AMERICAN SOUTHERN DIALECT OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN RACE TO WITCH MOUNTAIN.

American Southern Dialect of the Main Character

In Race to Witch Mountain Movie

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana

Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Faridatul Hasanah

Reg. Number A93212185

ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

ABSTRACT

Hasanah, Faridatul. 2016. Ameican Southern Dialect used by the Main Character

in Race to Witch Mountain, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Pd.

Key Term : Language Variation, American Southern Dialect, Phonological

Features, Grammatical Features, Vocabulary Variation.

This Research focuses on analyzing one of American English (AE) Dialect, which is used by Jack Bruno in a movie “Race to Witch Mountain”. Moreover, the two statements of problems in this research. First, the researcher intends to describe the pattern of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno, so that the researcher can classify it easily. Second, the researcher analyzes it

more deeply to know the effect of using American Southern Dialect in Race to

Witch Mountain’s movie.

In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative method, so that the main instrument of this research is the researcher herself. Moreover, the data source derived from Jack Bruno’s movie “Race to Witch Mountain”. Further, the steps of collecting the data are don’t loading the transcript, watching the movie, focusing on main character (jack Bruno), sorting all dialect, making a table put all the data. Then, the researcher analysis the data throw classifying it and putting it into table and the last is making conclusion.

The finding of this research is the researcher found some American southern dialect, which is use by jack Bruno. However, tended to use his dialect with aliens because of solidarity.

However, the researcher suggests for further researcher, related to research of American southern dialect, to analyze deeper, because this research more or less need to refine.

INTISARI

Hasanah Faridatul, 2016. AmericanSouthern Dialect Used by the Main Character

in Race to Witch Mountain Movie, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Pd.

Key Term : Language Variation, American Southern Dialect, Phonological

Features, Grammatical Features, Vocabulary Variation.

Penelitian ini fokus untuk mengkaji pada dialek Inggris-Amerika (IA), yang

digunakan oleh Jack Bruno dalam film “Race to Witch Mountain”. Selain itu ada

dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama, peneliti bermaksud untuk menggambarkan pola dialek Amerika Selatan yang digunakan oleh Jack Bruno. Dengan bergitu, penelitian ini bisa mengklasifikasikannya dengan mudah. Yang kedua, peneliti mengkajinya lebih dalam untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan dialek Amerika Selatan di film “Race to Witch Mountain”.

Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan teori kualitatif dari metode deskriptif. Jadi, instrument utama dari penelitian ini adalah peneliti itu sendiri.

Selain itu, sumber data yang berasal dari film Jack Bruno dengan judul “Race to

Witch Mountain”. Selanjutnya, cara untuk mengumpulkan data: download

transkrip. menonton film, memperhatikan dan focus pada karakter utama (Jack Bruno), menyortir semua dialek, membuat table untuk meletakkan semua data. Kemudian, peneliti mengkaji data yang sudah diklasifikasikan dan dimasukkan ke dalam tabel, dan yang terakhir membuat kesimpulan.

Hasil dari penetilian ini adalah peneliti menemukan beberapa dialek Amerika Selatan, yang digunakan oleh Jack Bruno. Bagaimanapun, Ia cenderung menggunakan dialek dengan aliens sebagai solidaritas.

THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vi

EXAMINER’S APPROVAL SHEET ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... viii

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED OF LITERATURE 2.1Language ... 10

2.1.1Language Variation ... 10

2.1.2 Kinds of Language Variety ... 11

2.1.3 The Classification of Language Variation ... 14

2.1.4 Socio-situational Factors and Language Varieties ... 17

2.2 Dialect ... 17

2.2.1 Phonological Features ... 19

2.2.2 Grammatical Pattern ... 21

2.2.3 Vocabulary Variation ... 22

2.3 Standard American English (SAE) ... 22

2,3.1 Northern English ... 24

2.3.2 Midland English ... 24

2.3.3 Southern English ... 24

2.4 Previous Study ... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design ... 29

3.2 Subject of the Research ... 30

3.3 Research Instrument ... 30

3.4 Data ... 30

3.5 Data sources ... 35

3.7 Technique Data Analysis ... 32

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DICUSSIONS 4.1 Findings ... 33

4.1.1 Dialect ... 33

4.1.1.1Phonological Features ... 34

4.1.1.2 Grammatical Pattern ... 59

4.1.1.3 Vocabulary Variation ... 68

4.2 The Effect of Jack Bruno Best on American Southern Dialect .... 69

4.3 Discussion ... 72

CHAPTER V CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 75

5.2 Suggestion ... 77

REFERENCES ... 80

APPENDICES 1

APPENDICES 2

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher explains about the background of the study,

the statement of problems. Objective of the study, significance of the study, scope

and limitation, and the definition of key terms.

1.1Background of the Study

From every beginning of human being‟s life, everyone-old and young speak

in many different languages. Since human were born, everyone has already used

language especially when they learn to speak. Language is a system of visual,

auditory or tactile symbols of communication and the rules used to manipulate

them. Language can help people do their daily activities, in any situation and

condition. Language as a means of commutation is used to share human ideas,

knowledge, and feelings. Human stars to learn something by using language and

cannot live without making any communication with others. Therefore, it can be

said that language is the principal means used by human beings to communicate

with one another is primarily spoken, and even it can be transferred to other

media, such as movie.

Language variation does not equate with language ungrammaticality, but

speakers are still (often unconsciously) sensitive to what is and is not possible in

2

Sociolinguists investigate whether this linguistic variation can be attributed to

differences in the social characteristics of the speakers using the language, but

also investigate whether elements of the surrounding linguistic context promote or

inhibit the usage of certain structures (wikipedia, 2016). Language variation is a

specific linguistic items or human speech pattern (e.g. sound, words, grammatical

features, etc.) which is uniquely associated with some external factors, such as a

social group (Wardhaugh, 2010). The other factor of language variation is

geographical area. It is dialect (O‟Grady et al., 2001).

Dialect is a variety of language spoken or written by a group of people.

