I GUSTI AGUNG KHRISNA NARAYANA 1201305097
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the almighty God,
Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for his great blessing for me with the
healthiness so I could complete this study entitled “English Passive Voice in
Inferno and Its Translation in Neraka”. My sincere gratitude goes respectively
for support and advices in accomplishing this study to Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M.Hum.as my first supervisor for his strong commitment, thoroughness, and advice to support me on this study and Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.hum. as my second supervisor for his suggestion and encouragement.
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Culture, Head of English Department and all lecturers and staff members who had educated me through my academic years patiently. I dedicated this study to my beloved parents I Gusti Nyoman Wiantara and Ida Ayu Putu Sulastri, my sister Shanti Iswari, my special one Dian Astawa Putri, and all my friends in English Department for unending support to me in order to complete this study.
Denpasar, June 2016
ABSTRACT
The passive form is preferred to use if the action is more important than the identity of the doer. There are three markers in English passive construction; be, -ed and by, which has their meaning and significance respectively. In Indonesian, passivization can be done in two ways: (1) using verb attached by prefix di-and (2) with verb without prefix di-. The study entitled English Passive Voice in Inferno and Its Translation in Neraka focuses on two problems, they are passive types are found in Inferno and types of translation shifts applied in translating sentence with passive form in
Inferno into Indonesian in Neraka.
The data was taken from an English novel entitled Inferno by underlining the sentences which were suspected to contain the passive voice. The passive voice found in the source text was classified based on the theory proposed by Eastwood (1994). It was then compared with its translation in the target text to determine the type of translation shifts applied and the theory of Catford (1965) was used to analyze.
The results show that the affirmative passive voice forms has the highest number found in Inferno and the passive form with gerund is the rare one to find. Meanwhile in term of translation, translation shifts were applied in order to find translation equivalence. All types of shift were found in this study except intra system shift which are the part of category shift.
ABBREVIATIONS AND/OR SYMBOL
Adv : Adverb
C : Complement NP : Noun Phrase
O : Object Prep. : Preposition S : Subject
SL : Source Language TL : Target Language
V : Verb
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
ABBREVIATIONS AND/OR SYMBOL………....iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study………1
1.2 Problems of the Study………...3
1.3 Aims of Study……….…..4
1.4 Scope of Discussion……….…….……….4
1.5 Research Methods……….………4
1.5.1 Data Source………..………...4
1.5.2 Methods and Techniques of Collecting Data…………..………5
1.5.3 Methods and Techniques of Analyzing Data………..………5
1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis…...………6
2.2 Concepts………12
2.2.1 Passive Voice in English……….13
2.2.2 Passive Voice in Indonesian……….13
2.2.3 Translation Equivalence………..13
2.2.4 Shifts in Translation...14
2.3 Theoretical Framework………..14
2.3.1 Types of Passive Voice in English………..15
2.3.1.1 The affirmative forms………...15
2.3.1.1.1 Simple tenses………....16
2.3.1.1.2 The perfect………....17
2.3.1.1.3 The continuous………..18
2.3.1.1.4 Willand be going to………...19
2.3.1.2 Negative and interrogative form………...20
2.3.1.3 Modal verbs in the passive………....21
2.3.1.4 Passive to-infinitive and gerund...………22
2.3.1.4.1 Forms………....….22
2.3.1.4.2 Patterns………...22
2.3.1.5 Passive with have and get………...………..24
2.3.1.6Passive sentences without an agent………..26
2.3.2 Translation Shifts………29
2.3.2.1 Level shifts……….………...29
2.3.2.2 Category shifts………..29
2.3.2.2.1 Structure shift………30
2.3.2.2.2 Class shift………..30
2.3.2.2.3 Unit shift……….………...31
2.3.2.2.4 Intra-system shift……….………..31
2.3.3Loss and Gain of Information………31
CHAPTER III THE ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction of Data Analysis………33
3.2 The Analysis Types of Passive Found In Inferno………..33
3.2.1 The Affirmative Forms………..33
3.2.1.1 Simple tenses………34
3.2.1.2 The perfect………37
3.2.1.3 The continuous……….……….40
3.2.1.4 Will and be going to……….……….42
3.2.2 Negative and interrogative form….………..44
3.2.3 Modal verbs in the passive…….………..47
3.2.4 The passive to-infinitive and gerund....………51
3.3.1 Level Shifts……...………...53
3.3.2 Category shifts...………..57
3.3.2.1 Structure shift…...……….………...57
3.3.1.2.2 Class shift………..60
3.3.1.2.2 Unit shift……….………...61
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION………66
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of Study
Reproducing various types of texts, comprising literary, religious, scientific,
or philosophical texts in another language and making them available to be understood by wider readers is the basic purpose of translation. It means translation
had important role in spreading any knowledge and information widely which consist on not only in scientific and technology books, but also in literary works. As an example of literary work, novel nowadays has increased its popularity by having
more readers because a lot of novels have been translated into many of languages.
