THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”.

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1 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces the basis of the research. It includes background of

the research, objectives of the research, research questions, significance of the

research, clarification of terms, research method, and organization of the paper.

1.1Background

Nowadays, there are many inaccurate translations scattered in visual media;

one of which is contained in the movie subtitles, whereas a lot of people

inadvertently acquire new words from the movie. Kusumarasdyati and Luo

(Xhemaili, 2013, p. 62) state that “…films provide exposures to the real language,

used in authentic settings and the culture in which the foreign language is

spoken.” Furthermore, they find the influence of films to catch the learners’

interest and positively affect their motivation to learn. The problem in Indonesia is

people get exposed to wide variety of inaccurate translation in the movie, they can

be found in the televisions, DVDs, and cinemas. This inaccuracy in translation contributes to people’s vocabulary and may affect their future education. Thus, the study is aimed to find out the most frequent translation procedure in the

subtitle based on the translation procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay

and Darbelnet (Fawcett, 1997), and Catford (1965).

There are several reasons in choosing the topic for study. The first reason is

the importance of translation in human communication is irreplaceable. People

around the world speak in different languages, thus it creates language barrier. To

overcome this problem, translation comes in handy. However, there are error and

inaccuracy in translation products that may cause misunderstanding, for this

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. The second reason relates in finding out how to produce good quality of translation and what are the correct

procedures in translating subtitle of the movie

In relation to the previous statement, “translation is rendering the information from the source language into another language in the way that the author intended” (Newmark, 1988). Thus, translation requires the connection between the source language and the target language to produce an equivalent text

with the same meaning to replace the original text. To support this statement,

Weber (1984, p. 3) stated that translation is the process of transposition of a text

written in a source language into a target language.

The translators must focus on the purposes of translation during the process

of translating. Regarding to this, Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 6) suggest three

purposes of translation, they are:

1. The process of transferring a written text from source language to target

language, conducted by a translator or translators, in a specific

socio-cultural context.

2. The written product which results from the process and which functions in

the socio-cultural context of the target language.

3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena

which are an integral part of 1 and 2.

In relation to the explanation above, Newmark (1998) classifies the text into

six types:

1. The expressive text

An expressive function covers lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays,

essays, autobiographies, and personal correspondences.

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

The informative function deals with all kinds of informative text such as

textbooks, articles, scientific papers, technical reports, and agenda of a

meeting.

3. The vocative text

The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, they

covers notice, introduction, propaganda, publicity, and popular fiction.

4. The aesthetic text

An aesthetic language is designed to please the senses through its actual

or imagined sound, metaphors, rhythm, balance and contrast of

sentences, onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, metre, and

intonation.

5. The phatic text

The phatic function focuses on maintaining a friendly contact with

addressee; it deals with tone voice that usually occurs in the form of

standard phraces, such as in the dialogue.

6. The metalingual text

Metalingual function of language indicates a language’s ability to explain, name, and criticize its own features.

In line with the explanation above, subtitle falls into several categories of

text, they are expressive text, vocative text, and aesthetic text. Jaskenen (1999)

proposes AVT as a term used to cover subtitling and dubbing as well as the wide

variety of translational activity they entail. To translate a subtitle, translator must

consider choosing the appropriate translation procedure to render the same feeling

from source language to target language. Regarding to this, Newmark (1988) believes that “translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language”. There are several procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965). The translator utilizes several

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

the quality of the translation, there are several experts who propose the criteria of

a good translation; they are Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in

Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), Shafey in Abdellah

(2005).

The previous research related to this study has been conducted by previous

researcher on the study of translation procedures. One of them is a research paper

entitled An Analysis of Translation Procedures in The Subtitle of Perfume by

Tresna Dinda. The result of the study shows that the most applied procedure is

literal translation. There is another recent research entitled The Analysis of

Quality Translation of “Bandung Yellow Pages Pocket Travel Series” (January

-June 2008 Edition) conducted by Prihati Saptarini which focuses on finding out

the quality of translation, the study discovers that the quality of translation in the

Bandung Yellow Pages Pocket Travel Series is categorized into fair quality of

translation

To conclude, this study is designed to find out the most frequent translation

procedure in the subtitle of the selected movie based on the translation procedures

proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965)

and analyze its quality referring to the criteria proposed by Barnwell in Larson

(1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964),

Newmark (1988), Shafey in Abdellah (2005).

1.2Research Questions

The study is aimed to answer the following questions:

a) What are the most frequent translation procedures in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”?

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

1.3Objectives of the research

The study is designed to find out:

a) The most frequent translation procedure in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.

b) The quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.