Dialect spoken by people in different regions is called regional dialect. Whereas,

dialect which spoken by different groups in society is called social dialect or

sociolect. Sociolect are based on social factors such as education, age, sex, etc.

And Also, Schilling Estes (2006) found that dialect is used to refer to an entire

language variety, with features on all levels of language patterning, an example,

phonology, grammar, and the lexicon. As in the sound, the word movie is uttered

differently between British and American speaker. British pronounce movie as

/‟mu;vi/ and American pronounce movie as /‟muvi/. Then, as the word, British

talk about knock up means „rouse from sleep by knocking‟, while people in

American English call the word knock up means „make pregnant. As the

grammatical, speakers of African-American English (AAE) tend to I had some

lunch but in Standard American English (SAE) I didn‟t have no lunch. American

ask did you taken a bath? While the English ask have you taken a bath? And also

3

used to in particular group and shaped by regional origins also socio economic

background and distinguished by phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.

The study of linguistic make use of the concept of the „linguistic variable.‟

One simple linguistic variable in English in pronunciation of the final sound in

words like spending, running, listening, thinking, and talkingare usually

pronounced spendin’, runnin’, listen, thinkin’, and talkin’. It‟s called linguistic

features which are final sound (ng) with its two variations dropping -ing in

phonological feature. The dropping -ing for instance, the sentence such as „He

was singing in the rain,‟ „Running is fun‟ „it‟s a fishing boat,‟ and „are you

going?‟are usually pronounced „He was singin’ in the rain,‟ „Runnin’ is fun‟ „it‟s a

fishin’ boat,‟ and last „its goin’?‟. Then the grammatical feature sometimes the

people says ‘people is’ the Standard English the people must uses „people are‟.

Vocabulary variation is saying in the different word but in the same meaning so

that‟s way the researcher is going to analyze the dialect variation within the main

character in Race to Witch Mountain movie based on the phonological features,

grammatical features and vocabulary variation to find out the pattern and the

effect in language variation. There are some American movie that show a dialect

of some characters. on of them Race to Witch Mountain.

Race to Witch Mountain is a 2009 science fiction/thriller film and a remake

of the 1975 Disney film Escape to Witch Mountain, which is based on the

1968novel of the same name by Alexander Key. The film is directed by Andy

4

Hinds, and Carla Gugino. Filming began in Los Angeles in March 2008. It was

released on Marxh 13, 2009.

There are ten characters in Race to Witch mountain movie, they are Jack

bruno, Sara, Seth, Henry Burke, Dr. Alex Friedman, The Siphon, Harlan‟ a friend

of Alex‟s, Eddie Cortez, Pope, William J. Birnes the host of UFO Hunters,

Whitley Strieber.

Dwayne Johnson as Jack Bruno who is a Las Vegas cab driver, a

former convict. The director wrote in a cab driver as a main character because

there was a unique relationship between the driver and his passengers. Fickman

explained, "When Dwayne's driving and two aliens appear in his cab, he's stuck

with them, there is an implied contract that I will get you to your destination,

because that's what he does”. This is Dwayne Johnson's second Disney film, the

first one being the 2007 family comedy film. the Game Plan, also directed

by Andy Fickman.

In the present study, most of the researchers about dialect were done in

undergraduated thesis as Rika Santika (2014) she has successfully research about

dialect in the written text. Focused on the data of literary works from United

States whereas the previous research takes the data from England. And the

research also still used same kinds of literary works in the novel.

In the other hand, Language variaton seems to be rapidly by Navita (2016)

concluded that language is the most important as a tool to verbal communicate in

5

also found in the Journal of English Linguistic (2009) by Thomas et al, puts that

the findings of a few acoustic and other characteristics trigger a specific national

perception of Palin‟s verbal behaviour.

After reviewing some previous research about dialect, the researcher tries

to analyzed “American Sourthern Dialect of the Main Character in Race to Wich Mountain”. The reseacher took the sourthern dialect in that movie because one of the actors in that movie has uniqueness and strange language of the

pronunciation. namely is Jack Bruno.

Overall, the researcher found the result of the pattern dialect in Race to

Witch Mountain that consist of three features they are, phonology feature,

grammatical features, and vocabulary variation used by qualitative method. The

researcher takes the transcript in “Race to Witch Mountain” movie as the data for my research. To found the analysis, the researcher looking for the utterances,

the word and the dialogue that consist of phonology feature, grammatical feature,

and vocabulary variation used by Jack Bruno as the main character in „Race to

Witch Mountain’ movie. In this analysis, the dialect is aim at southern because the

setting of this location of this movie Los Angles, south California part of United

Stated. There are some southern including south area, they are:at the At-lantic at

the southern border of New Jersey, West Virginia, and the heading south thought

North California, South California, and Midland.

The result of this research display what is features of phonological feature,

6

used by the main character in Race to Witch Mountain movie. And also how use

the feature and prove about the effect of American southern dialect that used by

the main characters.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Based on the background of the study written above, the writer

proposes to analyze dialect used by Jack Bruno in ‘Race to Witch Mountain’

movie. The research problem can be formulated as follow:

1. What are the patterns of American Southern dialect used by Jack

Bruno in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’?

2. What is the effect of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno in

movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’?

1.3 Objective of Study

Based on the research problem above, there are two objectives of the

study, as follow:

1. To describe the pattern of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno

in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain.

2. To find the effect of American Southern dialect used by Jack Bruno in

7

1.4 Significance of the Study

The aim of this research to give contribution to enrich linguistic

lectures source in teaching about language variation especially in American

dialect, they can use this research as example of patterns of American

Southern dialect used by main character in‟ Race to Witch Mountain‟ by Jack

Bruno. In addition, also prove effect of the dialect in this movie.

1.5 Scope and limitation

The researcher focused on main characters‟ dialect of “Race to Witch

Mountain” movie by Jack Bruno (phonology features, grammatical patterns,

vocabulary variation) of American Southern dialect that used by the main

character (Jack Bruno) in Race to Witch Mountain movie. One might address

the weakness if this research is the object derived from written text not

spoken text and the text got the transcript from the movie. So that‟s why this

research cannot find the vowel, intonation and etc.

