GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN “XXX:R
ETURN OF
XANDER CAGE
”
MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degre of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities UIN Sunan
Ampel Surabaya
By
Ribal Al Muntaqo Reg. Number A83211179
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
ABSTRACT
Al-Muntaqo, Ribal. 2017. Grammatical Cohesion in “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)” Movie. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
Key words : Cohesive device; grammatical cohesion;“XXX:Return of Xander function. This descriptive study found out that all the grammatical cohesions suggested by Hassan and Halliday can be seen in this movie except nominal ellipsis. In addition, this research also found three important functions of references, two functions of substitute, six functions of conjunction and only one function of ellipsis.
The Examiner’s Approval Page ... vii
Acknowledgements ... viii CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Cohesive Device ... 8
2.1.1 Grammatical Cohesion ... 10
2.1.2 Lexical Cohesion ... 16
4.1.1 The Cohesive Devices in “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)” Movie: Grammatical Cohesion ... 23
significant of the study, scope and limitation, and the definition of key terms.
1.1Background of The Study
Grammatical cohesion is one part of cohesive devices. Grammatical
cohesion is very important to format the sense of sentences. Grammatical
cohesion can be in the form of words, utterances, phrases that exist in the text to
correlate one element to the other element. This study about cohesive device have
explain the grammatical cohesion is concrete. this researchers interest about the
grammatical cohesion each other stance to be analyzed. Between one of them is
grammatical cohesion’s function. All of the researchers has use text as their data
sources (see, for example, Fulcher, 1989; Muslimah, 2007; Setyowati, 2007;
Ahmed, 2008; Akindele, 2011; Fukuade, 2012; Gocic, 2012; Hasselgard,
2007:Rahimi & Ebrahimi, 2012 Thompson 2004 and Shanaz & Imtiaz, 2014)
creative data source use to analyze mind.
A data source that is used in this study is movie script. In grammatical
to know what the speaker means. In the other word, understanding function of
grammatical cohesion is needed to avoid misunderstanding. This study uses
Halliday and Hasan’s theory that divide cohesive device into two types, which are
grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesions are forms of
cohesion realized through grammar (Halliday and Hasan, 1976, page 6).
Grammatical cohesion is divided into four kinds, they are reference, substitution,
ellipsis, and conjunction, whereas lexical cohesion consists of two kinds, namely,
reiteration and collocation.
Halliday and Hasan (1976, page 37) classify reference into three types,
they are: personal, demonstrative, and comparative. Personal reference by means
of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category
of personal consist of three classes of personal pronouns, possesive determines (
usually called “possesive adjectives”), and possesive pronouns, The examples of
personal reference are: I, me, my, mine. Demonstrative reference is reference by
means of location, on a scale of proximity(near,far,neutral,time), e.g. this, these,
that, those, here, now, then, there, and the. Comparative reference is indirect
reference by means of identity or similarity, additional, so+ quantifier (e.g. so
many), better, comparative adjectives, and adverbs, etc.
There are three types of substitution, that are nominal (one, ones, same),
verbal (do), and clausal (so,not) substitution. The substitute one/ones in nominal
always functions as a head of nominal group. The verbal substite is “do”,and it
functions as head of a verbal group Ellipsis is used to replace words omitted from
consists of three parts namely nominal group. Nominal ellipsis involves the
upgrading of a word functioning as deictic, numerative, ephithet, or classifier
from the status of modifier to the status of head. Verbal ellipsis means ellipsis
within the verbal group. Clausal ellipsis has a two-part structure consisting of
modal element plus propositional element.
Halliday and Hasan (1976, page 303) state that conjunction is on the
borderline of the grammatical and lexical cohesion. My statement are form of
conjunctive elements take the interpred grammatically in terms of systems, but
lexical selection’s interpretation form of meaning. There are five’s conjunction
categories:additive, adversative, causal, temporal, and other conjunction.Additive
conjunction is expressed by the words and, and also, nor, and...not, or else,
furthermore, in addition, etc. The causal relation consist of the words so, then,
hence, therefore, consequently, because of this, for this reason, on account of this,
etc. Temporal conjunction includes then, next, after that, just then, at the same
time, etc.
As mentioned before, cohesive devices are divided into two types, that are:
grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. However in this study, the researcher
focuses only on grammatical cohesion. This is because most of the previous
studies prefer to analyze cohesive device wholly or grammatical cohesion partly.
The researcher feels that this study is necessary to be conducted. Discovery of
Grammatical Cohesion “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)” movie will
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.What kind’s categories of grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of Xander
Cage “ movie?
2.what kind’s function of grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of Xander Cage
“ movie?
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.To know kind’s categories of the grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of
Xander Cage”movie.
2.To describe kind’s functionof the grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of
Xander Cage”movie.
1.4 Significance of the Study
On the study, to spesific about to the theoretical and practical
function.Especially, this study is expected to broaden the theoritical perspective
on grammatical cohesion that are take dialog/speech by XXX:Return Of Xander
Cage”movie.Normally, this study might be disiplined to help the teach theory
course to other researchers in conducting similar researcher.
1.4.1. Theoritical Significance
This theoritical is focused into the theorie of grammatical cohesion that
specifically into the structure theory. However, there are many category to be
uncovered in the using of grammatical cohesion in XXX:Return Of Xander Cage
movie. Hence the researcher focuses on discourse analysis as the development of
in the classify categories to dialog the movie. In grammatical cohesion, the study
is to break up the ability on the movie in the understanding cohesive function in
XXX:Return Of Xander Cage movie because how to know by the context dialog.
1.4.2. Practical Significance
Finish classify is expected can easy to build a certain studies as practical
significance.The appropriate classify categories among the movie will be the
contribution of this research. The researcher describes the categories of
grammatical cohesion choice among both the movie (XXX:Return Of Xander
Cage mentioned and describes how to classify cohesive function.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study 1.5.1. Scope
This study is done by discourses analisys as the theory into the movie
(XXX:Return Of Xander Cage,it will can describe by grammatical cohesion. The
reason is because this study mainly tries to find the discourse of the grammatical
cohesion used in the movie (XXX:Return Of Xander Cage.The other reasons are
the movie’s contexts (XXX:Return Of Xander Cage such as local language and
culture that influences the action in different speech context.
