REPORT
THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR &
VISIT TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO
(Shin-Koto Incineration Plant)
TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Humanizing Collaboration between Indonesia & Japan
Held by
Graduate School of
International Cooperation Studies
Arranged by :
RENDRA KURNIA WARDANA
NPM. 120820160030
Magister Manajemen
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis
Universitas Padjadjaran
Overview
Japan is one of the most largest countries in the world with excellence in the various sectors. Starting from its economic growth up to the advancement of the technology that is used by people all over the world. According to the World Economic Database in 2006, Japan has become the country with the fastest economic growth along with South Korea and Germany, with a nominal GDP of about as 4.5 trillion dollar US.. Nation Master, Economics Statistics, 2007 write about Japan's main industry is the various sector of economic, social, technology industry and environment. Based on the World Factbook Japan economy (2006), amounting to three quarters of GDP’s Japan comes from the service sector.
Figure 1 : Japan’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
Have a very entrenched culture of ancient times also makes the attraction for the country Japan. Japan Society is so loving and upholds its own, various cultural festivals are often held in the country to attract foreign tourists who come to Japan. Festivals such as Kabuki theater festival, Bunraku festival, Rakugo festival. There is also a celebration of Hanami, where this is a celebration of Japan's society enjoy the appearance of flowers in spring, particularly cherry blossoms. The cherry blossoms which symbolized the growing presence of the joys of Japanese society in the spring. There is also the art of folding from Japan that are already well known in the world, namely Origami. Origami is the art of folding paper with the use of which generally have a square shape. Handcrafted art that has a beauty that is very high.
With many achievements that are owned by Japan, then the Civitas Academica of Magister Management, Padjadjaran University interested to visiting Japan and learn a variety of things positive from those countries to be able to be used as a role-model who eventually could be applied in the Government of Indonesia throughTHE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR & VISIT TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO (Shin-Koto Incineration Plant) TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT, 15-19 Mei 2017.
Marketing Analysis Report Case : Asakusa Kannon Temple
The main gate of the complex is called Kaminarimon Sensoji temple gate while right in front of the entrance to the complex sounds of Sensoji Temple. Once in the gate Kaminarimon we will be in suguhi with rows of souvenir shops selling a wide by traditional Asakusa and various kinds of desserts typical of Japan, the area known by Asakusa's Nakamise Dori. Here we get to shopping for a wide variety of key chains or paintings typical of Japan, there is also the shirt that reads Japan Kanji which is certainly the price of all that is more affordable. With a wide range of local uniqueness is presented makes the stores in the area of Asakusa has a characteristic fruity with stores that exist in other areas, in addition to that it also stores is also owned by most of the locals are acting that this shopping complex is conducive for economic growth of local communities in the area.
Case : Tsukiji Fish Outer Market
Tsukiji Fish Market is a fish market, the largest fruit and vegetables became one of the tourists visit if was on holiday, located in the Prefecture of Tokyo, Japan. This place is famous for the presence of tunanya fish auction tradition that is so attractive to tourists. If want to see this auction, then tourists will have to depart early in the morning to this market because it was held in the morning. Tsukiji fish market became the largest suppliers in meeting the needs of fresh fish for the people of Japan. Has a modern market that is so clean and hygienic makes tourists fond of shopping for fresh fish in this place. Far from the impression a lot of dirty or seedy, we see in the markets in our own country. With the ever-increasing tourist visits each year, the Government proposed the transfer of the Tsukiji market in Tokyo to a location that is larger and has a larger shelter, namely Toyosu Fish Market.
Tsukiji Market is supplied in place for tourists who want to buy fresh fish with the creation of an integrated market that is very clean and far from the impression of a fishy smell or dirty. Some pieces of fresh fish prepared for sale to tourists, it also contains some ready-made fish to be eaten directly in place. This may actually be emulated by Indonesia to make fish markets that exist in this country can be managed well without having to leave the impression of a fish market itself.
Figure 3 : Fresh Fish Sales Center
Case : Harajuku Street
The location is outside the Harajuku Station, just outside the door of Takeshita. Harajuku is very popular in Japan with gathering a wide range of young people from various parts of Japan, from a variety of styles of young Japan latest to model the latest fashion here. Gathering them here only to just meet old friends, chatting or shopping in the area of Takeshita Street. This road is so popular for the young because it's along this road is a shopping area that is a favorite of young people in Japan. This place become interesting with various trinkets or souvenirs that became Japan teen trend that is so popular for its teen Japan.
