Jurnal International Novice Voters Politics

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Volume VIII, Issue 2(24), Spring 2017

327

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Quarterly

Volume VIII

Issue 2(24)

Spring 2017

ISSN: 2068-696X

Journal’s DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle

ASER

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Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics

328

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329

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Provisions for Effective Development of Regional Agricultural Systems in Russia’s Economy

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Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle Journal’s Issue DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.2(24).00

34

Efficient Model of Economic Growth in the Conditions of Post-Crisis Development of the Society in the Republic of Kazakhstan

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Spring 2017

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Volume VIII, Issue 3(25), Summer 2017

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369

Novice Voters Politics Culture (The Study About the Orientation of

Novice Voters Politics on the Election of the Mayor and Vice Mayor in

Kendari in Year 2017)

Unhalu BAHTIAR Faculty of Political Science, University of Haluoleo Kendari, Indonesia bahtiar.unhalu.pj@gmail.com

Suggested Citation:

Bahtiar, Unhalu 2017. Novice voters politics culture (the study about the orientation of novice voters politics on the election of the mayor and vice mayor in Kendari in year 2017). Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, Volume VIII, Spring, 2(24): 369 – 379. DOI: 10.14505/jarle.v8.2(24).05. Available from:

http://journals.aserspublishing.eu/jarle/index

Article’s History:

Abstract:

Democracy is important for every people, in order to create democratic country. The voter is an important part of democracy. Simply election is the way of citizen to do politics activity or politics contract with another person or politics party who are given the mandate or the authority to implement the partly power of people/voters. This study was conducted with the aim to study about the orientation of novice voters politics on the election of the mayor and vice mayor in Kendari in year 2017. The informant of the research was individual who would use his election rights for the first time in direct election. Structural model presented the relationship among study variables. Coefficient of structural model stated the magnitude relationship between one variable to another variable. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 are factor that influence older people, factor of individual’s choice, factor of mass media, politics party and politics advertisement and contemporary friend.

Keywords:novice voters; democracy; local election; politics.

JEL Classification:C91; E60; F00; H82; D72.

Introduction

Indonesia makes democracy as a politics doctrine that is adhered, it is based on the opening of constitution in paragraph 4. In the opening of the constitution there is sovereignty word that means supreme authority is in the hands of the people. Democracy is important for every people, in order to create democratic country. The voter is an important part of democracy. Simply election is the way of citizen to do politics activity or politics contract with another person or politics party who are given the mandate or the authority to implement the partly power of people/voters.

Politics culture is part of people culture with traits that are more typical. The term of politics culture includes the legitimacy problem, authority management, process of policy making by Government, activity of politics parties, behavior of nation apparatus, and the result of the people toward the ruling power. Politics activity also enters religious world, economics and social activity, personal and social life widely. Regarding to the politics education for students as part of people of novice voters in Local Leaders Election is expected to become the learning process to understand nationalist. As it is known that Local Leaders Election is the changing process of Mayor and Vice Mayor who are recognized lawfully, and the momentum for the people to directly determine the spouse of Mayor and Vice Mayor that is suitable with people’s aspiration/desire.

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Originality for this paper shows: (1) novice voters used to be variables (2) case study election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 (3) quantitative data from survey.

1. Literature Review / State–of–Arts / Research Background 1.1. The concept of novice voters

In the every implementation of General Election, there is first-time voters who deserve to get the opportunity to vote. This group is often called as novice voters. Their ages range from 17 up to 21 years (Election Law) and in average their status as students, university students, and youth worker. This group obviously has different characteristic than other voters who already have experience in using their election rights on some of the previous elections (Pahmi 2010, 54).

1.2. The concept of politics participation

According to Rosseau, politics participation consists of two types. First, the observer who pays attention to politics is not only during election period, but also between one and another general election. Second, active participation is the audience who not only observes, but also actively communicates with politics leader or politician, both in Government and in Parliament or outside Parliament. There are several factors that affect its high or low politics participation.

Firstly, politics awareness and trust in Government (politics system). What is meant by politics awareness is awareness of rights and obligations as citizens.

Secondly, is concerning the knowledge from a person about people’s environment and politics, and is concerning the interest from a person about his/her environment of people and politics. What is meant by behavior and trust in Government is a person’s assessment toward Government.

1.3. Education and politics awareness of adolescents

In the general term, politics education is the way how a nation's politics culture transfers from generation to generation (Panggabean 1994, 34). Meanwhile, the politics culture is the overall value, empirical belief, and expressive symbol that determine the situations in the place where politics activity is implemented.