Inferno by Dan Brown is an example of English novel which have been translated to
more than ten different languages. The novel is entitled Neraka in Indonesian. In this mystery thriller novel, passive voice is often used and it becomes interesting because when it is translated into Indonesian, the forms of passive voice are often changed
into other form to make attractive sentence for the readers. Beekman & Callow, 1974: 27 in: Baker, 1996: 102 stated that a passive is translated with a passive, an
active with an active even when this is unnatural in the RL (receptor language) or results in wrong sense. When faced with a choice of categories in the RL, say active and passive, the literal approach to translation leads the
whereas the use of that category in the RL may be quite different from its use in the original.
There are two special forms for verbs called voice and voice can be divided into active and passive. The active voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that
we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb. The passive voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb or the object of
the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is
particularly useful in two situations: when it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon and when the actor in the situation is not important. The passive voice is especially helpful in scientific or technical writing or lab reports,
where the actor is not really important but the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing "I poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker," we
would write "Twenty cc of acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive voice is also useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of process are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the action: "The first
coat of primer paint is applied immediately after the acid rinse."
Wang in Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 6, pp.
945-949, November 2010 said that passive voice describes the whole process of certain event from the patient‟s point of view. It is a marked form of voice. There are three
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significance respectively. Typical passive could be classified into two categories, passive with agent and passive without agent, or, agentive passive and non-agentive
passive. In the agentive passive, the agent will not appear but will be implicit in the context.
Sneddon, Alwi et al., (1998:345-347) in their book Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia figure out that passivization in Indonesian can be done in two ways: (1) using verb attached by prefix di-and (2) with verb without prefix di-.
They then add that S symbolizes Subject, P symbolizes predicate, and O symbolizes object, so passivizing active sentences can be done firstly by: (a) exchanging S
with O; (b) replacing prefix meng- with di- in the verb; and (c) adding the word oleh in front of the actor.
In translating the text in SL to the TL, the translator often found difficulty due
to the different structure and culture of both languages. This issue will make translator to conduct translation shifts. It is purposed to make the translation results
becomes acceptable in the TL as well as.
1.2Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study are formulated as follows:
1. What types of passive were found in Inferno?
1.3 Aims of Study
Based on the problems, the aims of this study are:
1. To classify passive types occur in Inferno.
2. To describe types of translation shifts that were applied in translating sentence
with passive form in Inferno into Indonesian in Neraka.
1.4Scope of Discussion
To limit the enlargement in the analysis, the discussion of this study focused only on lexical items in the form of words, phrases, and clauses of the passive voice in
novel entitled Inferno and its translation shifts in Neraka.
1.5Research Method
This study is applying library research by using some referential books and also theories. Then, those theories were applied as guidance in analyzing the data
found in the novel entitled Inferno in comparison with Indonesian version Neraka. This research mode used descriptive qualitative research.
1.5.1 Data Source
The data was taken from an English best seller novel entitle Inferno. It is
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Nugrahani, published in Indonesia by Mizan and its translation into Indonesian was done also in 2013.
There are two reasons why the bilingual novels were chosen. First, passive constructions are often found in English novel version when describing a place or
situation and the action of the subject. Second, the passive construction in English version sometimes has different structure in Indonesian version which make this novel becomes interesting to be analyzed.
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
First, the data was collected by reading the novel in both English and Indonesian version. The next step was underlining the sentences, clauses, and phrases that are suspected to contain the passive voice in both novels. The final step was
typed into the table and classifying the types of translation process occurs in the passive construction.