1.5.2. Limitation
Regarding to the limitation, there are many action movies on speech
context. The possibilities of covering all movies, since this research has limited
action’s movie. Based on that situation, the researcher is going to do the research
as mentioned in the objective of the study.
1.6 Definiton of the Key Term
In order to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation about the basic
concepts used in this study, the researcher gives some definitions of key terms as
follows.
1.6.1. Grammatical cohesion is Grammatical cohesion refers to the various
grammatical devices that can be used to make relations among sentences more
explicit. Cohesive devices are used to tie pieces of text together in a specific way.
The aim is to help the reader understand the items referred to, the ones replaced
and even the items omitted (Harmer 2004). So it mean form of grammatical is as a
conjunction between sentences or more specific for connected one sentence to
other sentence.Thus, the theory it will make understand object by the meaning.
1.6.2. “XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)“ is the movie which one Extreme
athlete turned government operative Xander Cage (Vin Diesel) Xander Cage is
left for dead after an incident, though he secretly returns to action for a new, tough
assignment with his handler Augustus Gibbons. Then comes out of self-imposed
exile, thought to be long dead, and is set on a collision course with deadly alpha
seemingly unstoppable weapon known as Pandora's Box. Recruiting an all-new
group of thrill-seeking cohorts, Xander finds himself enmeshed in a deadly
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of research and literature related with the
topic, which is grammatical cohesion in “xxx:return of xander cage (2017)”
movie. Literally, this chapter supports the concepts and backgrounds in the
previous chapter. There are four points of sub chapter here and the first one is
about grammatical cohesion and function, as basic study of language that
correlated with the context sentence. The second sub chapter is about grammatical
cohesion. It helps the reader to have the clear about grammatical cohesion by
reviewing related research. Then for the next sub chapter about “xxx:return of
xander cage (2017)” movie. It discusses about the perspective and argument about
grammatical cohesion; meanwhile the researcher has different point of view that is
elaborated into chapter IV. The but last not least, the sub chapter is about
grammatical function. This mobilization era there are many grammatical function
offers by providers in the movie. However, this research is focused into
grammatical cohesion; then the researcher know about context sentence as the
additional tools.
2.1. Cohesive Devices
Grammatical devices are tools of cohesion to create unity of meaning
within a text. In the text, cohesive devices are in the form of words, utterances,
phrases that exist in the text to correlate one element to the other element. The
that exist within the text. And that define it as a text. It proves that cohesive
devices are needed in a text to make it meaningful. Without cohesive devices, the
text is meaningless.
According to Muslimah (2007) “Cohesive devices are certain words or
phrases and their location within the discourse will activate a set of assumptions
as to the meaning of what has gone before hand or will generate a set of
expectations to what may follow”. From this opinion can be conclude that how
important cohesive device in forming a meaning in sentence.
Some studies in analyzing cohesive devices are done by the experts.
Halliday and Hasan (1976) and De Beaugrande are the two experts in cohesive
devices study. The theory of Halliday and Hasan is shown in Figure 2.1.
Based on figure 2.1 on Halliday and Hasan’s theory, cohesive devices are
divided into two characteristics: endhophora (refers to textual meaning) and
exophora (referrs to situational meaning). Endophora has two kinds; they are
anaphora and cataphora in which anaphora is if the relation presupposes
something that has gone before, while cataphora is when a relathion is
presupposed by something in the following part. Halliday and Hasan also say that
cohesive devices are divided into two types; that are grammatical cohesion and
lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion consists of four kinds, namely reference,
substitution, ellipsis, and concjuntion, where as lexical cohesion consist of two
kinds, namely reiteration and collocation.
2.1.1 Grammatical Cohesion
A cohesive tie which is shown through grammar is called as grammatical
cohesion. Grammatical cohesion are forms of cohesion realized through grammar
(Halliday and Hasan, 1976:6). Grammatical cohesion is divided into four kinds,
they are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction that will explained
below.
A. Reference
Halliday and Hasan state that reference is a semantic relation between
an element and the others in the text in which the interpretation of the element
differentiate the reference into two parts; they are exophoric reference which
reference.
Halliday and Hasan (1976: 37) classify reference into three types, they are:
personal, demonstrative, and comparative. Personal reference is reference by
means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The
category of personal consist of three classes of personal pronouns, possesive
determiners (usually called “possesive adjectives”), and possesive pronouns. The
examples of personal reference are: I, me, my, mine, you, your, yours, we, us, our,
ours, he, him, his, they, their, theirs, them, one, one’s, it, its, she, her, hers.
Demonstrative reference is reference is reference by means of location, on
a scale of proximity (near, far, neutral,time), e.g. this, these, that, those, here, now,
then, there, and the. Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of
identity or similarity, e.g. same, equal, identical, identically, such, similar, so,
similarly, likewise, other,different, else, differently, otherwise, more, fewer, less,
further, additional, so+ quantifier (e.g. so many), better, comparative adjectives,
and adverbs, etc.
The explanation above will be firmed by the examples as follows.
1. We’re going to the party to the party tonight. This’ll be our second outing
for month (demonstrative reference).
The pronoun “this” presuppose to the word “we’re going to the party
tonight”.
Comparative reference is used in that sentence namely the word “same” to
point forward to the referent “the one we say yesterday”.
3. There was a brief note from Susan. She just said, I am not coming home
this weekend (personal reference).
The pronoun “she” and “I” presuppose the proper name “ Susan” in the
preceding sentence.
B. Substitution
Subtitution is the replacement of one item by another in a text. It is a
relation between linguistic items, such as words, phrases, and clauses.
Substitution is a relation in the wording rather than in the meaning. In terms of
the linguistic system, substitution is a relation on the lexicogrammatical level,
the level of grammar and vocabulary, or linguistic form (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:88-89).
There are three types of substitution, that are: nominal (one, ones,
same), verbal (do), and clausal (so,not) substitution. The substitute one/ ones in
nominal alway functions as a head of a nominal group. The verbal substitute is
“do”, and it functions as head of a verbal group. Some examples below support
the explanation above:
1. I lost my way in the galleries. The same thing happened to me.
(Nominal Substitution).
galleries” (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:109).