Politics education as a delivering process of the nation's politics culture includes politics ideals and operational norms from the system of politics organization that is based on the values of Pancasila. Politics education needs to be improved as politics awareness toward rights and obligations as a citizen, so students are expected to participate actively in the nationalist life and development. Democracy education that is ideal generally is part of good education. Referring to that it is suggested by Gandal and Finn (Saripudin 2001) that it is needed to be improved the model of school-based democracy education.

1.4. Adolescents culture as a novice voters

Students or adolescents generally have current social system which seems to illustrate that they have their ‘own world’. Adolescents’ culture is relaxed, free and tends to liking informal things and looking for fun, therefore all things that less fun is avoided.

Adolescents need a support and consensus from their contemporary group. In this case any deviation of values and norms in a group will receive censure from their group, because the relationship between the adolescents and their group are solider and loyal. The adolescents generally over the groups that are smaller based on similarities in interest, pleasure or other factors.

1.5. Politics behavior

The study on voters’ behavior is a study of reason and factor that cause individual to choose one party or candidate who participates in politics dispute. Voters’ behavior either as constituent or general people here is understood as part of the concept of people politics participation in the system that primaries tend to be democratic.

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1.6. Politics orientation and politics behavior

According to Ranney, there are two main components from politics culture. There are cognitive orientation and affective orientation. Meanwhile, Almond and Verba with more comprehensive refer to what is formulated by Parsons and Shils about the classification of the orientation types, politics culture that contains three components of politics object as follows: Cognitive orientation that is knowledge of and credence in politics, the role and all the obligations and its input and output. Affective orientation is a feeling toward politics system, the role, the actor and his/her performance. Evaluative orientation is the decision and opinion about politics objects that typically involve standard of value and criteria with information and feeling.

1.7. Factors that influence politics orientation of novice voters

According to Mulyas (2007, 267), factors which affect the politics participation of students as the novice voters are explained as follows:

socioeconomic factor includes the knowledge level, education level and the number of students. This

has to be one of the factors that affect students as novice voters to actively participate in politics;

politics factor according to Arnstein S.R (1969), includes: politics communication, politics awareness, knowledge as novice voters toward the process of decision making and control as public policy;

physical factor of individual and environment;

factor of cultural value.

2. Methodology

The type of research that is used in this study is qualitative and quantitative approach, or that is known as mixing methods. The use of qualitative method in this research is intended to gain deeper perspective about the occurrence of election process congestion of Mayor in Kendari, the factors that affect election process congestion of Mayor in Kendari.

Theoretically, qualitative method is used by some considerations, first; its adjustment more easily when confronts with double reality, second; this method presents directly relationship between researcher and respondent, and third; this method is more sensitive and more able to adjust to the many sharpening of collective influence and toward the patterns that are encountered (Moleong 2002, 5).

The location of this research was in Kendari city. The researcher chose Kendari city for research location because in Kendari city cold be held the Mayor election of Kendari in 2017 with the amount of novice voters that were large enough with high plurality/heterogeneity and complex orientation. The informant of the research was novice voters that are students in MAN 1 Kendari, SMK 3 Kendari, SMK 1 Kendari and university students as much as 44 people. Novice voters were people who were in 17-21 years old or an individual who would use his election rights for the first time in direct election.

The data that had been completed successfully from qualitative approach was analyzed both at the time of the ongoing research and after the completion of the research field. Therefore the analysis model that was used in this study was model from Miles and Huberman.

Therefore this research was descriptive-analytical, and then the analysis of the data was done interactively and taking place continuously, included the process of data reduction, data presentation, and summary. This process was conducted simultaneously in the field (analysis in the field) so that the data would be more profound.

While the quantitative data from survey result would be analyzed quantitatively through frequency tabulate, so it appeared clearly many variants that affected and dominant variable, which affected politics orientation of novice voters as a form of politics culture.

3. Case studies/experiments/ demonstrations/ application functionality 3.1. The knowledge of novice voters about politics

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When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about politics increases up to 13 people (59.50%) or increases around 20%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 23 people (52%) or increases up to 18%, and there are only 8 people (17.50%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 40%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 1.

Table 1.Knowledge of novice voters about politics on the election of the Mayor and Vice Mayor in Kendari in year 2017

Before Socialization Frequency Percentage(%) After Socialization Frequency Percentage (%)

Very Know 4 9% Very Know 13 29,50%

Know 15 34% Know 23 52%

Don’t Know 25 57% Don’t Know 8 17,50%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

Source: Processed Questionnaire, 2017.

3.2. The knowledge of novice voters about Democracy

The answer to the question of politics about democracy knowledge toward 44 respondents, can be explained that the value that is produced by the respondents can be seen that the respondents who answer ‘very know’ only 4 people (9%), respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 12 people (27%) and who answer ‘do not know’ as many as 28 people (64%). When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about democracy increases up to 11 people (25%) or increases around 30%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 8 people (17%) or declines around decreases up to 43%, and there are only 8 people (17%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 40%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 2.

