MENT OFFICE
Variasi morfologi aksesi Echinacea purpurea
(L.) Moench
di Balai Besar
Peneli-tian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional
Dyah Subositi and Fauzi
Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Office Jl. Raya Lawu, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia,
Tel.: +62-271-697010, Fax.: +62-271-697451, e-mail: dyah_subositi@yahoo.com
ABSTRAK
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench merupakan salah satu tumbuhan obat yang penting dan digunakan seba-gai antivirus, antibakteri, dan mempunyai aktivitas sebaseba-gai imunomudolator. Ekinase telah dibudidayakan di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional sejak tahun 2002 serta menun-jukkan variasi morfologi selama ditanam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk karakterisasi dan menentukan aksesi ekinase berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Ekinase ditanam di kebun koleksi pada ketinggian 1.200 m dpl selama lima bulan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada karakter morfologi ekinase dan dilanjutkan dengan seleksi aksesi berdasarkan perbedaan karakter morfologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat sebanyak 10 aksesi ekinase yang mempunyai perbedaan morfologi terutama pada bagian perbungaan.
Kata kunci: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, variasi morfologi
ABSTRACT
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of the major medicinal herbs that have continued to gain commercial interest worldwide owing to its antiviral, antibacterial and immunostimulatory activities. Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Office has been cultivating E. purpurea since 2002. There are morphological variation of E. purpurea found. The objective of this research was to characterize and to determine E. purpurea accessions based on morphological characters. Echinacea purpurea was cultivated in the collection field at 1200 m asl for five months. The observation were done base on morphological characters and continued with the selection of E. purpurea that has morphological differences. The results showed that there were ten ac-cessions of E. purpurea which have specifics morphological characters especially in their inflorescence.
Key words:Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, morphological variation
INTRODUCTION
The genus Echinacea of family Asteraceae
has nine species that are indigenous to North America and only three of them Echinacea pur-purea L. Moench (purple coneflower), E. pallida
(Nutt.) Nutt. (pale coneflower), and E.
angustifo-lia DC (prairie coneflower), are known for their
economic importance (Bishnoi et al., 2010).
activities.These activities appear to result from the combined effects of several phytochemicals such as caffeoyl phenol and alkamide (Chen et al., 2009).
Plant and medical scientists responded to this phenomenon by increasing their efforts to understand the biology, cultivation, and pharma-cology of these plants. Unfortunately, very few well-documented living collections of Echinacea
were readily available to support that research. Well-documented germplasm collections could also be used to broaden the genetic base of or-namental Echinacea cultivars, which are widely cultivated as attractive landscape perennials (Widrlechner and Mc Keown, 2002).
E. purpurea’s stems are 60–180 cm tall, of-ten branching near the top with soft short hairs. The lowermost leaves are oval to broadly lance-olate and coarsely toothed with irregular teeth. The tips of the center cone are often tipped bright orange. Pales have flexible straight tips. Bristles of the central cone are half as long as the cone’s body. The ray flowers vary from rose to deep pur -ple, rarely white. It grows in open woods, prai-ries, and thickets (Kindscher, 2006).
Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Office has been cul -tivating E. purpurea since 2002. There are mor-phological variation of E. purpurea found. The objective of this research was to characterize and to determine E. purpurea accessions based on lection field at 1200 m asl for five months. The observation were done base on morphological characters and continued with the selection of E. purpurea that has morphological differences.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ten accessions of Echinaceae purpurea
were found in this study based on morphologi-cal characters. Twenty six qualitative and quan-titative morphological characters were polymor-phic especially in their inloresence and used to distinguish ten accessions. There are description of each accessions based on their specific char -acters:
1. Accession B2P2TO-OT 1
Stems are up to 65 cm tall, purple. Leaves
are ovate-obovate, leaf margin serrate-dentate, long:wide ratio of lamina 4,5:1. Phyllaries are in 2-3 series, reflexed. Receptacles are conic, white margin. Ray florets 14-18, densely, corollas are oblong, pinkish purple, spreading 80°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, shortly dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before an-thesis are reddish purple (Figure 1.).
2. Accession B2P2TO-OT 2
Stems are up to 80 cm tall, purplish green.
pink-pur-before anthesis are yellowish green (Figure 1.). 3. Accession B2P2TO-OT 3
Stems are up to 70 cm tall, purplish green.
Leaves are obovate, leaf margin entire-dentate, long:wide ratio of lamina 3-3,5:1. Phyllaries
are in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are tri-angular, dark purple margin. Ray florets 20-23, densely, seem that in 2 series, corollas are ellips, pink-purple, spreading 85°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 3:1, dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis are yellowish green (Figure 1.).
(A)
(B)
(C)
Figure 1. Infloresence of Echinacea purpurea acces-sion collection B2P2TO-OT (A: Accession 1,
B: Accession 2, C: Accession 3)
4. Accession B2P2TO-OT 4
Stems are up to 80 cm tall, purplish green.