2. Thought I’d finished with the toughest assignments. They didn’t tell me
about this one. (Nominal Substitution).
3. I don’t know the meaning of half those long words, and, what’s more, I
don’t believe you do either. (Verbal Substitution).
“Do” in this sentence substitutes for “know the meaning of half those
long words” (Halliaday and Hasan, 4976:112).
4. Everyone seems to think he’s guilty. If so, no doubt he’ll offer to resign.
(Clausal Substitution).
“So” in this sentence substitutes for “he is guilty” (Halliday and Hasan,
1976:134).
C. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is used to indicate omission of part of a quotation. Ellipsis is
used to replace words omitted from the middle of a quoted sentence (paul
and Goione:263-264). Ellipsis consist of three parts namely nominal, verbal,
and clausal ellipsis.
Nominal ellipsis means ellipsis means ellipsis within the nominal
group. Nominal ellipsis involves the upgrading of a word functioning as
deictic, numerative, epithet, or classefier from the status of modifier to the
Clausal ellipsis has a two-part structure consisting of modal element plus
propositional element. The examples of ellipsis:
1. How did you enjoy the exhibition? – A lot (of the exhibition) was very good, though not all. (Nominal Ellipsis).
The “of the exhibition”on the parenthesis above is actually omitted
from the sentence. Some words are omitted, but it can be
understood.
2. What have you been doing? –swimming. (Verbal Ellipsis).
“I have been” is omitted. Therefore, it called as verbal ellipsis. It
should be “I have been swimming”.
3. What was the Duke going to do? – Plant a row of poplars in the
park. (clausal Ellipsis).
In the answer, the modal element is omitted: the subject “Duke”
and, within the verbal group, the finite operator “was”.
D. Conjunction
Halliday and Hasan (1976: 303) state that conjunction is on the
borderline of the grammatical and lexical cohesion. It means that the set of
conjunctive elements can probably be interpreted grammatically in terms of
systems, but such an interpretation involves lexical selection in terms of
meaning. Conjunction consist of five categories: additive, adversative,
Additive conjunction is expressed by the word and, and also,
nor,and..not, or, or else, furthermore, in addition, besides, alternatively,
incidentally, by the way, that is,I mean, in other words, for instance, thus,
likewise, similarly,in the same way, on the other hand, by contrast, etc.
The causal relation consist of the words so, then, hence, therefore,
consequently, because of this, for this reason, on account of this, as a result,
in consquence, for this purpose, with this in mind, for, because, it follows,
on this basis, arising out of this, to this end, in that case, in such an event,
that being so, under the circumstances, otherwise, under other
circumstances, in this respect, in this regard, with reference to this,
otherwise, in the other respect, aside from this, etc.
Temporal conjunction includes then, next, after that, just then, at the
same time, previously, before that, finally, at last, first...then, at first...in the
end, at once, thereupon, soon, aftera time, next time, on other occasion, next
day, an hour later, meanwhile, until then, at this moment, up to now, etc.
The example of each:
1. And i all this he met no one. (Additive).
2. Yet he was hardly aware of being tired. (Adversative).
3. So by night time the valley was far below him. (Causal).
2.1.2 Lexical Cohesion
Crystal (1995: 118) state that to study the lexicon of English,
accordingly, is to study all aspects of the vocabulary of the language-how
words are formed, how they have developed over time, how they are used
now, how they relate in meaning to each other, and how they are handled in
dictionaries and other word books. There are two kinds of lexical cohesion
namely reiteration and collocation. Reiteration consist of repetition,
synonym, hyponym, metonym, and antonym. All those kinds are explained
below.
A. Reiteration
Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion which involves the repetition
of a lexical item, the use of a general word to refer back to a lexical item, and
a number of things in between the use of synonym, near-synonym, or
superordinate. There are five kinds of reiteration; they are repetition,
synonym, hyponym, metonym, and antonym.
1. Repetition
Repetition is the act of repeating exactly the same word as has been
mentioned before.
Example:
1. There’s a girl cooking that pan.
2. Synonym
Synonym is lexeme which has the same meaning, a definition which
sounds straight forward enough (crystal, 1995: 164). Synonym deals with
sameness of meaning, more than one word having the same meaning, or
alternatively the same meaning being expressed by more than one word
(Jackson, 1988: 64). Synonym is an expression with the same meaning of
the words.
Example:
1. There’s a girl cooking that pan.
Thelad’s going to burn if she’s not careful. (Synonym).
3. Hyponym
Hyponim refers to the hierarchical relationship between the meanings of lexemes, in which the meaning of one lexeme is included in (under) the
meaning of another lexeme ( Jackson, 1988: 65). Hyponym is a
subordinate, specific terms whose referent is included in the referent of a
superordinate term (Finnegan,2004:189).
Example:
1. My mother was in supermarket for fruit. Shebought a fresh apple.
Apple is hyponym (subordinate) of the fruit (fruit is superordinate).
4. Metonym
Example:
1. After a hard strom two days ago, the leaking roofs need to be
repaired. However, the house is in good condition.
The relationship between roofs and house is between part and whole.
5. Antonym
Antonym deals with oppositeness of meaning, words with opposite
meaning of various kinds (jackson, 1988: 64). Antonym is words which
are in some sense opposite in meaning.
Example:
1. In that terrible situation, the old people did not want to take a risk.
But the young were braver.
B. Collocation
Collocation deals with the relationship between word on the basis of
the fact that these words often occur in the same surroundings or are
associated with each other (Renkema, 1993: 39). Jackson (1988:97)
explains that colollocation refers to the combination of words that have a
certain mutual expectancy; the words regularly keep company with certain
other words. The examples are such as: fish...water,
2.1.3 The Movie: XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)
XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017) movie is a produced by Joe
Roth that published in United States in 2017. It is an American bigraphical film
directed by D.J Caruso. It is based on the previous films, which were distributed
by Columbia Pictures, the film was released by Paramount Pictures on January 20,
2017, in 2D, RealD 3D and IMAX 3D. This also marks the first film produced
by Revolution Studios in ten years since 2007's The Water Horse: Legend of the
Deep. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $346
million worldwide against a production budget of $85 million, making it the
highest-grossing film of Revolution Studios and in the franchise.