1.6 Definition of key term

The researcher provides the definition of key word of this study

which is avoiding the misunderstanding and misunderstanding, some of

definition as follow:

8

variation is become the natural part which happen in human language

that influenced by several factors such as socioeconomic status, region,

and ethnicity, age, level, of education and other.

2. Dialect is a variety of a language that is distinguished from other

verities of the same language by features of phonology, grammar, and

vocabulary, and by its use by a group of speakers who are set off from

other geographically or socially.

3. American Southern dialect is a dialect are spoken throughout the

southern United Stated, southern, including those areas souths and east

of a line starting at the At-Lantic at the southern bonder of New Jersey

and heading westward almost to West Virginia, and then heading south

though North California and south California; and Midland, including

the area between the Northern and Southern areas.

4. Phonology feature is features that consist of vowels, diphthongs and

syllable.

5. Grammatical features are features that consist of using special

grammar like auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing,

preposition verb omitting, about to, and ya‟ll.

6. Vocabulary variation is features that consist of special vocabularies

9

7. Jack Bruno is an actor in Race to Witch Mountain movie and his real

name Dwayne Douglas Johnson. He is as a Las Vegas cab driver in

that movie.

8. Race to Witch Mountain is a film by Jack Bruno published in march

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

These chapters‟ present theories used to analyze data. There are four

subchapters in this chapter, they are definition of language, Dialect, and Standard

American English.

2.1 Language

Language is many things a system of communication, a medium for

thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for

political controversy, a factor in nation building. All normal human being

speak at least one language, and it is hard to imagine much significant social

or intellectual activity taking place in its absence. Each of us, then, has a stake

in understanding how language is organized and how it is used. (O‟Grady,

1989:1)

2.1.1 Language Variation

Actually variety is a sociolinguistic term referring to language in

context. In other word variety is a set of linguistics forms used under

specific social circumstances (Holmes, 1992). It means that the variety is a

set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances, with a

11

term include of different accents, different linguistic styles, different dialects

and even different language which contrast each other.

The language variations can be found in the different speech

communities. Speech community is a group of people who speak common

dialect. Some communities will select different dialect of a language in the

different context in which they are speaking. The speech community it can

be involve of the student in the certain community.

2.1.2 Kinds of Language Variety

A variety of language based on the users

1) Idiolect

According to Fromkin (2007, p.409) Idiolect is the language

variation which used by an individual. The speakers have a variety in

their language that can make some differentiates among of them. In

other word language variation is variety of language spoken by each

individual speaker of the language. One speaker may have different

particular variety in their language which relate to the voice, diction,

language style etc.

2) Dialect

Dialect is a variety of language spoken or written by a group of

people. Dialect spoken by people in different regions is called regional

12

called social dialect or sociolect. Sociolects are based on social factors

such as education, age, sex, etc. (Fromkin, 2007)

Many linguistics said that dialect is a collection attributes such

as phonetic, phonological, syntactic, morphological, semantic which

make one group of speaker have different of the other group of speaker

although they speak in the same Language.

a. Variety of language base on the use of the language (register)

According O‟Grady (1976, p.351) states that register is

refer to the use of the language or the function of the language

itself. Register is also the term which refers to language that used

by several groups of people with common interest or jobs, or the

language used in situations associated with such group.

This variety divides into some types as follow:

1) Journalistic variety of language

The characteristic of this variety are simple, communicative

and brief. It is simple because it must be understood easily,

communicative because it delivers news precisely and brief

because there is limited time and column (wikipedia, 2016).

2) Military variety of language

This variety is known as a resolute and brief language.

13

The scientific variety of language must be clear, efficient

and not ambiguity.

4) Literature variety of language

According (wikipedia, 2016). It is usually used by literary

men. The use of this variety is stressed on esthetic side such as

poem, and another literary work.

b. Variety of language base on formality

This term divides into five types; they are:

1) Frozen language variety

Frozen language variety is language the most formal variety

which usually used in a formal ceremony, official and solemn

atmosphere.

2) Casual language variety

It is used in daily activities and non-formal situation. In

addition, this variety is usually used in the casual situation.

3) Intimate language variety

This variety used in a close relationship between users of

language. It can be a close friend, family or the others. Usually

the student uses this language in their gossip.

14

Gleason (1963, p.367) variety in terms of facilities

language variation in terms of facilities in view of the means used.

Variety language consists of two parts:

1) Variety of spoken language

This variety is caused by the speech organ. It also called by

oral language variety. It is delivered and supported by

non-linguistic factors such as intonation, gesture, and other

supra-segmental features.

2) Variety of written language

Written variety of language must be conducted completely. There are non-non-linguistic factors that influence it.

Moreover, this variety is used punctuation symbols.

2.1.3 The Classification of Language Variation

There are two kinds of language variation in this term as follow:

a. The social language varieties

It means that the language variation happens in the social

circumstances that relate with the users, participants, social setting and

function of the interaction. Divide into three language variation, they

15

1) Slang

Slang is very informal language that usually used by youth people

or teenagers in the informal setting but sometime the old people used

it in their conversation. It is usually has changing every time, it means

that the vocabulary in slang is always new and secret language that

applied in one community but the outsiders may know about the

meaning of it. Slang consists with the non-standard words and phrases

in a given language.

Slang has been defined as one of those things that everybody can

recognize and no one can define. The use of Slang language

introduces many new words into the language by recombining old

words into new meaning (Fromkin, 2003).

There are some reasons why the people in one community use it

but the main reason is they want to be different from other which

include of the social identify of cohesiveness within a group or with a

trend or fashion in society at large.

2) Argot

Argot is variant of language that used by the community in the

certain job, profession or social class and more secret (Matttiello, p.6)

because it more secret language the outside or people except the

community do not know and not understand about the meaning of it.

16

by non-standard vocabulary which used by group of community in

common interest, isolation, or their opposition to authority.