Harajuku has the uniqueness of this place which became a Center for gatherings of young kids Japan with a strange look, which becomes a more value for Japan in developing art and creativity among young people. And be a tremendous attraction for foreign tourists to visit Japan.
Case : Shisui Premium Outlet
A relatively new addition to Kanto’s outlet malls, Shisui Premium Outlets opened in 2013 and, considering its proximity to Narita Airport, it’s a good place for a shopaholic to pass the time during a long layover. The mall has 180 shops and features both Japanese and international brands. It also has some deals for foreign visitors: there’s the Narita Transit Program, which entitles those spending a layover in Narita to a souvenir and discount coupon, and additional coupons for tourists. This outlet had very close to Narita Airport are expected to be a transit point for shopping before leaving Japan.
PESTLE ANALYSIS ü Political
The country of Japan is a constitutional monarchy State. Japan heads of State led by an emperor who are hereditary as well as having powers limited by the Constitution. While the head of the Government led by a Prime Minister who is in charge of Japan's Parliament. Japan's Parliament consists of two chambers, namely the upper House and the lower House. The country consists of 47 prefectures of Japan which has a power which is delegated by the Central Government to each, each prefecture.
Trias politika country Japan is divided into three branches, namely:
a. Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the ranks of Ministers (the Cabinet) which is responsible towards the Parliament.
b. Legislative, in Japan, the diet is formally referred to as consisting of a lower House/Shugiin consists of 480 members and Councillors/Sangiin consists of 242 members.
c. Judiciary, has 5 (five) types, namely: Justice of the Supreme Court, High Court, district courts, family courts and tribunals.
ü Economic
The country's economic system Japan embraced free-market economic system and leaning to the industrisasi. Similar systems were adopted by other developed countries like the United States, Germany, and other big countries. Starting from its economic growth up to the advancement of the technology that is used by people all over the world. According to the World Economic Database in 2006, Japan has become the country with the fastest economic growth along with South Korea and Germany, with a nominal GDP of about as 4.5 trillion dollar US.. Nation Master, Economics Statistics, 2007 write about Japan's main industry is the various sector of economic, social, technology industry and environment. It is predicted in the coming year, Japan Shisui was the site of the existing integrated shopping in Japan. A very
cozy place and many different brands of the world is available here. With a location close to Narita Airport, providing a venue for tourists visiting for a moment in this place as one of the places of transit for shopping. In addition, the untum developed the economic growth that is equitable for the people on the side of the suburbs of Tokyo.
Figure 5 : One of point view at Shisui Premium Outlets
along with other Asian developed nations will break the dominance of Western countries over the country's demographic structure has the uniqueness of Japan where the population aged older ore than younger. As the impact of the decline in the birth rate and the tendency of the young generation that was not to marry or have families at maturity.
A declining population of Japan feared the country would make Japan semkin lost population. The Government is trying to come back raising the population by immigration as well as the presence of the addition of incentives in the form of money towards the birth of a baby as a solution in the face of a growing population of Japan is experiencing aging.
ü Technology
The discovery of a wide range of technologies that have been created by the country of Japan does not make this country keep stopping to do innovation. They continued to create new works and performing a variety of creativity to support as well as support the ease of his life.
In 2014, the country of Japan got the grace of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as the most efficient countries in developing creativity into innovation. The gift of technology efficiency obtained by Japan after the country capable of excelling on the 36 indicators than other Asian countries. These indicators include patents, the number of the world's best universities, books, film, research budgets as well as technology development conducted by Japan.
ü Legal
The development of modern law in Japan is based on the legal systems in continental Europe. Especially those from the countries of France and Germany related judicial system and law became the most important regulations in the country of Japan. Now Japan is becoming more dynamic countries in the implementation of its legal system in which Japan society itself more to put forward the culture of shame where the various events of the law itself can be minimised.
ü Environmental
Being a country that so much of the island as well as the conditions that is prone to earthquakes and tsunami, making the population of Japan is increasingly aware of the environmental conditions. Today, the Government of Japan promote environmentally conscious programs with different effort effort towards environmental protection. Japan also tried to help other countries in tackling the environmental issues for example, the application of the cooperation cycle technology, technology to reduce emissions of the gases Conservatory, and various other technologies.