This movie tells about secret agents which found dangerous something
by the enemies, but it are inside peopple also know chronology this story. The tool
can be fall some satellite on the sky then show the object. It is called Pandora’s
box to destroy somethinh in the land. But again on the last Xander Cage can give
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter explains the detail of the research method used in this study. The main parts included research approach, data and data sources, instruments, the data collection ,and the data analysis.
3.1 Research Method
The methodology of this research is applying qualitative research method because it is very nature and inductive reasoning. The condition of the fied research is pretty broad range that has evolved over nearly a century of scholarly interest in the language used by movie in every terms and specific condition.The researcher agrees with Merriam’s (2009) four points of view for qualitative
research characteristics such as the individual experience of the researcher, instrument of the collecting data, inductive process, and also considers the products that collected from the research. The current characteristics of this method are follows:
3.1.1 This research knows the meaning attributed to individuals’ experiences. The
focus of meaning people attribute to their experiences is on the process rather than the outcome. Likewise, the intent of qualitative research is used to study individuals’ understanding of theirexperiences, not researchers’ perceptions of
individuals’ experiences. Therefore researcher takes classify as the data.
be expected, certain biases might occur when researcher acts as the data collection instrument. Rather than attempting to remove such biases, qualitative research operates on the belief that biases presented by the researcher must be considered, accounted for and monitored to determined their impact on data collection and analysis.
3.1.3 Third, qualitative research is regarded as an inductive process as researchers often use qualitative studies to gather evidence in order establish theories.
3.1.4 The final characteristic associated with qualitative research considers the products that are collected from the research.Also, this method reseach provides highly data in the form of words and pictures rather than the numbers produced by other types of research.
3.3 Data and Data Sources
Dealing with this topic of analysis, the data of this research is a movie, known as “XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)“. Basically, the words written grammatical cohesion. Then, the data sources of this research completely to classify
categories.Additional, the categories can to finish study about the theory also help the
researcher to find out the related studies.
3.4 Instruments
3.5 The Data Collection
1.Identify dialog’s context step by step with the detail word by word on th movie. 2.To understanding dialog’s mean by supporting data on the movie.
3.To produce speech on the dialog into the theory and choose statements on the dialog on the movie.
3.6 The Data Analysis
After collecting the data by applying the method used, the researcher classifies the word used that are already into the theory that the context classifies the categories with the grammatical cohesion, and do other ways mentioned in the research instruments. Then also, the researcher applies the theories mentioned to analyze the objects that are discussed.
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This part presents the categories and the function of each types of
grammatical cohesion found out in “Grammatical Cohesion in XXX:Return of
Xander Cage (2017) movie”.
4.1 Findings
This chapter presents the findings and discussion based on data analysis
and from the research results. Generally, the data present about the reference,
substitution, ellipsisis, and conjunction related to the grammatical cohesion in
“XXX:Return Of Xander Cage(2017)Movie. Particularly, this chapter answer that
movie in grammatical cohesion. Related to the second research question, this
chapter also describing the situation of dialog context on the movie.
Meanwhile, the rest of research result will be discussed into sub chapter of
discussion. It contains about something beyond that still related with the research.
4.1.1 Categories of Grammatical Cohesion in XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017) movie”
In this discussion, the first step of the analysis is the identification of the
grammatical cohesion stated in the movie. The results of the analysisn of the
All types of grammatical cohesion are used by the four main characters in
this movie except nominal ellipsis. In 15 scenes, the are 452 grammatical cohesive
devices. From 452 cohesions, 84% is personal reference. It appears 406 times. In
other word, personal reference is the most often used devices within the movie.
The most frequent reference is personal reference. Additive conjunction is in the
second place, which is, 7% (30) times, followed by demonstrative reference which
appears 17 times (3%). Adversative conjunction then follows, which is, 10 time
appearance (3%). Comparative reference is 7 times, causal conjunction is 5 times,
and temporal conjunction is 6 occurrences or 1% of appearance. The last is verbal
substitution, verbal ellipsis, and clausal substitution, each appears twice. Nominal
substitution and clausal ellipsis appear once each.
To give clearer table of the grammatical cohesion used in Grammatical Cohesion
in XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017) movie”, examples of the utterances
containing grammatical cohesions are shown below.
4.1.1.1 Personal Reference
Personal reference is the term used as a referential item to something or
someone within the framework of the discourse. In this study, there are 452 of
personal references that cover all of the classes. It is the most frequent
grammatical cohesion that is found. For example, “your” in line 39 and “your” in
next line refers back to “Gibbons” in line 39.
(39).Xander:You really do look different, Gibbons.
4.1.1.2 Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative references that are found in this study are 32 references. It
takes the third position in this study. The demonstrative reference that is found in
this study indicates scale of proximity that implicate near, far, neutral, and, time.
“This” in line 54 is referring to “Triple-X” in line 54 too.
(52). Xander:By whose definiton?The last time i was patriotic,I got three
strikes.And there was only one man who believed in the
underdog.Patriotismi is dead.There‟s only rebels and tyrants now.
(53). Marke:So,which are you?
(54). Xander:I‟m Triple-X.
4.1.1.3 Comparative Reference
There are eleven examples of comparative references in this movie. The
purpose of comparative references is to indicate resemblance which is a referential
property. “ jacked up” in line 120 refers to “ Mountain Dew and Red Bull” in the
same and the following line.
(113).Captain Paul Donovan:Hey,here comes the Red Bull freak show.
(114).Marke:Xander Cage,I want you to meet Paul Donovan.
(115).Xander:Donovan.Captain Paul Donovan.I know you. I saw youon
cool,right?You guys must have some seriously cool stories to
tell.Must‟ve seen a lot.I wonder.How many of you have ever
pulled a freestyle triple backflip on a BMX bike before?All of you?
(116). Captain Paul Donovan:No. We don‟t play on bikes.
(117). Xander:You don‟t play on bikes.Anyof you ever carve an R4 on a
snowboard while an avalance is on your booty?
(118). Captain Paul Donovan:We‟re soldiers,hotshot.Not stackers.
(119).Xander:Okay, but you all have HALO jumped over Eastern Europe
using a standard-issue armor deployment parachute system.Am I
right?
(120). Captain Paul Donovan:No.We‟re not all jacked up on Mountain
Dew and Red Bull,you asshole.Where‟d you find this guy?