3) Jargon

Jargon is the special or technical vocabulary in certain occupation

(Akmajian, 1995) Other definition said that jargon is speech usually

associated with or used within a particular occupation, hobby, or

sport. It means that jargon is the technical term which usually used by

people in certain occupation, hobby, field, sport (Jannedy, 1994) and

so on that may know by the outside people. Everyone in every job and

every field has some language in term. For example, in technological

term we know „soft-ware” but never find this term in the medical

term. Besides, people who work in the medical field know what the

meaning of “soft-ware” is.

b. The Regional Language Varieties

Regional dialects are Language varieties that are defined in terms

of geographical boundaries. In other word, regional dialect is the

language variety that used by people in the different region. The study

that explains about the regional dialect is called by dialectology. The

boundaries of areas where a particular linguistic form is used are

marked by lines called isoglosses (Jannedy, 1994). This term is

including of the language variety that base on the users which have

17

Jannedy (1994) stated that the information of U.S. regional dialect

in part has its beginnings in England as speakers from various regions

of England Journeyed across the Atlantic and settled the Eastern

seaboard of the United Stated. Dialectal boundaries still present today is

reflected in these earliest settlement patterns. Settlers from eastern

regional of central and southern England settled in eastern New

England the Virginia Tidewater area.

2.1.4 Socio-situational Factors and Language Varieties

O‟Grady (1976) stated that Socio-situational factors and variation in the

using of the language is influenced by linguistic and non-linguistic factors.

Non-linguistic factor involves social factor. Social factors that influence the

uses of language consist of social status, education level, age, gender and

other. Whereas, Situational factors consist of: who is speaking, what

language, to whom, when, where and on what issues.

2.2 Dialect

Dialect variation is a part of language variation. It is a regional or

social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic,

and lexical properties (O‟Grady et al, 2001). Also, Schilling Estes (2006,

p.312) found that dialect is used to refer to an entire language variety, with

features on all levels of language patterning, for example, phonology,

18

Britain and Australian may speak different in phonology, grammar and

vocabulary to speak English.

According to Wardhaugh (1977), dialect is a “variety of a language

associated with a particular group of speaker and mutually intelligible with

other varieties” (p. 221). It means that dialect is a specific attribute that

differentiates one way of speaking from other‟s. dialect may specify the

person using it since dialect appears quite uniquely to one‟s ears. Sometimes,

one dialect may share a similar attribute with another dialect and other

verities. It makes a dialect has a great relation with other varieties.

The term dialectology is used to refer to the study of regional dialect.

Modern dialectology got its start in Europe about century ago as a result of the

interest of historical linguist in observing the spread of sound change. This

early work was principally concerned with phonology. Later work has

considered other aspects of language, but phonology is still the greatest area of

concentration, with the lexicon in second place. Dialectology has been

comparatively less interested in morphology and syntax. O‟Grady (1976,

p.327)

The work of dialectology is often published in form of article, but the

most character form for the result of their investigation is the dialect atlas. A

dialect atlas contains numerous map that exhibit regional in a language. The

boundaries between dialect (and subdialect) are represented on these map by

19

one feature (usually phonological or lexical) these lines are meant to indicate

hat with respect to the feature of features in question, people on one side share

one variant while those on the other share a different one. (Aronoff, 1976).

Dialect has parts of linguistics features. The linguistics features are

studying the variable of linguistics. Wardhaugh (2006, p.143) stated that

linguistic variable is a linguistic item and it has identifiable. The variable its

self is included the phonology features, grammatical variation, and vocabulary

variation.

2.2.1 Phonological Features

There are many different sounds in single language. As competition of

“r-less” and other dialects which illustrates phonological difference among (Hyams and Rodman, 2003). The linguist adds, there are many difference

among the dialects of American English. Hyams and Rodman (2003. P.450)

claimed to illustrate the different sound of English by reference to word in

which sounds occur. For instance, some readers pronounce Mary, marry,

and merry in the same, others pronounce the three words differently as /mӕri/ and /mԑri/; and still others pronounce two of them.

From difference phonology features; we can find the regional dialect

where a person comes from. As the example /h/ is pronounced at the

beginning of both head and herb in British dialect. Whereas in American English dialect it is not pronounced in the second word. Then, in English

20

American, such as house, pronounce /aws/, and hero, pronounced /iro/ (Hyams and Rodman, 2003).

According to (Wardhaught, 2006) stated that structure of phonology

features that have varieties of vernacular varieties in Unites Stated such as

verb -ing dropping. In this research, the researcher looks the utterances of verb -ing dropping used by Jack Bruno in Race to Witch Mountain movie. There are eight features of phonology that appear in the movie they are, -ing

ending, [d] dropping, [h] dropping, [th] dropping, [t]dropping, [be]

dropping, vowel changing, contacting pronunciation. One of the example is

-in ending. For example, of -in ending in the movie

No The dialogue Time

1. Jack are your parents gonna be OK, with you

guys spendin’ all this money?

(00:13:19,879)

-->

(00:13:27,719)

The –in pronunciation is also featured in Jack Bruno‟s dialogs which represent the distinctive dialect. It is by simplifying the pronunciation of the

21

In this case, sound can also identify the social class of the speaker. A

linguist Labov (1972b) provided the example of sound that identifies the

social class where is the person belongs to. For instance, the pronouncing

car and cart in New York City in their r-less verities are identified people as using a type of pronunciation associated with lower-class speech in that city

(Wardhaught, 2003).

2.2.2 Grammatical Pattern

Dialect also is very grammatical pattern. Wardaught (1977) states

that “grammatical differences among dialect are largely morphological in

nature” (p. 221). Added that the variation of using vernacular form of

grammar in the present tense verb forms, for example: Irfan go to mosque

every day (Holmes, 1992, p. 160). There is also that the variation can be

found in the use of past tense verb form, for example: the flies was

making… (Holmes, 1992). According to O‟Grady (1976, p. 331) stated that

southerner speech has special meaning in their grammatical such as

auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing, preposition verb omitting,

ya‟ll, might could, „about to‟ like (fixing to). One of the example the

grammatical pattern used by Jack Bruno is auxiliary verb changing.