RECOMMENDATION
One of the most important tips in starting a business in Japan is setting an attitude that basing on the mindset of long-term Japan entrepreneurs. The ultimate goal is to build a framework that steady so that it will support the occurrence of transactions sustainable business, so it's not just a business relationship which is momentary or short-term. Are sincerity and commitment will be the cornerstone of an effective grounding-needs to be owned by the principals of business abroad.
1. Indonesia can imitate various innovations made by Japan in developing economic growth for the people, one of them by making integrated spending tourist area where tourists can shop may fill with a variety of different brands that are famous are already available at the venue.
2. The local government as the spearhead that existed in the area can develop the suburban areas as the center of people's economy that is considered necessary to enhance the economic growth of the society, especially those located in the outskirts of the city.
1. Cross Cultural Analysis Report Case : Asakusa Kannon Temple
Sumida River. In honor of the goddess Kannon was finally head of the village when it was decided to build a shrine to his early named Asakusa Kannon Temple we now know with Sensoji Temple.
Figure 6 : Gate of Asakusa Kannon Temple
Case : Tokyo Sky Tree
Tokyo-Skytree tallest Tower is located in Tokyo. The building was completed in the year 2011 is becoming new tourist destinations and the symbol for the travelers. This tower has a function as a television signal transmitter Tower. However, as the development time, the tower is also as a means of entertainment and commercial center for the citizens of Japan and other travelers. With an elevation of about 634 meters, making Tokyo the second-tallest Tower Skytree became after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai (824 m).
Since its opening beginning in 2012, the tower was never deserted from visitors. Under the Tower there is a shopping center that is provided as a shopping centre for tourists. The beauty of the city from the top of the Tower adds value specialness from the tower. At night, the Tower will be seen to have a wide range of colors that are increasingly complementing the beauty in the Centre of the capital of Tokyo at night.
Differences in Values, Beliefs and Policies
The import tariff in Japan are much lower than the average in Europe and America. List of products with import restrictions bucharesters and overall regulation on imports will be more diperlonggar.
Need an understanding of the regulations and the distribution system in Japan.For foreign businessmen are increasingly difficult to succeed in the market without Japan Japan business partner. You are required to seerat-eratnya in cooperation with business partners that Japan should've been involved from the very early stages in helping you develop a plan, including product design, in order to meet the specific needs of society Japan.
Acculturation
Currently, Japan's companies more interested in buying goods industry and high-tech products, and less interested in textiles, apparel, toys and other decorative products, because they have enough suppliers from abroad.Just an example to note, for example, products like regular sweaters or knit (knitted
Figure 7 :
sewn) the price is very cheap in Japan market, except for the type of sweater knitted with intricate embroidered or many beads.
Japan's market is more like the product of an extensive (items) in small quantities, not the quantity of each item.There are some differences in terms of taste and preferences between Osaka and Tokyo, such as on colors and sizes.Given the Japan market always moves (change), you must predict future business opportunities before taking steps. You have to be quite perceptive in anticipation of the changes that will come before the start of business in Japan.
World Brands
Appearance and packaging is important when selling goods in Japan. Because in Japan it is often intended to buy gifts (gift), then the items look beautiful will be hard to sell. It is therefore important to really pay attention to design elements as well as the label on the packaging. So the appearance and packaging are two factors that can affect sales.Try defects in goods is minimal as possible and continue to improve the system of control on the stage of production/factory. In this connection it is important to pay attention to the little things, given Japan's consumers are very quality oriented.
In order to meet the standards of a high quality of Japan, the production of goods and the shipping/delivery must be free of defects. In the event of a defective goods that are inevitable, then this should be discussed as early as possible in order to achieve the best possible settlement.In addition to the very particular against reserved quality, people Japan also brand conscious. Then it is important to actually reached an agreement against the quality of the goods in detail before signing the contract of supply.All products from outside of Japan must meet the standards of and obtain the JIS (Japan Industrial Standards). Therefore it is important to keep abreast of the changes on the issue of standards in Japan.