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
A descriptive qualitative method was used to analyze the translation English
passive voice found in novel entitled Inferno and their translation into Indonesian novel entitled Neraka. It means the data was analyzed with applying descriptive
(1965) was used in analyzing. The next step was the selected data then described deeply for the translation shifts applied. Having analyzed the occurrence of the
passive voice in both data source language to target language, it was followed by drawing the conclusion.
1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis
This study used descriptive method in presenting the analysis. For the first problem,
the data was classified into the types of passive voice, by showing the data in the form of sentence. They were in bold and underlined forms. As a result, the readers
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presented several literatures that had similar topics with this study. The reviews were presented to find out the difference and also some weaknesses and strengths between the previous studies and this present study.
Besides, there are concepts of passive voice and translation shifts used in this study in the next subchapter. Furthermore, the last subchapter presents the theoretical
framework which explains the theory of types of passive voices and translation shifts.
2.1 Review of Literatures
There are three previous studies and three article reviewed to support this study. Their topics are relevant with current study which is about shift in translation
and passive voice construction in English and Indonesian. Ardanayasa (2012) wrote a thesis entitled Structural Shift in English Indonesian Translation of Novel “Eat, Pray, Love” Translated into “Makan, Doa, Cinta”. The method was applied in this study
was qualitative and descriptive method. Qualitative method meant the data is chosen randomly as representation from the novel Eat, Pray, Love translated into Makan,
Doa, Cinta. Descriptive method means the data that has been chosen is explained in
Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded that the structural shift in English-Indonesian translation occur in sentence structure level, clause
structure level, and phrase structure level. The rule of the structural shift is also well implemented. This research was continued in the future in order to complete the
weakness of this research. It was expected that in the future a research regarding structural shift affected by social factor can be conducted.
As the title of his study which is about structural shift, he gave very details
explanation about theory of structural shift completed with some samples for each type. The theory he applied was proposed by Catford. Besides he also added brief
explanation about sentence, clause and phrase construction. That explanation can be a good reference to support current study.
A relevant study by Argianti (2008) entitled Translation Shift Found in Harry
Potter and the Half Blood Prince mainly focused on analyzing how specific terms in
the text of harry potter translated into Indonesian and kinds of translation shift found
in sentences with specific terms in the text.
Regarding to the analysis, it was found that there are three strategies in translating specific terms in the text of harry potter. These are done based on the
appropriate translation equivalent from SL to TL to create goods translation which natural and readable not as translation literary work. The result of the analysis also
showed that there were some shifts found in translation of Harry Potter and the Half
Blood Prince. There were two major types of shift; they are level shift and category
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grammatical level of the sentence is translated into lexical level. Category shift can be divided into structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift. Structure shift
occurred when the source language texts have their equivalent translation in different arrangement of element in target language. From the data, structure shifts occurred at
sentence, complex sentence, clauses and, words group level. Class shift occurred when the translation equivalent of a TL item is a member of different class from the original item. From the data, it is found that that changes of class occurred from noun
phrase into verb, noun phrase into adjective phrase, verb clause into noun phrase, and verb clause into adverbial clause. Unit shift occurred when there is change of rank in
the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. From the data, it is found that changes of unit occurred from the rank of word into the rank of word group, word group into word, word into clause and word group into sentence. Intra system shift occurred
internally, within a system where SL and TL posses systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection
of non-corresponding term in the SL system. This shift occurred in the corresponding system of number, system of voice, and in the way one language system locates the modifier.
The topic of her study about translation shift of specific term is very interesting. Since, the explanation of specific term itself was found in chapter iii
complete explanation and samples about theory of translation shift. The theory of translation proposed by Larson also can be a good additional reference for this study.
Paramita (2005) also wrote a study which was relevant to current study entitled English Passive Voice and Its Translation into Indonesian. Her study mainly
analyzed passive voice construction in English and its translation into Indonesian and also trying to analyzed the translation shift occurred in this translation. Although the shift of translation applied to be main concern on her study, she only gave very brief
explanation about translation shift theory proposed by Catford.
The translation theory applied in this study was proposed by Catford (1965).