4.1.1.4 Nominal Substitution
Nominal substitution in English is the replacement of an item which is the
head of a nominal group. It is expressed through the use of one/ones, the same and
so (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).
(122).Marke:What did you just do?Ican‟t believe this shit.
(123).Xander:I‟m gonna have clowns watch my back.
(124).Marke:I know I‟m gonna regret asking you this,but who would you
(125).Adele Wolf :You know, no one has this number.
4.1.1.5 Verbal Substitution
The verbal substitute is „do‟, and it functions as head of a verbal group. In
verbal substitution, substitution of verb takes place. The verbal substitute in
English is do. This operates as Head of a verbal group, in the place that is
occupied by the lexical verb. As far as verbal substitution is concerned, there are
two examples in this movie. “What‟s it do?” in line 137 indicates substitution of
“Pandora‟s Box” in line 136.
(134).Marke:I‟ll make this for you.These four assholes, very bad
guys.Pandora‟s Box, very bad thing.We‟ll land in Manila and you
will requistion your own transportation to the island.
(135).Nicky:You,why don‟t we just nuke this bitch from orbit and callit a
day?
(136).Marke:Pandora‟s Box is one of a kind.It needs to be recovered
intact.
(137).Xander:Why?What‟s it do?Brainwave scrambler?
(138). Marke:It killed Gibbons.All you need to know.The rest is classified.
4.1.1.6 Clausal Substitution
In clausal substitution, the whole clause is substituted by the presupposed
anaphoric reference. In this study, there are two clausal substitutions. “turn
around” in line 174 substitutes “Revolve” .
(166). Lazaruz:You need something,man?
(167). Xander:Well, I heard this is a perfect place to disappear for a few
days for my crew, no questions asked.
(168). Lazaruz:My house is your house, if the price is right.
(169). Xander:Perfect. Tennyson!You‟re gonna like this.I just happen to
have the best hardware in the South Pasific.
(170). Lazaruz:30% off the top gets you our finest hospitality package.
(171).Xander:30% off the top?Do I get the girls for a weekend and two
coconuts?10%
(172). Lazaruz:10%,You must‟ve been aiming at the other
lawless,uncharted island down the block.
(173).Xander:Happens all the time.
(174).Lazaruz:Here‟s what you do.You turn around, go get your boat. You
(175).Xander:Okay, hang on.What do you think?You talked me into
it!18%!
(176). Lazaruz:You think this is a flea market?You think we‟re the hood
selling TVs and fake watches,or something like that?What‟s wrong
with you, man?
(177).Xander:All right. Twenty-two and a half.
(178). Lazaruz:How you gonna do “and a half”?
(179). Xander:Twenty-two and a half.
(180). Lazaruz:All right. Enjoy this party.I like your style, man.
4.1.1.7 Verbal Ellipsis
Verbal ellipsis refers to ellipsis within the verbal group where the elliptical
verb depends on a preceding verbal group. There is an example of verbal ellipsis
in this movie. For example in line 117 “ you don’t” explicitly skips the word
“play” in line 116.
(116). Captain Paul Donovan:No. We don‟t play on bikes.
(117). Xander:You don’t play on bikes.Any of you ever carve an R4 on a
4.1.1.8 Clausal Ellipsis
There is a set of data of clausal ellipsis in this movie.
(183). Xander:Can you keep this behind the bar for me?
(184).Bartender:What can I get you?
(185).Xander:A cranberry and club soda.Make that two.Thank you.
(186).Bartender:You‟re welcome.
The question in line 184 “What can I get you?” is answered by word “A
cranberry and club soda”. Line 185 omits clause “I get you” to simplify the
answer. The omission of word “What can I get you” indicates there is clausal
ellipsis here. The relation between line 184 and 185 shows the omission of a
clause. So, it is verifying that this data is clausal ellipsis.
4.1.1.9 Additive Conjunction
Additive conjunction is used to coordinate the sentences in order to be able
to be classified into the same position or condition and also give clue that there is
an additional statement which supports the preceding sentence. The most frequent
additive conjunction use are “and” and “or”.
(175).Xander:Okay, hang on.What do you think?You talked me into
it!18%!
(176). Lazaruz:You think this is a flea market?You think we‟re the hood
selling TVs and fake watches,or something like that?What‟s wrong
with you, man?
4.1.1.10 Adversative Conjunction
Adversative conjunction acts to indicate “contrary to expectation” and is signaled
by “yet, though, only, but, in fact, rather”, etc. The amount of this type is twenty.
An example of this type is in line 203.
(199). Nicky:Is this a party or a funeral?
(200). All people:It‟s a party!
(201). Nicky:Either way, somebody‟s getting turn up tonight!
(202) Xander:I told you he was fun to have around.
(203). Serena:At first, I thought Special Forces.But your ink‟s all
wrong.CIA? They would send in a drone, bomb us to hell.M16.You‟re not
the kind of subtle they prefer.You know, the men who come to this island,
they‟re on the run. Hiding from the world. But not you. You‟re not here to
hide. You‟re looking For someone
Causal conjunction expresses “result, reason and purpose”. It shows the cause and
effect. There are only eight causal conjunctions found in this study. Line 223
contains causal conjunction “So” in sentence.
(297).Captain Paul Donovan:You,asshole. We gonna have problems?
(298).Xander:No problem. How was your trip?I‟m just doing the math.
(299).Captain Paul Donovan:Yeah?What math?
(300).Xander:Air velocity divided by distance.So, when I stuff you down
the toilet,
Search and rescue will know where to find you between hina and Nort
Korea.
(301).Captain Paul Donovan:Keep talking shit, little man.
(302).Xander:Hold that thought, G.I. Joe.Roll it back.A little more.More.A
little more. Stop.Okay, when Xiang broke the window,he‟s the only one
that didn‟t flinch.
From this example, it can be observed that there are two sentences that relate one
another.
“Air velocity divided by distance”. (1)
“when I stuff you down the toilet, search and resque will know where to find you
Both of them are connected by “so”. The use of causal conjunction indicates that
the first and the second sentence are related and continuous. It means that the first
sentence causes the second sentence to occur. It can be conclude that causal
conjunction has key position in forming and clarified a meaning in sentence.
