u , { 3 . h a v e ) a B : N o , i t n e v e r ( 4 .

Your answers : L .

2 . 3 . 4 .

for five _{years then went to}

p l a y s .

form, present perfect

for three years. _{I wonder}

before ?

m y _ h o l i d a y s here last year. good time ?

s t o p ) r a i n i n g , l _ .

2 - Az He (1'. rose) his job rast month and since then he

( 2 . b e ) o u t o f woik.

P . r l t t v h e ( 3 . I o s e ) h i s j o b ?

A . : _ He (4. be) very rude to Mr. Thomas.

Your answers :

L .

2 .

3 .

4 .

3 .

A : H o w 1 o n 9 t 1 . B : I l Z . k n o w ) A : W h a t s h e ( 3 . B : I t h i . n k she

Y o u r a n s w e r s :

k n o w ) y o u r new secretary ? h e r f o r t h r e e y e a r s .

d o ) b e r - n r e she (4. co.'re ) here ( 5 . b e ) a h o t e l r e c e p t i o n i s t .

PREPAR I IIE-F9B_!H IE(EN CURRY .)

1 .

z.

3 .

4 .

5 .

4 . I _{b e g a n E n g l i s h a t j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l a n d ( L . do) it} f o r t h r e e y e a r s . T h e n I ( 2 . c o n t i n u e ) i t f o r a n o t h e r t . r r e e y e a r s a t s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l there I (3. c a n ) i m p r o v e m y E n g l i s h m u c h b e t t e r . T h e n I ( 4 . drop) i t t o ' : t w o y e a r s a n d ( 5 . f o r g e t ) m o s t o f i t . Then for t h e l a s t t h r e e m o n t h s I ( 6 . s t u d y ) c o m m e r c i - a L English a t a s e c r c t a r i a l _{c o ) - I e g e a t S u r a b a y a .}

Y o u r a n s w e r s : 1 .

2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

PART B

PqESENT PERFEC1 PFCGRESSIVE

R e a d t h a f o l r - o w i n g text caref.:lIy a n d p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e u n c ^ e r l i n e d words

few years _{he moveli to a hotel in}

M r . S u k a r t o h a s b e e n workins _{in tfe} n6Gf-i n d u s t r y _{f o r t h i r t y} f i v e y e a r s . H e h a s _ b e e n w o r k i n q in our h o t e l s i n c e 1 9 8 0 . H e s t a r t e d o f ! a s a c o o k i n f a m o u s l r o t e l i.n J a k a r t a . _{I n t h o s e d a y s}

1 : t e w a s v e r y h a r d ; the hours were long a n d h e d i d n ' t e a r n m u c h n o n e y . After a Y o g y a k a r t a . _{H e w o r k e d}

ingredients

for a ffi

ttt"-.J"r."*ia.re

been

h a l n i n a h i * t r ^ - ! ^ ! r L

h e l p i n q h i m . Most of them has been teachinq th;;;EII.

9:. s1r_nerhaps

one or tn"ffi.-"il,t"iii.

M r . S u h a r t o .

there for several his career he has competitions.

Chart

From chart 3 you have noticed progressive _{is a construction}

Peopre have been cominq to eat at our hoter for many years as his cuisine _{is famous. Now he earns a lot} gf 1o1eV._He has.been teachinq Vo,r"g cooks in our

Training _{Center for {hE-tEEI-?iie years.}

Sometimes he gives lectures _{in a local Hotel icnool.}

Today he is showing some young cooks how he makes :li:k* curry. He has been-prepirinq some of his

years and then came to Surabaya. Duringr won many prizes _{in national}

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

recognize _{in the text above ?} underLined _{words have the}

have been helping h a v e n ' t been working ].. FORM OF THE PRESENT

WeII, what did you The sentences with the following verb forms:

has been working has been coming has been teaching

Those sentences are in the present perfect progressive. Look at the forrowing chart-. pay attention _{to the forms} of the sentences (affirmative, _{iegative, and}

i n t e r r o g a t i v e ) .

that the present perfect made up of:

Again the auxiliary

h a s - - - - f o r _{t r e , s h e ,} has must agree with the subject._{i t , M r . S u k a r t o} h a v e - - - f o r _{I , you, we, they, John and Mary}

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

9 l He

He He

How long has has not h a s n ' t has h a s n ' t has

he he he

been working here been working here been working here been working here been working here been working here ?

F U N C T I O N 1 Studl the f o I l o w i n g

x

t i m e 1 i n e .

I

I X

past t.!rqe

I

I

_____)

l___ _ _ _ _ __)

n o w ( p r e s e n t ' t j . m e ) _{f u t u r e t i m e}

T h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t p r o g r e s s i v e _{i s u s e d t o a s k or say how} I o n g s o m e t h r n g has been-nappening. The action or

s i t u a t i o n _{b e g a n i . the past and is stirr h a p p e n i n g a t the} m o m e n t of speakfng. rt often impries that thl action or s i t u a t i o n w i l l _{c o n t i n u e i n t h e i u t u r e .}

- ;

M a r y i s p l a y i n g t h e p i a n o . She began toplay two hour:, a g o a n d s h e i s s t i l l

p l a y i . n g .

S h e h a s h e e n p l a . r i n q the p i a n o for two h.rurs. (this i s t h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t

p r o g r e s s i v e t e n s e ) .

W e o f t e n use the present p e r f e c t p r o g r e s s i v e _{i n t h i s} w a y , e s p e c i a l l y _{w i t h \ 9 w} l_or!S- f or, and s inqe T h e p r e s e n t p e r f e c t p r o g r e s s i v e c a r r a L s o be u:ed for r e p e a t e d a c t i o n s t h r o u g h a p e r i o d o f . t i m e , usually with how lcnq , and time markers, for, siqsgr__rveg__ggi!__sJs_Ey

dav f o r ( s ev e r a I_ mor

r ths 2'1n-anv--veeEf

.e,

"EiE.r

s- _!1EgF;etc,1

Studv th*e5e examples :

- We have becn catchin:r the bus on the corner everv d a v t . h i s w e e k .