For English grammar theory, she applied the theory of passive voice proposed by Quirk et all. They classified English passive voice into three; agentive, non agentive and quasi passive, and for the grammar theory of passive voice in Indonesian, the
theory proposed by Hasan Alwi was applied. The explanation of English passive voice can be a good reference for current study. However, the explanation of
Indonesian passive voice is not as much as the English passive voice. She only gave the brief one and it would be much helpful if she could add more explanation.
The data used in her study was taken from English novel entitled Sparkling
Cyanide by Agatha Christie and its translation Kenangan Kematian translated by Ade
Dina. However, she did not mentioned about these two novels in the title of her study.
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literary translation from English into Persian and their significant role in compensation and explicitation of meaning. The main objective of this study was to
see whether and how translators incorporate structural shifts into their schedule, what kinds of structural Shift are made and what kinds of structural shift are more
frequently used in literary translation. The second objective of the research was to examine whether structural shifts help the literary translators to better transfer the meaning. Akbari also applied the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford.
Farrokh (2011) wrote an article entitled The Equivalence and Shift in the Persian Translation of English Complex Sentences with wh-Subordinate Clauses,
http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells downloaded on 11th of November 2015. The main purpose of this study is to find the types of equivalence and shifts in the Persian translation of English complex sentences with wh-subordinate clauses. This study
used a qualitative descriptive method. The English fictions and their Persian translations considered as source of the data. The researcher classifies the data into
two main categories: the equivalence and shift. The equivalence is subcategorized into formal and dynamic equivalence based on Nida's theory. In this study, four categories of shifts, based on Catford's classification, which involved structure shifts,
unit shifts, rank shifts and intra-system shifts have been found. Based on 160 data, the results of this study indicated that in the Persian translation of these sentences, the
An article entitled Translation Shifts and Translator Strategies in the
Hungarian Translation of Alice Munro‟s “Boys and Girls” by Bánhegyi
(2012),www.digilib.phil.muni.cz/.../2_CentralEuropeanJournalCanadian_8-2012-1_1downloaded on 11th of November 2015. The article was examined Alice Munro‟s
“Boys and Girls” and its Hungarian translation from a Translation Studies point of
view. The aim of the essay was to highlight certain translator strategies on the basis of the corpus. To this end, a three-stage approach is applied: in the first stage of
analysis some types of translation shifts are identified, in the second stage the function of these shifts is examined with respect to how culture-specific regalia are treated in the text, how the short story‟s specific vocabulary is translated and how
idiolect typifying characters and exposing social differences is rendered, while in the third stage, translation strategies are explored. He applied translation shift theories
proposed by Catford and Newmark and for describing changes effected by translators; the theory by Klaudy (2003 and 2005) was applied.
2.2 Concepts
The basic concepts applied in this study are passive voice in English, passive
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2.2.1 Passive Voice in English
Eastwood(1994:79) mentioned that the passive is used when the subject is not the agent but what the action is directed at. In a passive sentence the agent can be the
new and important information or we can leave it out if it does not add any information. A passive verb has a form of be and a past participle.
2.2.2 Passive Voice in Indonesian
Sneddon (1996: 246-262) stated that if the focus of attention is on this person
or thing, it will function as the subject of the passive form of the verb. The construction is called a passive clause or is said to be in passive voice. The actor is expressed by an agent phrase which comes after the passive verb. A passive
verb usually has prefix di-. In addition, there is an also particular type of passive constructions in Indonesian which is marked by prefix ter-. In forming passive voice,
prefix ter- can be attached to either a verb base. When it is attached to a verb base, the function is generally to form passive voice construction that implies that the action is done unintentionally by the verb or not on purpose.
2.2.3 Translation Equivalence
interchangeable in a given situation. This why translation equivalence can nearly always be established at sentence rank, the sentence is the grammatical unit most
directly related to speech function within a situation.
2.2.4 Shifts in Translation
Catford (1965:73) proposed that shifts mean the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. There are two major types of
shifts. They are level shift and category shift. Category shift is about unbound and rank-unbound translation. Unbound translation equivalences are not tied to a
particular rank and may additionally find equivalences at the sentence, clause and other levels, while in rank-unbound translation an equivalent is sought in TL for each word or for each morpheme encountered in SL.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
This study was based on the linguistics theory and the translation theory. The theory mainly applied is about translation proposed by Catford (1965) since the main problem of this study is about translation in passive voice. The grammatical theories
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2.3.1 Types of Passive Voice in English
Eastwood (1994:130) stated when the person doing the action is the subject,
we use an active verb. When the subject is what the action is directed at, then we use a passive verb. For example:
Active: The secretary typed the report.