4.1.1.12 Temporal Conjunction
The last category of conjunction is temporal and links by signaling sequence or
time.
(441).Xander:I wouldn‟t have it any other way.
(442).Gibbons:We thought we‟d end with Augustus favorite song.
(443).Xander:That‟s an impressive trick.
To conclude, this study finds all of the parts of grammatical cohesions mentioned
by Halliday and Hasan (1967), except nominal ellipsis. The total of grammatical
cohesion use in this study is 848 times. The most frequent grammatical cohesion
is reference, especially, personal reference (452). It makes this reference as a
dominant in this study and notes 83 % appearance of all grammatical cohesions.
4.1.2 Function of Grammatical Cohesion in “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)” Movie
The concern of this study is to describe the language use by the characters
in “XXX:Return of Xander Cage (2017)” Movie, especially, the grammatical
speaker has certain functions and meanings. Grammatical cohesion is not an
exception. Surely, a speaker has a purpose when using a grammatical cohesion.
There are three functions of grammatical cohesion found within the movie. First,
reference has three important functions, that is, to avoid repeating the same words,
to point out a scale of proximity, and to compare something or situation. Second,
substitution and ellipsis are applied to simplify and make the utterance more
accurate. The last is conjunction, it has six functions are to relate similar or
identical words, to coordinate sentences which have the same context, to support
previous sentence, to opposite the preceding statement, to connect between cause
and effect in a sentence, and to connect chronology. Beside the functions are
mentioned above, the general and basic function of grammatical cohesion is to
relate words, clauses, phrases, or sentence in order to make the sentence
meaningful.
The function of grammatical use in this movie is explained through examples
depicted bellow.
4.1.2.1. Reference
From this study, the researcher finds some of reference functions. There
are three functions of reference that is used by the characters in their conversation.
4.1.2.1.1 To Avoid Repeating the Same Word
(332).Becky:We found it.We found Pandora‟s Box.Xander, do
you copy?
(333).Xander:We‟re here Okay, send Tennyson.
The first function is to avoid repeating the same words.
The pronoun “We” refers to the all team on the movie.
4.1.2.1.2 To Point Out a Scale of Proximity
The next function is to point out a scale of proximity. It
is shown by the following example.
(282).Tennyson:What does that mean?
(283).Xander:It means we‟ve been chasing a prototype.And
these guys have the real one?
The word “that” is a demonstrative reference that indicates
a scale of proximity. The use of this reference based on the object
noun.
4.1.2.1.3 To Compare Something or Situation
The last function is to compare something or situation for
comparative reference. Actually, this function is only used by
the comparative reference. In this function, need words to be
(113).Captain Paul Donovan:Hey,here comes the Red Bull freak
show.
(114).Marke:Xander Cage,I want you to meet Paul Donovan.
(115).Xander:Donovan.Captain Paul Donovan.I know you. I
saw youon TV!The President gave him a medal.That must
have been pretty cool,right?You guys must have some
seriously cool stories to tell.Must‟ve seen a lot.I
wonder.How many of you have ever pulled a freestyle
triple backflip on a BMX bike before?All of you?
(116). Captain Paul Donovan:No. We don‟t play on bikes.
(117). Xander:You don‟t play on bikes.Anyof you ever carve an
R4 on a snowboard while an avalance is on your booty?
(118). Captain Paul Donovan:We‟re soldiers,hotshot.Not
stackers.
(119).Xander:Okay, but you all have HALO jumped over
Eastern Europe using a standard-issue armor deployment
parachute system.Am I right?
(120). Captain Paul Donovan:No.We‟re not all jacked up on
Mountain Dew and Red Bull,you asshole.Where‟d you
The word “jacked” indicates comparison between two words. So it
means that comparative reference is used to compare the two words,
phrases, clauses or sentence.
4.1.2.2 Substitution
The function of the substitution can be seen from the meaning of the word
“substitution” itself. The meaning is replacement, which shows this grammatical
cohesion has function to change word or clause. There are two functions of
substitutions.
4.1.2.2.1 To Change Word or Clause
(134).Marke:I‟ll make this for you.These four assholes, very bad
guys.Pandora‟s Box, very bad thing.We‟ll land in Manila
and you will requistion your own transportation to the
island.
(135).Nicky:You,why don‟t we just nuke this bitch from orbit and
callit a day?
(136).Marke:Pandora‟s Box is one of a kind.It needs to be
recovered intact.
(137).Xander:Why?What‟s it do?Brainwave scrambler?
(138). Marke:It killed Gibbons.All you need to know.The rest is
From this excerpt the speaker, change the word “Pandora‟s Box”
with “do”. The function of substitution appears in this sentence by word
“do”.
4.1.2.2.2 To Simplify a Sentence.
Actually the most important function of substitution is to simplify a
sentence. This is shown in the following example.
(134).Marke:I‟ll make this for you.These four assholes, very bad
guys.Pandora‟s Box, very bad thing.We‟ll land in Manila and you
will requistion your own transportation to the island.
(135).Nicky:You,why don‟t we just nuke this bitch from orbit and callit a
day?
(136).Marke:Pandora‟s Box is one of a kind.It needs to be recovered
intact.
(137).Xander:Why?What‟s it do?Brainwave scrambler?
(138). Marke:It killed Gibbons.All you need to know.The rest is classified.
According to the preceding sentence, the word “do” indicates
substitution of the previous noun. With the word “do” the speaker does not
need to mention the word “pandora‟s box” in the sentence. In the other
word, the speaker tries to simplify the sentence by using “do”.
Ellipsis has similar function as substitution. Both of them is used to
simplify a sentence, but the rule of ellipsis in simplifying a sentence is
omitting word or clause. Nevertheless, sentence that uses ellipsis is still
understandable. This can be seen from the following example.
(183). Xander:Can you keep this behind the bar for me?
(184).Bartender:What can I get you?
(185).Xander:A cranberry and club soda.Make that two.Thank you.
(186).Bartender:You‟re welcome.
4.1.2.4 Conjunction
In this study, the researcher finds four functions from four
categories of conjunction.
4.1.2.4.1 To Relate Similar or Identical Words
The first function of additive conjunction is to relate a word to
another word that is the same or identical. The following example shows
the phenomenon.