- He has been cominq here every day fo: '.he tg-g!.'-!wo -__ggeks.

- She has been takinq

_ m o t o r c v c l e d a m a q e d . b e c a k e v e r y dav since her - Ho,"r__Ig,Ilg__h.avg _{you been smokinq.}

J

_'Stu

F U N C T I O N 2

T h e p r e s e n t p e r l e c t p r o g r e s s lve is arso used to express_{a n a c t i o l} ( c . . n b e q u i t e a long a-t:on) wtricn ["g." in the F a s t a n d h a s r e c e n L l y stopped or just stopped.

S t u d y t h i s example situation :

Y o u s e e Mary standing by t h e p i . a n o .

Y o u _{: W h a t h a s Mary been} d o i n q ?

J o h n : S h e hes been plavinq t h e p i a n o .

F U N C T I O N 3 dy t h e following _{t i m e I i n e .}

I

x

r e c e n t l y

p a s t time _{p r e s e n t t i r e}now

f u t u r e t i m e T h e p r e s e n t perfect p r o g r e s s i v e , _{w h e n u s e d wi.uhout any} s p e c i f i c _{m e n t i o n o f - t i m e , e x p r e s s e s @}

p r o q r e s s r e c e n t l v , l a t e l v .

S t u d y these examples:

- T h o m F s h3sn,t been feelinq very wqll.

- A l I o f the stu@ _{a l o t o f w o r k} o n t h e i r t h e s i s

-

T 1 " " . h a v e b e e n t h i n k i n q a b o u t m o v i n g into a new c l o r n i t o r y .

- The st:rdents have been preparinq for their e x a m s

3 . P R E S E N T P E R F E C T PROGRESSIVE versus P R E S E N T P E R F E C T S I M P L E

9 r e s e n t p e r f e c t p r o g r e s s i v e _{P r e s e n t P e r f e c t}

S im p l e a . S t u J y this example

s i t u l t i o n :

B o b ' s l r a n d s a r e c o v e r e d with p o l i s h

H e h a s b e e n p o l i s h i n q _{h i s} s n o e s

. , \

-T h i s time, the important t h i n g _{i s t h a t something has} b e e n f i n i s h e d . _{W e a r e}

i n t e r e s t e d _{i n t h e r e s u l r s o f} the action

i.tsetr.-_---_-._..--B o b ' s s h o e s w e r e d i r t y . N o w t h e y are clean and s h i n y .

H e h a s p o l i s h e d h i s s h o e s

Present Perfect progressive _{P r e s e n t p e r f e c t}

S i m p l e lfe use the progressive

form to say how long something _{has been} happening:

- Bill _{has been studying} a l l d a y .

- How long have you been playing _{the piano?} - Arnold has been lying

in the sun since twelve noon.

We use the simple form to say how much we have done, trow many things we have done or how many times we have done something:

- BilI has studied ten books today.

- How many songs have you played _?

- Arnold had laid in the sun three times tbis w e e k .

With certain verbs t h e r e i s little o r the two tenses when

(most notably n o d i f f e r e n c e s i n c e o r for

I i v e , w o r k , teach) in _{meaning between} i s u s e d .

- I have been living here s i n c e 1 9 6 0

He has been workingr at the same factory for fifteen y e a r s .

- I have lived here since 1 9 6 0

- He has worked at the sa.me factory _{for fifteen}

years. Some verbs are not used

examples verbs of mental in the progressiveactivity or mental form, s t a t e : for

I have been knowJn

our teachar basn't been

understandinE-ril-many years .

f o r ages.

You have to sav:

- I have known him for many y e a r s .

- I havenrt seen hinr for altes.

- Our teacher hasnit understood us.

EXERCISE 10

Now please do this exercise.

Use the Present perfect _{Simple or the} Progressive. _{Ln some sentenles, either} with little _{or no change in meaning,}

Exanple :

Present Perfect tense may be used

John : You (1. be) atrle to reach Jim on the phone yet ?

1 .

2 .

Mary : Not yet.

! \Z: try) for the last twentv

minutes, but the rine 1s. b") ;".i1*..-'

Your answers :

1. have you been 2. have been trying 3. has been

The telephone (ring) _for someone answer it ?

Your answer :

G a i l : y o u ( 1 . hear) the engaged !

Paul : That,s not new. I Your answers :

1 . 2 .

?ll::t,T:

:?*ins_throush lhe park with ny sirr

f:-t:"g-]"::

":gh:,

a man snatched

il.";;

;I#';:.

hand and (1. runl'.r".r- -r-7;--:::\'rsr t'cre rr'()ru ner l r a z . r , , ^ ^ : ! , - - , . a y a y . _ f { 2 . c a n ) n o t r u n a f t e r h i n

almost a minute. _{Why doesnit}

news ? David and pamela are ( 2 . know) it for ages.

be) too dark to leave ner afone.-fn"

catch) him yet.

b e c a u s e it (3.

p o l i c e _{( 4 . not} Your answers: 1 .

2 . 3 . 4 .

I g r - - : l h e j u s t ( l . s e r r )

S h a I I y : S h e ' s l u c k y . I ( Z

-I ( 3 . n o t s e -I -I ) a Your answers :

1 . 2 . 3 .

3 .

4 . _two-of

her own paintings. paint) _{for three years and} single picture yet.

5 .

S!" (1. work) so hard this week

time to go to the hair aresseii

Your answers :

1 .

2 .

that _{she (2. not have)} s .