For example, auxiliary verb changing

No The dialogue Time

22

1 -->

(00:55: 22,815)

Jack Bruno used is in people’s fears began to rise. As the Standard English, the correct grammar in that sentence is people {are} fears began to

rise. The verb of {is} is used to the subject he, she, it and the name of person, or the singular person. Sometime Jack Bruno used are as Standard English.

2.2.3 Vocabulary Variation

There are vocabulary differences in the verities spoken in different

region too. For example, people take lift to the first floor (out second floor) in England, but an elevator in the United States. Using word can also identify the social class of people. In England, in the 1950s shows that use

of sitting room (upper-class speaker) is different from lounge the rest (lower-class) and referred to the lavatory (upper-class) rather than the toilet

(lower-class) Holmes. 2012).

2.3 Standard American English (SAE)

The standard dialect in the United States is called Standard American

English (SAE), as with any standard dialect, SAE is not a well-defined

variety but rather an idealization, which even now defies definition because

23

single unitary, homogeneous dialect but instead comprises a number of

varieties. Jannedy (1994, p.369) When we speak of SAE, we usually have in

mind features of grammar more than pronunciation. In the United States,

where class consciousness is minimal, pronunciation is not terribly important.

Thus, there are varieties of SAE that are spoken with northern accents, etc.

But that are still considered standard. This is not to say that we do not make

evaluations of speech based on accent, because we do. But we seem to be far

more “tolerant” of variation in accent than we are of grammatical variation.

Compare, for example, the varieties of English spoken by Connecticut native

George Bush, Arkansan Bill Clinton, and Texan Ross Perot in the 1992

presidential debates. Most would agree that all three are speakers of SAE.

And yet they all speak with distinctly different accents.

According (O‟Grady, 1976) stated Generally speaking, the study of

American dialectology has proceeded like the settlement of United States

itself, from east to west. The most extensively published studied and the most

certain generalization concern the eastern seaboard and adjoining states. Here

was find three major dialect areas: Northern, encompassing the area north of a

line running westward from central new Jersey thought northern

Pennsylvania; southern, including those areas south and east of a line starting

at the at-lantic at the southern border of New jersey and heading westward

almost to West Virginia, and then heading south thought North Carolina and

south Caroline; and Midland, including the areas between the northern and

24

(Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts and

Connecticut as a major sub-area.

2.3.1 Northern English

O‟ Grady (1976, p.331) stated The northern dialect is set off by use of

such vocabulary terms as pail rather than bucket, angleworm for earthworm,

and pit rather than seed in a cherry. Phonologically it has a phonemic distinction between the vowels in morning, /s/ in greasy, and /u/ in root.

Eastern New England is set off from the rest of the Northern dialect by the

loss of postvocalic /r/ (i.e.,/r/ when not before vowels in such as words as

barn, four, and daughter) and the use of /a/ for /ӕ/ in words such as aunt, bath, and half.

2.3.2 Midland English

(Dobrovolsky,1976) The midland dialect is distinguished by

25

2.3.3 Southern English

(O‟Grady, 1976) stated Southern English is marked by loss of

postvocalic /r/, /z/, in Mrs., and the use of tote for carry and brans for string beans. It shares with Southern Midland the use of you-all for the second person plural pronoun, /yuw/ in words such as news and due, shucks rather than husks for the coverings of corn, and might could for might be able to.

Southern American English (SAE) is the most widely recognized

regional dialect of American English, but as most of its speakers know,

widespread recognition is a mixed blessing. SAE is also the regional dialect

that is most negatively evaluated. In a recent study of folk beliefs about

American dialects, Dennis Preston (1996) found that 90% of his respondents

from Michigan and Indiana and 96% of those from South Carolina

recognized SAE as a distinct variety of American English. Both the

Michigan and Indiana respondents, however, also evaluated SAE as the

most “incorrect” variety of American English (New York City speech was

the only serious competitor), and the South Carolina respondents were

ambivalent about its correctness as well. Misunderstandings about what

comprises SAE are almost as widespread as the recognition of its

distinctiveness. These misunderstandings in large part have been fueled by

media portrayals in movies such as Gone with the Wind and in television

shows such as The Dukes of Hazard that presented grossly exaggerated and

26

such as Designing Women, Evening Shade, and Grace Under Fire are more

accurate, but their effect on the public knowledge of SAE is unclear.

Traditionally, SAE different from other varieties of American English

in some of its lexical, grammatical, and phonological features, but many of

the lexical differences, which were rooted in an agrarian economy and a

traditional society, have begun to disappear. For instance, most younger

Southerners are as likely to use green beans assnapbeans and are more likely

to use dragon fly than either snake doctor or mosquito hawk. Just as these

book terms have replaced the older folk terms with the advent of universal

education, a significant part of the regional vocabulary associated with farm

life has become obsolete as the artifacts to which they refer have

disappeared. Few Southerners under 50 know what a singletree is (it is the

bar of wood on a wagon to which the traces are attached) or have heard the

term dogtrot used for a type of house (usually a two room house with an

open hall down the middle). Many of the distinctive grammatical and

phonological features of SAE still persist, however. (www.pbp.org, 2016)

The widespread recognition and negative evaluation of SAE can have

practical consequences for its users that in some cases include negative

stereotyping and linguistic discrimination, just as with African American

Vernacular English (AAVE), or Ebonics. While SAE almost never

generates the extreme reactions and extensive prejudice that AAVE often

does, its users can anticipate at least polite (and often not so polite)

27

outside of the South and of standardizing forces such as interregional

migration and universal education that threaten many minority languages

and dialects, SAE continues to persist. (www.researchgate.net, 2016)

2.4 Previous Study

Regarding on this study, thesis is Ningrum (2015) a student of UIN

Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The first thesis, she did a research analyzed African

American English and Slang used by Jim and Huck Finn in The Adventure of

Huckleberry Finn from a novel written by Mark Twin. She found in AAE and

Slang words that uttered by Jim and Huck Finn. She Analyzed the sound and

the grammar by both character. In the research, Ningrum found the using of –

in that replace –ing like goin’, killin’, talkin’and other grammatical pattern.