(115).Xander:Donovan.Captain Paul Donovan.I know you. I saw
youon TV!The President gave him a medal.That must have
been pretty cool,right?You guys must have some seriously
of you have ever pulled a freestyle triple backflip on a BMX
bike before?All of you?
(116). Captain Paul Donovan:No. We don‟t play on bikes.
(117). Xander:You don‟t play on bikes.Any of you ever carve an R4
on a snowboard while an avalance is on your booty?
(118). Captain Paul Donovan:We‟re soldiers,hotshot.Not stackers.
The identical words meant here are guys and soldiers. They
have similarity as nouns in this sentence. So, the use of additive
conjunction is justifiable.
4.1.2.4.2 To Coordinate Sentences Which Have the Same Context
(96).Marke:After your succes taking down Anarchy 99,Gibbons was
handed a blank check.Which is the long way of saying he got you a
new ride.World went and got an upgrade since you
died,Cage.Onboard drones,anti-air countermeasures,and fuel tanks
big enough to circumnavigate the globe three times without ever
landing.You can check your coat.I promised you no one would
dare steal it.I can‟t guarantee it won‟t walk off on its own.Wheels
up in 10,boys!Which means you‟re already seven minutes behind.
(97). Xander:Is she always this much fun, or just on special
occasions?Waoow.No wonder our country‟sin debt trillions of
The sentence “World went” and “got an upgrade since you died”
does not have correlation, but it uses additive conjunction “and” because
both of the sentences have the same context. And it makes these sentence
need additive conjunction to relate them and makes the message can be
delivered.
4.1.2.4.3 To Support Previous Sentence
In this function, conjunction used to add information to support the
previous sentence. It is shown in following sentence.
(70).Xander:Come on.Nobody knows i‟m here.And you know how
i am about keeping secrets.
(71). Hermione:So you say,but Interpol‟s got these new listening
bugs.They‟re practically invisible.Real M16 kind of
shit.Disappear on your skin under your arms,tied around your
balls like a chrismas bow.
(72). Xander:Unwrap me, then.
These sentences need appropriate conjunction to relate them. In
other word, this appropriate conjunction to connect the supporting
statement that makes the sentence clearer.
The second conjunction is adversative that has function to
contradict the statement in the preceding sentence and to relate the
sentences in contrast.
For the example.
(73). Hermione:You know,studies have proven that sexual
consummation irrevocably ruins nine out of 10 relathionships.
(74). Xander:Lucky for me, you love to gamble.
(75). Hermione:Of course...not.My friends, on the other hand adore
stiff odds.
From this example, it can be concluded that the meaning between
the first and the second sentence are contrastive. To unite the two
sentences have contrastive meanings, we need to use additive conjunction.
The purpose is to make the sentences relate in meaning.
4.1.2.4.5 To Connect Between Cause and Effect In a Sentence
The next is causal conjunction that has a function as connector of
cause and effect in a sentence. For example.
(49). Marke:We ran facial Ids on every databasein the
world.Nothing. Not even a match on a speeding
ticket.They‟re ghosts, in a day and age where that kind of
thing is almost impossible.
(50). Xander:Okay,you get that i don‟t work for suits.What makes
you think i‟m gonna want to ruin all their fun?
The first parts of the sentence, “in a day”and “age where that kind
of thing is almost impossible” indicate that there is cause and effect
relationship in those sentences. The first part of the sentence is the cause of
the second part. Thus, the addition of the causal conjunctive “who” makes
the sentences understandable.
4.1.2.4.6 To Connect Events Chronologically
The last is temporal conjunction that has function to connect events
(122).Marke:What did you just do?I can‟t believe this shit.
(123).Xander:I‟m gonna have clowns watch my back.
(124).Marke:I know I‟m gonna regret asking you this,but who would
you trust?
Connecting events chronologically is the basic function of temporal
conjunction and it is shown in the example above. It can be understood
that the time order is provided by the temporal conjunction use in those
sentences. The sentence “I know I‟m gonna regret asking you this” is
indicated as the first occurrence and followed by the next sentence “but
who would you trust?”.
4.2 Discussion
Analysis of the variations in cohesive stuctures of the written texts is
mostly used by researchers for their studies. Halliday and Hasan‟s (1976) theory
explains that cohesive device is divided into two types. They are grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion. But, in the present study focused on grammatical
cohesion in “XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)”movie.
This analysis was performed following the classification proposed by
Halliday and Hasan. The researcher analyzes the most function grammatical
cohesion that appears in this movie and the function. The researcher finds the
most function grammatical cohesion in this movie is personal reference. It has
function to connect the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. In this study, the
From the result of this analyzing, it answer the problem of study. After
researcher knows about the most function grammatical cohesion that appears and
the function, it justifies and strengthens the previous study. (Gbenga Fakuade &
Emmanuel C. Sharndama; 2012) finds in their study that the referring devices are
predominantly used in professional and popularized Legal Texts. They conduct
the comparative analysis. And the result show the most function cohesive device
appears is reference.
The previous study function uses the written text to be object of the study.
But, the researcher here uses the spoken text as her object study. Nevertheless; the
result of this study has similarity with the previousn study. The use of
grammatical cohesion in daily conversation cannot denied. In other word, the use
also has contributed to having clear meaning in delivery massage.
The first excerpt will show the function of grammatical cohesion. This
except is taken from the movie‟s script.
Excerpt 1
Marke:What did you just do?Ican‟t believe this shit.
Xander:I‟m gonna have clowns watch my back.
In the conversation above, there are several grammatical cohesions. Grammatical
Cohesion has significant role in a meaning of sentence. The uses of grammatical
cohesion here have functions as simplify the sentence and avoid repeating the
same word. In the other words, we as listener can determine and understand the
Following the Haliday and Hasan (1967) identify about three functions of
language. These are ideational, interpersonal and the textual functions.
Grammatical cohesion also has constribution to delivering message that want to
be said. In an attempt to this idea, we evaluated examples of language use in
Indonesian language.
Excerpt 2
Ayah saya suka memancing ikan kesayanganku. Dia mempunyai hobi mancing
sejak dia mempunyai anak.
My dad likes fishing my favorite fish. He has fishing‟s hobby since he has a child.
By using “he” to replace “my dad” , the researcher proves that using grammatical
cohesion also occur in Indonesian language. It has the same function as
explanation above.