Recommendation
One of the most important tips in starting a business in Japan is setting an attitude that basing on the mindset of long-term Japan entrepreneurs. The ultimate goal is to build a framework that steady so that it will support the occurrence of transactions sustainable business, so it's not just a business relationship which is momentary or short-term. Are sincerity and commitment will be the cornerstone of an effective grounding-needs to be owned by the principals of business abroad.
This could have been applied in Indonesia well in the business sector or the public sector with a wide range of things to be prepared, as the existing regulation, the ability of the human resources and the power of competing from each entity. This is when it's been done, then the application in Indonesia will be very possible to do.
2. Company Visit Analysis Report
a. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant (Tokyo Metropolitan Government)
Ø Overview of the Clean Authority of Tokyo
The 23 Cities and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government had discussed for many years their respective roles and institutional frameworks from viewpoints such as stronger autonomy of the 23 Cities and the promotion of mega-city administration by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government on an extensive scale.
One result of these discussion was that, on April 1, 2000, the duties of municipal waste management were transferred to the 23 Cities. At the time, it was decided that each of the 23 Cities would independently manage its own waste collection and transfer, while management of intermediate treatment (incineration, pulverization, etc.) was determined to be handled jointly. This was due to the presence of some cities that had no incineration plant within their cities, and for the purpose of optimizing treatment efficiency.
The Clean Authority of Tokyo is a special purpose municipalbody established by the consensus of the 23 Cities, based on the Local Autonomy Act, in order to deal with this joint waste management.
Overview of Clean Authority of Tokyo
(1)Name Clean Authority of TOKYO
(2)Office work cooperative
Special local government (Local Government Act Article 284) to establish because local public entity more than two handles a part of the office work jointly
(3)We organize
1. Maintenance of incineration facilities (we include molten solidification facilities integral with the facilities concerned and pipeline facilities for Waste Transfer.) of Combustible waste and management administration
2. Maintenance of refuse disposal facilities except facilities advocating to front "1." and management administration
3. Maintenance of facilities to put Night soil into the public sewer and management administration
(5)Organization of association
Central government office and establishment (Incineration plant, CHUBO Disposal Facilities Administration Office)
(6)Position of central
government office 3-5-1, Iidabashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo (7)The
establishment date April 1, 2000
(8)President Taiichiro Nishikawa (Mayor Arakawa)
(9)Association
assembly We are constituted by 23 ward assembly chairpersons of special ward (10)The staff 1,131 present members (as of April 1, 2017)
(11)Budget
73,555,000 1,000 yen (2017)
(main breakdown of the annual revenue: ante from each ward and waste disposal treatment processing fee)
(12)Corporation number
As limitation of use range does not have corporation number unlike personal number, anyone can use freely. Specifically, please see (we link to homepage of the National Tax Agency) about corporation number.
(13)Others
About "1." office work of previous (4), what it processed jointly was confirmed for the duration in head of a ward society of November, 2003 after 2006 (following 4.additional clause 2 reference of no "agreement")
Ø Each City Collect/Transfers Waste and Collect Resources
Waste management offices in each of the 23 cities collect and transfer waste.
1. Collection, each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts efficients operations plans that correspond to seasonal changes and regional trends in waste amount. Waste processing in the 23 Cities is free of charge for household waste, while large sized waste and business generated waste are charged.
2. Transfer, to ensure efficient transfer, transfer methods are determined based on :
ü Combustible Waste, is loaded onto collection vehicles on collection sites, from which it is directly transferred to an incineration plant.
ü Large Sized Waste, is delivered to the Large Sized Waste Pulverization Facility. Cities that have a transfer station conduct relayed transfer by reloading it from smaller collection vehicles onto larger vehicles. Such as relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
Ø Intermediate Treatment of Waste 1. Processing combustible waste;
The role and structure of incineration plants
Combustible waste is incinerated at 19 incineration plants (as of December 2016) in a safe, stable, and efficient manner.
Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin and foul odor, and maintains a sanitary environment. By incinerating waste, it is volume is reduced to approximately one-twentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it into slag, the amount going to the landfill is further reduced.
Emission of hazardous substances within exhaust and wastewater from the incineration plants is controlled and reduced to lower impact on the environment.
In an incineration plant, power generation and heat supply are performed using the heat energy of waste incineration.