The second related, the researcher finds some other writers which the

topic is related. The second thesis is Rika (2014) a student UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya, did the research untitled an Analyzed of West Country Dialect used

by Hagrid in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter. Rika analyzed the dialect variation

and showed the pattern and the effects of Hagrid‟s dialect vary from the range

of phonological features, grammatical pattern, and vocabulary variation. In

this research, Rika used Literary work from J.K Rowling‟s novel to find the

pattern and the effect of Hagrid‟s dialect. The interesting of this research.

Rika analyzed and showed the regional dialect where comes from the author

28

Potter. Thus, the whole analysis dialect features. Hagrid represent the lower

social.

The last research, the thesis is Puspita (2015) a student of UIN Sunan

Ampel Surabaya. She did a research analyzed „An Analysis of Southern

American Dialect Used by The Main Character in Harper Lee‟s to kill A

Mockingbird‟. Puspita analyzed the Phonological Features, grammatical

pattern, and Vocabulary Variation in her research. she found the regional

dialect Part of United Stated. And she analyzed [d] dropping, and Contracted

pronunciation in Phonological Feature. She is also analyzed ya‟ll as [you +

all], and fixin‟ to in Grammatical pattern. And the last in Vocabulary

Variation she analyzed the distinction pair pf words and shown the distinction

of social group belong to the main characters‟ in Harper Lee‟s to kill a

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This research method discussed about that researcher used in this study. The

researcher explained the general process in collecting and analysis the data. It

consisted of research approach, data source, data, data collection, and research

instrument and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Research design is the specific procedures involved in the research

process, including data collection, data analysis, and report writing.

The research design of this research is use qualitative approach.

According to (Bodgan, 1982), stated that in the qualitative approach the

researcher makes the data collection and also analyze the data base on the

phenomenon in the natural setting by description form not numerical form. In

addition, in the qualitative approach the researcher need not to measure the

data. In other word, the researcher just needs to make description in the form

of sentences or paragraph relate with the central phenomenon namely the

30

3.2Subject of the Research

The subject of this research is Jack Bruno, he is the main character in

Race to Witch Mountain Movie. And he is uses American Dialect including

Southern Dialect.

3.3 Research Instruments

The researcher applied qualitative approach method which the

researcher becomes the investigator. In qualitative data, human investigator is

the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing data (Bogdan and Biklen,

1998). Therefore, this research used human instrument in conducting research

which the researcher analyzed the data sources. The researcher took the dialog

in the movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’ which uttered by Jack Bruno and

other character which involved Jack Bruno

3.4 Data

In this research, the data are the words, sentence, and utterances from

the character. The researcher analyzed Jack Bruno as the character. Then, to

deep the explanation, the researcher included some utterances from other

31

3.5 Data Source

In this research the researcher analyzed dialect from the movie. The

researcher took the movie from internet. The movie had book from

www.ganool.ag included the English subtitle. The movie was published in

2009.

3.6 Technique Data collection

In collection the data, the researcher had done doing several ways to

collect the data sources. These are the several ways as follow:

1. The researcher downloads the movie included the transcript from

www.ganool.ag and save into the laptop and flash disk to avoid

something happen to the laptop or flash disk.

2. The researcher watched the movie that already downloaded.

3. The researcher paid attention and focused on Jack Bruno character during

watching the movie.

4. The researcher sorted all dialect occur in the movie.

5. The researcher only focused on Jack Bruno

6. The researcher watched many times to collect the data from Jack’s

utterances and other related character

7. The made table to put all data of Jack’s utterance and other related

32

8. The researcher classified the data that already put in the table. The

researcher classified from phonological features, grammatical pattern and

vocabulary variation.

9. The researcher analyzed the data already classified.

10.The researcher made conclusion what already found and discussed.

3.7 Technique of Data Analysis

After collecting data by doing several ways, the researcher started to

analyze the data which already provided in the table. The researcher analyzed

and categorized by collecting words, sentences and utterances which uttered by

Jack Bruno in the movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’ and other character

involve Jack Bruno into standard and non-standard. As explained in the

previous chapter II, this research used phonology features, grammatical

variation and vocabulary variation to analyze the dialect variation. To find the

pattern and effect of dialect in movie of ‘Race to Witch Mountain’, the

researcher groped them into several classifications from three types such as

phonology features, grammatical and vocabulary variation that used by Jack

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

This research is American Dialect used by Jack Bruno in ‘Race to

Witch Mountain’ movie. Jack Bruno has strange dialect that support by other

character. The dialect used by Jack Bruno is part of United Stated Exactly

Southern dialect. Southern dialect is part of United Stated.

The pattern of Jack Bruno’s dialect are phonological features,

grammatical features, and vocabulary variation, those are:

1. The pattern of southern dialect that used by the main character {Jack

Bruno}

a. Phonological features

Jack Bruno used the phonological features such as

1. -ing ending verb + ing example: Spendin’.

2. [d] dropping in the words don’t and [and].

3. [h] dropping only the word How.

4. [th] dropping in the words that and them.

76

Example:‘hat, Bro’her, Fac’.

6. [be] Dropping only the word ’cause

7. Vowel changing is the vowel i and a in some words changed into

vowel. Example: think

8. Contracting pronunciation changed Standard English into

non-Standard Form. Example:

a. How did become how’d

b. Gonna become go to

b. Grammatical pattern

Jack Bruno also used the southern dialect in grammatical pattern

such as auxiliary verb omitting, auxiliary verb changing, preposition

verb omitting, ya’ll, and about to.

c. Vocabulary Variation

In this term Jack Bruno shown the differences of pair’s words

show the differences of and the person belong to. Choosing that word

is also come from the social group using that word. Jack Bruno and

the Dr. Fiedman missions how gets the plane and transmit the aliens

back to their world. There is only one vocabulary variation that uttered

by Jack Bruno:

77

(00:57:27,025) --> (00:57: 33,279)

2. The effect of Jack Bruno’s dialect gives some effect to his passenger

namely “aliens”. when the passenger gives little utterance he gets respect

from his passenger. They understand when Jack Bruno asking something

or giving some opinion even he used the dialect. Like the following the

dialogue

Jack : Where’d you come from?