Both of excerpts above, clearly verifying the function of grammatical
cohesion in language. The most important function of grammatical cohesion is to
simplify a sentence and for connecting one each other sentence. It is used by the
speakers to help them make the simple and easy to understand. From this study,
َزيِزعْاَ َُءاشيَنمَيِد ي َُءاشيَنمَه اَ ِضيفَم َنِّيبيَِِهِم قَِناسِِبَاِإَ سرَنِمَانْسرأَام
ميِ حْا
“We sent not a messenger except (to teach) in the languageof his (own)
People, in order to make (things) clear to them. So, Allah leads astray those
whom he pleases and guides He pleases and He is Exalted in power, full of
Wisdom”.
To deliver a message, we have to adjust with audience‟s language.
Because the will be unacceptable when the audience does not understand the
language. Initially, our prophet Muhammad SAW. Deliver vision use arabic.
Because the language is used in Arab is Arabic. But now days, Islam is not only in
Arab but also expansion to all over the world. Spread of Islam to all over the word
shows that the missionary of Islam learn more than one language.
Learning of language is not enought; the missionary has to comprehend the
structure and the function. In English, we distinguish grammatical cohesion as component
of language. Therefore, the missionary has to comprehend the concept and the function.
In other word, grammatical cohesion is needed to deliver and get the message.
This surah explains that a messenger will deliver a message uses the
understandable language. Considering our study in English language, to understand the
language we have to comprehend grammatical cohesion first. Why it had to be
comprehend? Because from the parts of grammatical cohesion explained before, several
types need insight. Substitution and ellipsis mostly deceive the listeners or readers.
the message. It is mean that grammatical cohesion‟s comprehension is important for
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents two points that relates to conclusion of the results of
the study discussed in the previous chapter and suggestions that can be used to
interpret cohesive devices in proper context.
5.1 Conclusion
The objective of this study is explain and to identify the grammatical
cohesion used in “XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)” movie written by F.
Scott Frazier (2017) and also to describe the function of cohesive devices uses in
this movie.
The conclusion is drawn from the analysis showing that All types of
grammatical cohesion are used by the four main characters in this movie except
nominal ellipsis. In 15 scenes, the are 452 grammatical cohesive devices. From
452 cohesions, 84% is personal reference. It appears 406 times. In other word,
personal reference is the most often used devices within the movie. The most
frequent reference is personal reference. Additive conjunction is in the second
place, which is, 7% (30) times, followed by demonstrative reference which
appears 17 times (3%). Adversative conjunction then follows, which is, 10 time
appearance (3%). Comparative reference is 7 times, causal conjunction is 5 times,
substitution, verbal ellipsis, and clausal substitution, each appears twice. Nominal
substitution and clausal ellipsis appear once each.
For the functions of grammatical cohesion found within the movie are
expressed by some divisions. First, reference has three important functions are to
avoid repeating the same words, to point out a scale of proximity, and to compare
something or situation. Second, substitution and ellipsis simplify and accurate the
utterance. The last is conjunction, it has six functions are to relate similar or
identical words, to coordinate sentences, to opposite the preceding statement, to
connect between cause and effect in a sentence, and to connect chronology.
Beside the function are mentioned above, the general and basic function of
grammatical cohesion is to relate words, clauses, phrases, or sentence in order to
make the sentence meaningful.
In conclusion, the grammatical cohesion use in this movie is very
important to formatting sense of sentence. Then most function grammatical
cohesion is appear in this study is personal reference. In the other word, personal
reference is very important and has key position in constructing a meaning.
5.2 Suggestion
The present study has focused on grammatical cohesion use in
“XXX:Return Of Xander Cage (2017)” movie. Grammatical cohesion is one of
the kinds of cohesive device. The researcher suggest for future researcher to
deepen cohesive devices exophora which are not found in this study. The study in
researcher to investigate cohesive devices exophora. And the next researcher can
use another object and angle. The previous studies mostly use research articles
and academic publications as their data. So, it is more recommended to choose the
other different data in order to present the different result of their data analysis.
And the next researcher can analyze from the other angle like when the cohesive
REFERENCES
Ahmed, A. R., 2008. “References as A Cohesive Device”, Adab Al-Rafidayn, Vol.
52, 2008.
Akindele, J. 2011. Cohesive Devices in Selected ESL Academic Papers. Research
Paper, African Nebula.
Fakuade , G., Sharndama , E. C. 2012. “A Comparative Analysis of Variations In
Cohesive Devices In Professional And Popularized Legal Texts”. British Journal
of Arts And Social Sciences. Vol.4 No.2, http://www.bjournal.co.uk/BJASS.aspx
online a accessed on march 2015.
Fulcher, G., 1989. “Cohesion and Coherence in Theory and Reading Research”.
Journal of Research in Reading 12 (2), 146-163.
Gocić , M. S., 2012. “Cohesive Devices in Legal Discourse”. Linguistics And
Literature. Vol. 10, No 2, July 2012.
Hasselgard, et al.,2007. “Grammatical cohesion in agrumentative essays”.Thesis.
The University of Oslo. 2010.
Thomson., 2004. “Grammatical cohesion in agrumentative essays”.Thesis. The
University of Oslo. No 189. 2010.
Muslimah, S.I. 2007, An Analysis on Cohesion in Short Poetries of Robert Frost,
Thesis. State Islamic University Malang.
Paul, R and Goione, P. W. 1973. Perception and Persuasion. A New Approach to
Effective Writing. New York: Montclair State University.
Rahimi, A., Ebrahimi, N. A. 2012. Lexical Cohesion in English and Persian Texts
of Novels. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol.3(11).
Shahnaz, A., Imtiaz, A. 2014. “How A Text Binds Together : Discourse Analysis of
A Newspaper Article”. International Journal of English and Education. Volume: 3, Issue:1. January 2014.
Setyowati , R. 2007. A Study of Cohesive Devices Found in the Main Character‟s Utterances of Drama „‟Macbeth‟‟ By William Shakespeare: Undergraduate Thesis.
XXX:Return Of Xander Cage. 2017. downloaded on 23 June 2017 from
https://indoxxi.net/movie/xxx-return-of-xander-cage-2017-110j