Passive: The report was typed (by the secretary).
The passive form (the report was typed) is preferred because the fact that the
typing is complete is more important than the identity of the typist. In a passive sentence, the agent is mentioned only if it is important new information and there is often no need to mention it. The passive is often used in an official, impersonal style
and a passive verb has a form of be and a passive participle.
The passive voice is known to be expressed by analytic combinations of the
auxiliary verb be with the past participle of the notional verb. Another passive, formed with get as auxiliary and the past participle, seems to be increasing in frequency, though grammarians are at present not agreed as to its status.
2.3.1.1 The affirmative forms
A passive verb has a form of be and a past participle. Be is in the same tense
Active: The Ministry announced the figure. (past simple)
Passive: The figure was announced. (past simple form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135)
2.3.1.1.1 Simple tenses
Simple tense can be the present on and the past one. Simple present tense is a tense used to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The
action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually
does not do. The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make
generalizations about people or things. Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most
commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. The patterns of Simple Present Tense in active and passsive form are as follow:
Active: Someone kills large numbers of people on the roads.
Passive: Large numbers of people are killed on the roads. (simple
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Meanwhile, simple past tense is used to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may
not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in
the past and it can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to”. The samples of simple past tense either in active and passive form are as follow:
Active: Police found the drugs.
Passive: The drugs were found by the police. (simple present form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135)
2.3.1.1.2 The perfect
In line with simple tense, the perfect tense also can be divided into Present Perfect and Past Perfect. Present Perfect is used to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.
Present Perfect tense is also used to talk about several different actions which had occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the
Active : The FBI has seized cocaine.
Passive: Cocaine has been seized by the FBI. (present perfect form of
be + past participle) (Eastwood, 1994: 135)
Past Perfect tense expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a
specific time in the past. Its active and passive forms are showed as follows:
Active : Someone had loaded the drugs onto the ship in Ecuador. Passive: The drugs had been loaded onto the ship in Ecuador. (present
perfect form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135)
2.3.1.1.3 The continuous
The continuous tense can be in present or past. Present Continuous tense is used to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very
moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of
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Active: Someone is callingthe case „the chocolate connection‟.
Passive: The case is being called 'the chocolate connection'. (present continuous form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135)
Past Continuous tense is used to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple
Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Below is the sample of Past Continuous Tense either in active of passive
form.
Active: Detectives were questioning three men last night.
Passive: Three men were being questioned by detectives last night. (present continuous form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135).
2.3.1.1.4 Willand be going to
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A
intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. Below are the samples of future tense in active and passive.
Active: Someone will destroy the drugs.
Passive: The drugs will be destroyed. (future form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135).
Active: Someone is going to charge the men with importing cocaine.
Passive: The men are going to be charged with importing cocaine. (future form of be + past participle)
(Eastwood, 1994: 135).
2.3.1.2 Negative and interrogative form
Negatives and questions are formed in the same way as in active sentences. In the negative not comes after the (first) auxiliary; in questions there is inversion of subject and (first) auxiliary.
Negative: The drugs were not found by customs officers.
The law hasn't been changed.
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Question: Where were the drugs found?
Has the law been changed?
(Eastwood, 1994: 135)
2.3.1.3 Modal verbs in the passive
The passive can be formed with a modal verb (or an expression like have to). The pattern is modal verb + be + past participle. For example:
Stamps can be bought at any post office.
Animals should really be seen in their natural habitat.
Meals have to be prepared every day.
Many things that used to be done by hand are now done by machine.
(Eastwood, 1994: 136)
A modal verb can also go with the perfect and the past together. The pattern is modal verb + have been + past participle. For example:
I can't find that piece of paper. It must have been thrown away.
The plane might have been delayed by the fog.
This bill ought to have been paid weeks ago.
2.3.1.4 The passive to-infinitive and gerund 2.3.1.4.1 Forms
Forms Active Passive
To-infinitive to play to be played
Perfect to-infinitive to have played to have been played
Gerund Playing being played
Perfect gerund having played having been played
NOTE
Passive forms can sometimes have get instead of be.