2. Improper waste disposal may cause a halt or failure of incinerators; Once improper waste is brought into an incinerator
Combustibles carried into incineration plants sometimes contain waste unsuitable for incineration, such as metals, glass, or oversized waste that exceeds the disposal capacity of the plant. Such improper waste may cause the halt or failure of incinerators, costing a great deal of money and time before recovery. Once the facilities become incapable of accepting waste, waste collection and transfer operation will be interrupted, seriously accepting waste management in al 23 cities.
Every year some incineration plants are forced to stop operation due to improper waste. To prevent carry-in of improper waste, and to ensure safe and stable plant operation, inspection of incoming waste is reinforced, and awareness-raising activities are undertaken.
Special weeks are also set to enhance the above inspection and to perform close observation at platforms in each incineration plant. Overall regular inspection on incoming waste is also conducted at all incineration plants, in collaboration with the 23 cities.
3. Bottom ash is recycled as cement materials; What does it mean to use bottom ash for cement?
When combustible waste is incinerated, bottom ash and fly ash are generated. Bottom ash after removing ash to be melted into slag, as well as fly ash after processed with chemicals, are sent to landfill disposal on the New Sea Surface Disposal Site, which has been established and is managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Because it is extremely difficult to find new landfill disposal sites in the Tokyo Port, a full-scale initiative has been undertaken to recycle bottom ash into cement materials, for the purpose of reducing the amount of landfill disposal and achieving more efficient use of resources. Through this project in 2015, 5000 tons of bottom ash to reduce the volume that goes to the final disposal site.
In the initiative for recycling bottom ash into cement materials, bottom ash that is generated in incineration plants is transferred to private cement factories by freight vehicles/trains, and efficiently used as portland cement materials. Cement materials include limestone. Clay, silica, iron materials, and plaster. Bottom ash is used as a subtitute for clay. 4. Bottom ash is melted into slag;
5. Environemental measures to prevent exhaust and wastewater emissions;
Soot and dust Removed by bag filters
Dioxins Generations of dioxins is restricted through control of waste incineration process, and their re-composition is prevented by rapid cooling of exhaust in the cooling tower.
Dioxins are also removed by bag filters, and decomposed in the catalyst reaction tower using catalyst.
Mercury Removed by adsorption into activated carbon in bag filters, and by liquid chelate in the gas scrubber.
Hydrogen chlorides and sulfur oxides
Removed by injecting slaked lime into bag filters, and through a chemical reaction with caustic soda solution in the gas scrubber.
Nitrogen oxides Decomposed in the catalyst reaction tower through a reaction with ammonia.
Measures to counter wastewater emissions
Wastewater is treated in the wastewater treatment facilities to meet the standard value, and released into the sewer. Measures
to counter odor
Waste bunker Air from inside the waste bunker is sent to the incierator, where odor is incinerated and decomposed.
While the incinerator is off the line, deodorizing devices are used and deodorizing agent are spread.
Platforms Entrances/exits are sealed with air curtains, and deodorizing agents are spread.
Waste collection vehicles
A washing facility for collection vehicles is installed.
Measures to counter noise
Ash is melted, and hazardous substances are stabilized using chemicals.
6. Putting the heat energy generated from incineration to beneficial use;
Incineration plants use the heat energy generated from waste incineration beneficially in power generation and in supllying energy.
Electricity and hot water produced at plants are use within facilities to operate the plant, there by reducing electricity purchases and fuel costs.
Surplus electricity is sold to power companies. All of the plants sell electricity, and four plants sell heat as hot water to other facilities.
FY 2015 Beneficial Use of Heat
Total generated power 1.172,60 M kWh Electricty sold 660,86 M kWh Income from electricity sold US$ 117,6576 M Supplied heat (charged) 501.000 GJ (Giga Jules) Income from heat sold US$ 1,9202 M
7. Processing incombustible waste and large sized waste.
Incombustible waste is pulverized before send to landfill disposal.
Incombustible waste is processed at two incombustible waste processing centers. The process is divided into pulverization and separation. Incombustible waste is pulverized to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites is made possible. Incombustibles also contain recyclable resources, such as ferrous metals and aluminum, which are separated and collected.
Large-sized waste treatment process differs by property of waste
Large-sized waste is separated into combustible large sized-waste, such as wooden furniture, and into incombustible large-sized waste, such as bycycles. The separation work is performed manually at large-sized waste transfer stations in each city, or at the receiving yard of the Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility.