Seth : Outside.

(00:10:23,847) --> (00:10: 26,079)

The last conclusion of the pattern used by Jack Bruno is

Vocabulary Variation. Based on the analysis of the whole dialectical

features. Jack Bruno’s language appoints of the lower social group as the

main character and the language not always used by lower class, but also it

might be used by middle social group even upper class in America. And

Hewants to show that his language almost used formal language every

occasion with his passenger namely (aliens) not only in American can used

the formal language but also from planet, the aliens also are using formal

language.

5.2 Suggestion

The result of this research, this researcher shows that southern dialect

78

like to recommend for the further research to conduct about American

English in the movie such as southern dialect. The further research is better if

analyzing the southern dialect not only used by main character but also all the

character in the movie. So that way, it will be more interesting to identifying

the features not only used by main character but also all the character for

knowing more what is dialect used in the movie especially in American

English. The further research can decide American English in all the

characters such as southern dialect in the different culture, or ethnics. It will

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUTIONS

The focus of this research is to identify the pattern of a dialect and effect

of the dialect found in the movie „Race to Witch Mountain’. the main purpose of

this chapter is to answer the question presented in chapter I.

4.1 Findings

The researcher uses the patterns and effect of Jack Bruno‟s dialect. The

patterns of Jack‟s dialect vary in phonological variation, grammatical pattern and

vocabulary variation. The effect of Jack‟s dialect is explained in discussion.

4.1.1 Dialect Pattern used by Jack Bruno

Jack Bruno is the main character in Race to Witch Mountain movie.

He was born in United stated. As in the movie, Jack Bruno is a Las Vegas

Cab driving. Then, when Jack Bruno driving and two aliens appear in his

cab. The data will have explained by the researcher according Jack Bruno‟s

utterances. In this case, the researcher recognized that the dialect used by the

main character is Jack Bruno that is from American English further

explanation about the origin of dialect and the researcher will be explained

34

4.1.1.1 Phonology Features Best on American Southern Dialect

Phonology features used by Jack Bruno are such as consonant

dropping, -in pronunciation, contracting the pronunciation. And changing

vowel pronunciation. In consonant dropping, which omits the

pronunciation of a consonant, Jack Bruno only dropped the [t], [d], [th],

[h], and [be]. He also pronounces –in instead of –ing and contracts some

words in main character utterances.

a. –in ending

The –in pronunciation is also featured in Jack Bruno‟s dialogs

which represent the distinctive dialect. It is by simplifying the

pronunciation of the –ing form of a verb (verb + ing) and words ended

by –ing. The most common –in ending appears in the –in ending

appears in the –ing form of a verb as shown below

This utterance happened when Jack Bruno ask to Seth for what

his much money.

Table 4.1 The [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

Jack

are your parents gonna be OK,

with you guys spendin’ all this

with -ing. As like verb + ing in their daily conversation.

In the other occasion Jack Bruno did shown the utterance by

using features.

Table 4.2 The [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1

Jack in my book, that‟s a little

chapter called “runnin’ way”

(00:13:35,478)

-->

(00:13:44,737) Dominick Jack, you better be getting

desert miles on that fire. And

they be able to pay. And you

better get me an ETA!

36

In this occasion, Jack Bruno also showed this feature when he

made conversation, actually Jack Bruno always uses Standard English

in daily conversation.

In the other conversation Jack Bruno also used the

phonological feature in daily conversation.

Table 4.3 [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1

Dominick Capsize?

(00:13:46,572)

-->

(00:13:50,450)

Jack I‟m losin’ reception,

Dominick

Dominick Jack? Jack!

The other conversation Jack Bruno showed the phonological

features to making ease articulation when he answered the Question

from the other character.

The last dialogue also used the phonological feature when Jack

37

Table4.4 The [-in] ending pronounced by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1

Jack so start talkin’ the information you

are seekin’

the realm of… your world.

In that conversation Jack Bruno almost used the

phonological feature in daily conversation. Included all of the

dialogue in Jack Bruno‟s utterances provided above. Jack bruno‟s

pronounced spendin’ runnin’, losin’, and talkin’instead of

spending, running, losing,and talking,respectively, as standard

pronunciation. Jack Bruno‟salso pronounced spending, running,

losing,and talking,as spendin’, runnin’, losin’and talkin’ when he

asking something to sara and seth namely the Aliens to get some

information what are they doing in that place. For instance, as the

following dialogue between Jack and Sara and Seth namely the

38

Table 4.5 [-n] Ending pronounced by Jack Bruno

39

The dialogue describe that jack pronounced verb –ing as –

in even though he speaks with the partners Sara and Seth namely

aliens. in this case, he thought Sara and Seth understood what he

talks about.

b. [d] Dropping

The [d] dropping are accumulated only amassed there are

two words. From the whole utterances that jack Bruno produced in

movie, there are two words which first [d] phone and the last [d]

phone is dropped. The words are don’t and and as showed in the

following dialogues:

Table 4.6 [d] Dropping the first word by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

well, you Don’t look like aliens. (00:33:33,466)

-->

(00:33: 35,175)

40

The word don’t is negative verb. Jack Bruno dropped the

[d] phone before a vowel. But, he did not apply this word all the

time. He dropped this negative verb is due to the situation. In the

situation, Jack did not under contentment. Besides, he pronounced

this word in Standard English when he felt worry about something

in that situation. The instance, the sentence uttered by Jack Bruno:

Table 4.7 [d] dropping by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1

Sara you don’t do it because you

haven‟t

learned to use your brain capacity. _{(00:34:15,467)}

-->

(00:34: 22,556) Jack No, I don’t do it because it‟s kind

of creepy

He pronounced don’t as the Standard is not only to enactive

the listener understood what he talks about, but also he wanted to

show his worry of the situation. Sara tried to explain what is she

felt in that condition. She made sure that all is well. And also the

41

Jack Bruno dropped [d] phone the word and the last word

before consonant and he did not apply this word all the time. He

dropped [d] phone the word and in the last word to made an ease of

articulation. Besides, he pronounced this word to made an ease

catch the meaning for the listener. The sentences uttered by

following the dialogue:

Table 4.8 [d] dropping the last word by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

conversation about who is the king in that roads.