Table 2.The knowledge of novice voters about Democracy

Very Know 4 9% Very Know 11 25%

Know 12 27% Know 25 57,50%

Don’t Know 28 64% Don’t Know 8 17,50%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

Source:Processed Questionnaire, 2017.

3.3. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Who used to do Democracy

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Table 3. Voters Political Sciences starters on who should democracy

Know 10 23% Know 21 48%

Don’t Know 30 68% Don’t Know 6 13%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.4. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Why used to do Democracy

The answer to the question of politics knowledge before it is conducted the socialization toward 44 respondents, can be explained that the value that is produced by the respondents can be seen that the respondents who answer ‘very know’ only 4 people (9%), respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 12 people (27%) and who answer ‘do not know’ as many as 26 people (59%). When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about democracy increases up to 15 people (34%) or increases around 25%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 23 people (32%) or increases up to 5%, and there are only 6 people (14%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 45%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 4.

Table 4. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about why used to do Democracy

Know 12 27% Know 23 32%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.5. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Direct Voting

The answer to the question of politics knowledge before it is conducted the socialization toward 44 respondents, can be explained that the value that is produced by the respondents can be seen that the respondents who answer ‘very know’ only 6 people (14%), respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 12 people (27%) and who answer ‘do not know’ as many as 26 people (59%).

When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about direct voting increases up to 15 people (34%) or increases around 25%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 23 people (32%) or increases up to 5%, and there are only 6 people (14%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 45%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 5.

Table 5. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Direct Voting

Know 12 27% Know 23 32%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

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3.6. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about how Important Voting are

The answer to the question of politics knowledge before it is conducted the socialization toward 44 respondents, can be explained that the value that is produced by the respondents can be seen that the respondents who answer ‘very know’ only 5 people (11%), respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 12 people (27%) and who answer ‘do not know’ as many as 27 people (62%). When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about how important voting are increases up to 9 people (20%) or increases around 9%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 24 people (55%) or increases up to 28%, and there are only 11 people (25%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 37%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 6.

Table 6. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about how Important Voting are

Know 12 27% Know 24 55%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.7. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Constitution that Set the Direct Voting

The answer to the question of politics knowledge before it is conducted the socialization toward 44 respondents, can be explained that the value that is produced by the respondents can be seen that the respondents who answer ‘very know’ only 3 people (7%), respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 5 people (11%) and who answer ‘do not know’ as many as 36 people (82%). When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about constitution that set the direct voting increases up to 5 people (11%) or increases around 4%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 27 people (62%) or increases up to 51%, and there are only 12people (27%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 55%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 7.

Table 7.The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Constitution that set the Direct Voting

Know 5 11% Know 27 62%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.8. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about the Stages of Direct Voting

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Table 8. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about the Stages of Direct Voting

Very Know - - Very Know 5 11%

Know - - Know 30 69%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.9. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Rights to Vote

When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about rights to vote increases up to 15 people (34%) or increases around 23%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 25 people (58%) or increases up to 19%, and there are only 4people (9%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 44%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 9.

Table 9.The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Rights to Vote

Before Socialization Frequency Percentage(%) After Socialization Frequency Percentage(%)

Know 17 39% Know 25 58%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.10. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Requirement to be Voters

The answer to the question of politics knowledge before it is conducted the socialization toward 44 respondents, can be explained that the value that is produced by the respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 37 people (84%) and who answer ‘do not know’ as many as 7 people (16%).

When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about requirement to be voters increases up to 35 people (80%) or increases around 80%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 9 people (20%) or decreases up to 64%, and there are 0people (0%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 16%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 10.

Table 10.The Knowledge of Novice Voters about Requirement to be Voters

Very Know - - Very Know 35 80%

Know 37 84% Know 9 20%

Don’t Know 7 16% Don’t Know - -

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

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3.11. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about how to Voting

When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about how to voting increases up to 30 people (68%) or increases around 55%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 11 people (25%) or decreases up to 61%, and there are only 3 people (7%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 2%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 11.

Table 11.The Knowledge of Novice Voters about how to Voting

Know 38 86% Know 11 25%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.12. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about election of Mayor 2017

When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about election of mayor increases up to 7 people (16%) or increases around 5%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 27 people (61%) or decreases up to 41%, and there are only 10people (10%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 65%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 12.

Table 12. The knowledge of Novice Voters about election of Mayor 2017

Know 9 20% Know 27 61%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.13. The Knowledge of Novice Voters about the Different of the Leader

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there are only 9 people (20%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 43%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 13.