Leaves are obovate, leaf margin entire-dentate, long: wide ratio of lamina 3-3,5:1. Phyllaries are in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are triangu-lar, dark purple margin. Ray florets 18-22, rarely, corollas are linear, dark pink-purple, spreading 80°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, dentate 2 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis are reddish purple (Figure 2).
5. Accession B2P2TO-OT 5
Stems are up to 85 cm tall, purplish green.
Leaves are ovate, leaf margin sharply dentate, long:wide ratio of lamina 4:1. Phyllaries are in 3 series, reflexed. Receptacles are triangular, white margin. Ray florets 14-16, rarely, corol-las are linear, pinkish purple, reflexed 45°-50°, long:wide ratio of corollas 4,5-5:1, dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis are reddish green (Figure 2).
6. Accession B2P2TO-OT 6
Stems are up to 85 cm tall, purplish green.
(A)
(B)
(C)
Figure 2. Infloresence of Echinacea purpurea acces-sion collection B2P2TO-OT (A: Accession 4,
B: Accession 5, C: Accession 6)
7. Accession B2P2TO-OT 7
Stems are up to 85 cm tall, green. Leaves
are ovate-ellips, leaf margin serrate, long:wide ra-tio of lamina 2,5-3:1. Phyllaries are in 3-4 series, reflexed. Receptacles are triangular, pale purple
Ray florets
long: wide ratio of corollas 4-4,5:1, shortly den-tate-dentate 2 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis are reddish purple (Figure 3). 8. Accession B2P2TO-OT 8
Stems are up to 90 cm tall, green. Leaves
are ovate-oblong, leaf margin entire-serrate, long:wide ratio of lamina 4:1. Phyllaries are in 3 series, spreading. Receptacles are triangular, pale purple margin. Ray florets 16-18, densen-ly, corollas are ellips-oblong, pinkish purple, reflexed 45°-50°, long: wide ratio of corollas 4-4,5:1, shortly dentate 2 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis are reddish green (Figure 3).
9. Accession B2P2TO-OT 9
Stems are up to 85 cm tall, green. Leaves
are ovate-oblong, leaf margin entire-dentate, long:wide ratio of lamina 2,5-3:1. Phyllaries
are in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are tri-angular, pale purple margin. Ray florets 16-20, densenly, corollas are ellips-oblong, pink, re-curved 10°-20°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, shortly dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk flo -rets before anthesis are yellowish green (Figure 3).
10. Accession B2P2TO-OT 10
Stems are up to 90 cm tall, green. Leaves
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Figure 3. Infloresence of Echinacea purpurea acces-sion collection B2P2TO-OT (A: Accession 7, B: Acces-sion 8, C: Accession 9, D: Accession 10)
Morphological variation among Echinacea purpurea collection of B2P2TO-OT were found and divided them into 10 accessions. Morpho-logical characters were used to characterize ac-cession because these characters are simple and easier to plant classification than others charac -ters (Jones and Luchsinger, 1986). Morphological characters have weaknesses especially this char-acter always influence by environmental factor. Dursun et al., (2010) mentioned that. There is al-ways influence of environment in morphological traits and they can show considerable variation. Also, some traits can be incorrectly measured and so cause problems in the estimation of ge-netic diversity. The number and choice of mor-phological traits and sample size can also affect the correlation.
Morphological variation of E. purpurea pos-sibly caused by genetics and environmental fac-tors. According to Rahmawati and Mahajoeno
(2009), plant genetic traits are influenced by en -vironmental factors. Phenotype in an individual is an interaction between genotype and its envi-ronment. Disk florets of E. purpurea are consist of 100-200 flowers, bisexual, fertile and produce an abundance of seeds. Mitroi et al., (2010) said it is considered that the recorded variability within species propagated by seeds depends on the genetic characteristics and environmental conditions. Morphological variability of seven E. purpurea found in Germany (Banga et al., 2010) and nine genotypes of E. purpurea also found in Germany (Varban at al., 2010).
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Figure 4. Infloresence specific characters of Echina-cea purpurea accession collection B2P2TO-OT {A-C:
disk florets color before anthesis (A: yellowish green , B: reddish purple, C: reddish green), D-F: Phyllaries
position (D: spreading, E: reflexed, F: recurved)}
Morphological variation of E. purpurea
B2P2TO-OT not only plasticity but ten accession were different in their biomass, total phenolic content and RAPD profiles (data not shown). Characterization of each accessions is impor-tant for many purposes, for example: breeding programme, to determine superior cultivars and germplasm collection. According to Ozkaya et al., (2006) knowledge of genetic diversity in a crop species is fundamental to its improvement. A va-riety of molecular, chemical and morphological descriptors are used to characterize the genetic diversity among and within crop species.
The new, functional morphological taxono-my is invaluable in the germplasm enhancement process, not only for growers and botanists, but also for phytochemists and molecular biologists who rely on botanically characterized source materials. Ultimately, germplasm enhancement through multidisciplinary efforts offers the ca -pacity to effectuate large-scale propagation of well characterized, elite Echinacea cultivars, and thus to improve consistency and reproducibility in clinical trials with Echinacea phytomedicines (Miler, 2004).
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