The [d] dropped is accumulated in some word and some

contraction in the and. the „and’ shown the conversation between

Jack and Sara.

Table 4.9 [d] dropping used by Jack Bruno

Sara on’t worry, Jack Bruno.

We‟ll soon be reunited with

relatives.

(00:18:21,597)

-->

(00:18:34,734)

Jack ok. Seven hundred an’ 20 dollars

An’ 50 cents.

In the other situation, Jack Bruno used [d] dropped he made

conversation with Sara. He used and when he gave some utterance

to Sara.

Table4.10 [d] dropping the last word used by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

Jack I was wrong, an’ for that I am

sorry

You take care of yourself.

An’ your sister, too. Do you

(01:31:42,494)

43

1 understand? (01:32:06,808)

Seth yes.

Sara Sara

Jack you guys remember that, me an’

alex…

These feature appear in many times when Jack Bruno gave

same utterance in that dialogue with his partner conversation. In

this dialogue Jack Bruno gave the word and to Sara and Seth in

some utterance.

c. [h] Dropping

Jack Bruno drops the [h] phone of the word how to be only

ow. He did not pronounce how as shown in the following the

dialogue:

Table 4.11 [h] Dropping pronounced by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1 Jack ow are you two holdin’ up back

there?

(00:17:26,584)

-->

44

28,501)

2 Jack let me explain to you ow we do

things here on Earth.

(00:47:15,496)

-->

(00:47:17,664)

He dropped the first consonant [h] before a vowel. The

dialogue Jack asking to Sara and Seth that all be fines. So that way

he dropped [h] to show that he did not worry.

And then the other situation, Jack did not drop [h] in the

word how. He pronounced how as Standard English when

interrogated Sara and Seth to ask some question. The sentence is

shown in the following:

Table4.12 [h] dropping by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1 Jack How hard could that be? (01:00:59,235)

-->

(01:01: 02,488)

45

The sentence refers to Jack pronounced how as the

Standard English to ensure the girl whom he speaks is understood

by stressing the word how, he hoped get more the information what

he needs. So that way, he did not need to apply drops [h] as the

first consonant.

d. [th] Dropping

As like the [d] dropping features, this consonant dropping

which leave the [th] phone unpronounced is also amassed only in

two words. The words are that and them unpronounced by Jack

Bruno‟s utterances shown in the following the dialogue:

Table 4.13 [th] dropping by Jack Bruno

The dialogue and the sentences of Jack Bruno‟s utterances

above, Jack drops the [th] phone word that and them to be only ‘at

and ‘em. The dialogue above, Jack drops [th] phone when he asked

to get some information or he gave information by using drops [th]

and he felt what is he talked about will be understood by his

partners. It is due to the ease of articulation. Also, the good

situation makes him ease to use his dialect. These words are

commonly pronounced that as /ðӕt/ and them as /ðem/ with strong

form /ðem/

e. [t] Dropping

The [t] dropping is accumulated in some words. Firstly, we

47

words; „fact‟, and „better „which is uttered in the following

dialogue by Jack Bruno:

Table4.14 [t] Dropping in the middle and the last consonant

No The dialogue Time

Jack how‟s your bro’her doing?

(00:27:31,480)

are typed only fac’ and bro’her as the consonant [t] such as expect

and start. The sentence which contain with end [t] and add suffix

her such as adjuster and administer. Jack Bruno not only dropped

48

suffix of the word brother. This relies on the principle of ease of

articulation. The principle covers the simplest way to pronounce

words and ease the speaker in producing words. Jack Bruno tended

to simplify the word whose pronunciation of the last [t] consonant

comes after another consonant and before suffix her: it is

Brother /br˄ðɚ/

The word is commonly pronounced with [t] as the second

sound. Meanwhile, Jack Bruno drops the [t] so the second sound

stated by [t] phone remains unpronounced.

Secondly Jack did not only drop the [t] in last phone but

also he put [t] dropped in the middle phone.

Fact /fӕkt/

That word is commonly pronounced with [t] as the last

phone. However, Jack Bruno drops the [t] so the [t] phone remains

unpronounced. It is due to existence of another consonant which is

prior to the[t] phone. Also, Jack drops the first consonant as [t] the

first phone in words. They are:

49

No The dialogue time

1 Jack you tell Wolfe for me ‘hat he’s

gonna pay for my repairs

(00:17:02,309)

-->

(00:17: 05,145)

2 Jack I‟m sorry I dragged you two into

all ‘his

(00:17:29,962)

-->

(00:17: 32,047)

3 Jack is ‘here someplace we ca talk? (00:52:22,469)

-->

(00:52: 24,387)

4 Jack even more private ‘han (00:52:28,475)

-->

(00:52: 30,226)

These words that /ðӕt/, this /ðis/, there /ðeə(r)/, and then

/ðԑn/ are commonly pronounced with [t] as the first phone. But

Jack dropped [t] so the [t] phone remains unpronounced. It due to

the consistent which Jack Bruno always drops [t] phone in the

50

There is a word which the final consonant dropped after vowel. It

Table4.16[t] Dropping by Jack Bruno

No The dialogue Time

1

Sara And smarter than you think you

are

(01:01:08,495)

-->

(01:01: 13,791) Jack so she was thinking about me?

The italicized and bold, It known that there is [t] dropping

in the word which last [t] phone comes after a vowel. The word is

commonly pronounced /əˈbaᴜt/ but jack Bruno pronounced abou

as he drops the last [t] phone. Jack sometimes pronounced about as

the Standard English as the following the dialogue by jack Bruno:

Table4.17 Pronunciation [t] phone in the last consonant

No The dialogue Time

1 Jack I don‟t know everything about

UFOs or aliens or…

(00:48:02,042)

-->

(00:48: 05,336)