1.4Significance of Research

The writer believes that this study will be useful in three aspects; the first

aspect is theoretical significance, this study is expected to enrich the previous

study on the translation discipline. The second aspect is professional significance

which is expected to help professional translators in translating subtitle of a movie

by providing new inputs and ideas found in the study. The third aspect is practical

significance in providing guidance for the translator or students in enhancing their

competence in translating the text, especially in choosing which procedure to use.

1.5The Scope of the Study

The study focuses on finding out the most frequent types of translation

procedures and the quality of translation on the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. The writer uses several procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965) to classifies the

translation and utilizes the criteria of a good translation proposed by Barnwell in

Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

1.6Clarification of Terms

These are the clarification of the terms used in this study to avoid

misunderstanding:

1. “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988: 5). 2. Subtitle in this study refers to the English and Indonesian transcription

of dialogues in Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.

3. Translation Procedures, Newmark (1088: 81-93) categorizes

translation into several procedures: Transference, Naturalisation,

Cultural equivalent, Functional equivalent, Descriptive equivalent,

Synonymy, Throug-translation, Shifts or transpositions, Modulation,

Recognized translation, Translation label, Compensation,

Componential analysis, Reduction and expansion, Paraphrase,

Couplets, and Notes, additions, and glosses.

1.7Organization of The Paper

This study is organized into five chapters:

Chapter I: Introduction

This chapter discuss about the background of the study, objective of the

research, research question, significance of research, clarification of terms,

research procedures, and organization of the paper.

Chapter II: Literature Review

This chapter presents theoretical foundation related to the study.

Chapter III: Research Method

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THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

Chapter IV: Finding and Discussion

This chapter will present the result of study, including data collection, data

analysis, and discussion.

Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion

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Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter consists of conclusion on the study and suggestions for future

research in the field of translation and education.

5.1 Conclusion

This study designed to find out the frequency of translation procedure and test out the quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.

Based on the findings and discussion presented in the previous chapter, the

research question has been answered. The first question is focusing in finding out

the frequency of translation procedure in the subtitle. The most frequent

translation procedure is transposition reaches 62 items or 31%, and then literal

(56 items or 28%), reduction and expansion (37 items or 18.5% for reduction and

6 items or 3% for expansion), paraphrase (21 items or 10.5%), couplet (12 items

or 6%), calque (3 items or 1.5%), compensation (2 items or 1%), and modulation

(1 items or 0.5%).

In relation to the explanation above, transposition is the most used in

translating the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. This is because

the majority of SL sentences do not have similar semantic structure with TL to

begin with. The second most frequent translation procedure is literal; the

translation is considered literal because each word from the SL corresponds with

the translated TL version. The next most frequent translation process is reduction

and expansion. Reduction omits unimportant parts, while expansion adds some

parts of SL text. This kind of translation was aimed to convey the spirit and

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Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

procedure is paraphrase; this procedure was employed to make the translation

understandable in the target language. This translation procedure was employed

because there are important implication and omission in the source language text,

so to conserve naturalness in the product of translation, translator employed

paraphrase. The next translation procedure was couplet. This kind of translation

involves more than one translation procedure in rendering the SL text. This

translation procedure was aimed to attain naturalness of target language while

preserving the style of source language in order to make the translation readily

understandable to the intended receptor. The next translation procedure employed

by the translator was calque. Calque is a translation procedure that provides

communicative translation because all aspects of the source language meaning are

conveyed into the target language text. Another translation procedure was

compensation. This translation procedure is a technique used by some translator

when there is something in the source language that is not translatable. This

procedure is occurred when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor, or pragmatic

effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. The least frequent

translation procedure is modulation, this translation procedure happens when the

translator intended to change the viewpoint of a sentence to fit the target language

utterance. Additionally, modulation offers variety of viewpoint from the source

language text to adapt to the target language text in order to create natural and fair

translation.

Based on the data analysis, it showed that the majority of translation in the subtitle

of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows” is acceptable translation. There are 174

items of acceptable translation or 87%, while 26 items or 13% of the total

population are unacceptable translation. This result was measured by the criteria

of a good translation proposed by Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907),

Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), and

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Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014

THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”

5.2 Suggestion

To conclude the current study, the writer recommends some suggestions for

future research, translators, or everyone interested in translation study. The result

from the findings and discussions section of the study showed that the translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows” were employed to create target language text which possess the same qualities of source language text.

Each of the translation procedure was employed properly, although there is still

inaccurate translation that feels unnatural to the target language. There are several

translation procedure to consider, they are literal, transposition, paraphrase,

compensation, calque, couplet, modulation, and reduction and expansion. To

avoid such an error, the writer suggested the translator to pay more attention on

the subject of translating, and focuses on creating good quality translation product