Table 13.The Knowledge of Novice Voters about the Different of the Leader

Know 7 16% Know 23 27%

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.14. The Attitude of Novice Voters to Voting

When being compared to the answer after the implementation of socialization can be explained that respondents who answer ‘very know’ about Attitude to vote increases up to 34 people (77%) or increases around 16%, and respondents who answer ‘know’ as many as 0 people (0%) or decreases up to 9%, and there are only 10 people (23%) who ‘do not know’ or declines around 7%. The comparison of the answer result can be seen in the following Table 14.

Table14.The Attitude of Novice Voters to Voting

Know 4 9% Know - -

Total 44 100% Total 44 100%

3.15. Factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor of Kendari in 2017

Factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights are based on the data collection in the field, interview result with 44 respondents that consist of students from MAN 1 Kendari, SMAN 3 Kendari, SMKN 1 Kendari and university students who are novice voters, then the researcher finds some factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 can be seen in the following Table 15.

Table 15. Factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor of Kendari in 2017

No Factor that affect Frequency Percentage

1 Parents 10 23

2 Self choice 20 45

3 Political party, mass media and political advertisement 9 20

4 Friends 5 12

Total 44 100

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From Table 15 above, the predominant factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 are the factor in the election itself as many as 20 people (45%) and the factor of older people as many as 10 people (23%).

3.16. Politics orientation of novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor of Kendari in 2017

Politics orientation is the perspective from a group of people in the people structure their selves. The appearance of the orientation is caused by the values that exist inside people and outside people that will form their behavior and become their pattern to overview politics object.

4. Discussion

Novice voters’ knowledge toward the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017. Understanding and knowledge of the participants are in average of 72%.

But from the behavior side, it turns out that this instrument has not been able to give factual overview because the implementation time is not in unison with the implementation of election.

Therefore, it is needed to be conducted service activity for older people with more comprehensive pattern in the future especially before and after the Local Leaders Election is conducted. However, the good enough impression is that there is faith at least 77% of novice voters’ behavior to choose direct Local Leaders Election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017. This means that democracy awareness increases rightly.

Factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017. Politics behavior is generally determined by internal factor from the individual him/herself such as idealism, intelligence level, conscience and external factor (environmental condition) such as religious affair, social, politics, economics and other that surroundings it.

There are many factors that affect new voter in politics as follows: social economic factor, politics factor, individual physic and environtment factor. Cultural factor is a basic that make a democration. Define a preception, knowledge, attitude and politic beliefs.

Politics orientation of novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017.

The description in the research discussion toward the politics orientation of the novice voters on the Local Leaders Election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 that there are several important parts as follows: cognitive orientation of politics participation of novice voters, affective orientation toward politics participation of novice voters, and evaluative orientation toward politics participation of novice voters.

Conclusion

Based on the collective data result in the field and the research result on previous chapter, then researcher concludes that:

factors that affect novice voters in using their election rights in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 are factor that influence older people, factor of individual’s choice, factor of mass media, politics party and politics advertisement and contemporary friend;

dominant factor that affects novice voters in using their election right in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 are influence factor of individual’s choice (45%) and older people (23%);

politics orientation of novice voters in using their election right in the election of Mayor and Vice Mayor of Kendari in 2017 whether it includes cognitive orientation, effective orientation or evaluative orientation has led to the positive orientation, when the orientation that is showed by knowledge level and frequency awareness, feeling and positive evaluation toward politics object.

Based on the conclusion result then researcher suggests:

to improve the politics orientation of novice voters that is needed to be conducted the politics education

for the novice voters through formal, informal or non formal activity;

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it is needed a continuously guidance to the novice voters and generally people in Kendari city in order to

maintain the politics awareness that has been awakened.

References

[1] Almond, G.A, and Verba, S. 1990. Cultural Politics, Political Behavior and Democracy in Five Countries. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.

[2] Arnstein, S.R. 1969. A Ladder of Citizen Participation, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35 (4): 216-224

[3] Efriza. 2012. Political Explore: A Study of Politics (In Indonesia Political Explore: Sebuah Kajian Ilmu Politik). Bandung: Alfabeta.

[4] Moleong, L. 2002. Qualitative Research Methodology. Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.

[5] Mulyasa. 2007. Factors affecting Political Participation Student. Jakarta: Green School Pendidikan.

[6] Ngabiyanto. 2003. Exposure Subject of Political Science (In Indonesia Paparan Kuliah Ilmu Politik). Semarang: UNNES

[7] Pangabean. 1994. Political Education and Regeneration Nation. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.

[8] Saripudin, U. 2001. Citizenship Education Forum for Systemic Education for Democracy (In Indonesia

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E-mail: jarle@aserspublishing.eu ISSN 2068-696X

Journal DOI https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle

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Novice Voters Politics Culture (The Study About the Orientation of

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