Combustible residue after pulverization is incinerated at the incineration plant, while incombustible residue is sent to landfill disposal sites.
Figure 8. OVERVIEW OF PROCESSING LARGE-SIZED WASTE
Ø Figure
b. Recommendation
ü This is already done in Indonesia, especially as I know that is the city of Malang with a Hapless Garbage Bank, where the process of waste disposal not through combustion, but through the collection by citizens with awareness in the dump that is then deposited to a Bank, the Junk-garbage can be exchanged with a pulse telephone, payment of accounts electricity or other services facilities.
ü
ü The Government of Indonesia can implement this with adequate infrastructure and preparedness required sufficient budget to build a waste treatment process which provides benefits for the country and society itself.
Large-sized
waste Pulverization Separation
-Ferrous metals (recovered as resourced)
-Pulverized waste
ü Local governments through the regional autonomy program encouraged by the Central Government created a variety of innovations in the processing of waste, thus giving room for the district/City Government to create a garbage processing creative that have a positive impact for the community itself.
Asset Valuation :
Asset valuation can be interpreted as giving a value to an asset with a measurement based on some assessment approach with the purpose of knowing the price of the asset. Assessment is a process of assessment of the market value , the value of investments, the value of the guarantee or the exact measurement of the value of the interest or interest identified on a particular package or package of real estate from the specified date (Siti, 2003). Hariono (2007:79) argues that the valuation of assets is determined by how the assets are used and how such assets or traded in the market.
Assessment of activities aimed to do the estimate and predict the value of something with the purpose of getting an estimate of its value. The concept of value in that sense are grouped into market value (market value), the value of insurance (insurable value), the value of related operations (going-concern value), the value of the liquidation (liquidation value), the value of taxable (assessment value), the value of the building, and the value of the investment.
In General, there are three ways the approach used in the assessment process a property, namely: 1) sales/market price comparison approach, 2) cost approach, 3) income approach. The first approach is done by comparing the objects that will be evaluated with the selling value of the object is known. In terms of similar objects of unknown value selling then the selling price of other similar objects can often be considered as the best evidence of the value of the market. All forms of transaction in the perception of market value is in the form of cash. This approach has a disadvantage because of the difficulty of obtaining transaction data in the market and are often not valued object is identical to the selling price of the property is known.
The second approach is done by means of estimating the costs incurred to make or holds a property that is assessed. This approach was applied to assess the building and made the basis of an assessment of the building, while to assess the land or land and buildings to note some other components, namely: the value soil, determined using the market price comparison approach; investment costs especially for the construction of buildings, is determined by taking account of all fees that have been issued in order to improve or maintain the value of the building; depreciation, which differentiated the top physical depreciation, depreciation functions, and the shrinking economy. There are two methods of assessment in this approach, namely the method of calculation of the cost of the replacement cost and the method of depreciating (Hariono, 2007:52). Cost calculation method used to determine the appropriate indication of the market value of the property is not special (non specialised properties). While the method cost depreciates is based assessment to estimate the current market value of land for the use of the existing coupled with the cost of a replacement (or the cost of reproduction) of the current gross of reduced physical damage and all forms of wear and tear and the relevant optimization. The result of the replacement cost method that is based on the estimation of the potential profit.
The third approach is done by projecting the whole income of the property is reduced by the cost of the operation. The results of these calculations were capitalized with an interest rate of return on capital and profit (return on investment). This approach is applied specifically to assess properties that generate profits directly, such as hotels, offices, apartments, shopping centers, and entertainment venues.
REFERENCES :
Hidayati, Wahyu dan Budi Harjanto. 2014. Konsep Dasar Penilaian Properti : Edisi Kedua. BPFE-Yogyakarta.
Siregar, Doli. 2004. Manajemen Aset : Strategi Penataan Konsep Pembangunan Berkelanjutan secara Nasional dalam Konteks Kepala Daerah sebagai CEO’s pada Era Globalisasi dan Otonomi Daerah. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Waste Report 2017, Towards a recycling-oriented society banksampahmalang.blogspot.com/
http://sahidsutomo.blogspot.co.id/2013/10/penilaian-aset.html http://www.premiumoutlets.co.jp/en/shisui