I don't expect to get invited to the wedding.
Let's not risk getting caught in a traffic jam
.
2.3.1.4.2 Patterns
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(a) To-infinitive
I expect to be invited to the wedding. It's awful to be criticized in public.
I'd like this rubbish to be cleared away as soon as possible.
NOTE
After decide and agree we use a finite clause with should.
e.g. We decided that the rubbish should be cleared away.
After arrange we can use a to-infinitive pattern with for.
We arranged for the rubbish to be cleared away.
(b) Perfect to-infinitive
I'd like this rubbish to have been cleared away when I get back.
(c) Gerund
Being searched by customs officers is unpleasant.
Let's not risk being caught in a traffic jam. I was afraid of being laughed at.
The government tried to stop the book being published.
NOTE
After suggest, propose, recommend and advise we use a finite clause with should. e.g.
(d) Perfect gerund
I'm annoyed at having been made a fool of.
2.3.1.5 Passive with have and get
This pattern means 'cause something to be done'.
I had my car serviced.
I got my car serviced.
(Eastwood, 1994: 140)
This means that I arranged for someone, for example a garage, to service my car; I did not service it myself. This pattern was mainly used to talk about professional services to a customer.
You should have/get the job done professionally.
I had/got the machine repaired only last week.
We're having/getting a new kitchen fitted.
Where did you have/get your hair cut?
(Eastwood, 1994: 140)
Both have and get are ordinary verbs which can be continuous (are having/are
getting) and which take the auxiliary do (did... have/get...?) Get was more informal
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NOTE
(a) Compare these two patterns with had.
Had something done: We had a burglar alarm fitted (by a security company)
some time ago.
Past perfect: We had fitted a burglar alarm (ourselves) some time before that. (b) We can used get informally meaning 'cause oneself to do something' or 'get
on with a job.
I must get my homework done. We finally got everything packed into suitcases.
Here it is the subject (1, we) who must do the homework and who packed the
suitcases.
Sometimes form of the passive with get rather than with be.
The vase got broken when we moved. We get paid monthly.
It was so hot my shoulders were getting burnt.
If you don't lock your bike, it might get stolen.
(Eastwood, 1994, 136)
Passive with get mainly used in informal English, and it has a more limited use than be. The passive with get expressed action and change, not a state. It often
I forgot to leave the dustbin out, so it didn't get emptied.
How often do these offices get cleaned?
Passive participle + get in some idiomatic expressions.
There wasn't enough time to get washed. (= wash oneself)
Such expressions are: get washed, get shaved, get (un)dressed, get changed; get
engaged, get married, get divorced; get started (= start), get lost (= lose one's way).
The idioms get washed/shaved/dressed/changed are much more common than wash
myself etc.
There wasn't much time to wash and change.
NOTE
For I got my hair cut
After get there used an adjective in ed.
I'd just got interested in the film when the phone rang.
(= I'd just become interested in the film ...)
Some other adjectives used after get are bored, confused, drunk, excited and tired.
2.3.1.6 Passive sentences without an agent
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(a) In a passive sentence we mention the agent only if it is important new
information. There is often no need to mention it. Here are some more examples. A new government has been elected.
The man was arrested.
'Hamlet' was written in 1601.
It is well known that 'Hamlet' was written by Shakespeare, so we do not need
to mention it. For the same reason, we do not need to say that the man was arrested by
police or the government elected by the people.
(b) The agent may not be relevant to the message.
A large number of Sherlock Holmes films have been made.
The atom was regarded as solid until the electron was discovered in 1897.
The makers of the films and the discoverer of the electron are not relevant.
The sentences are about the number of films and the time of the discovery.
(c) Sometimes we do not know the identity of the agent.
My car was stolen.
The phrase by a thief would add no information. But we can use an agent if there is
some information.
(d) Sometimes we do not mention the agent because we do not want to.
Mistakes have been made.
This use of the passive without an agent is a way of not saying who is
responsible. Compare the active I/We have made mistakes.
2.3.1.7 Empty subjects
Even when the agent is not important or not known, the passive is not always used. Especially in informal speech, we can use you, one, we. they, people or
someone as vague and 'empty' subjects. But a passive sentence is preferred in more
formal English.
Active: You/One can't do anything about it. Passive: Nothing can be done about it.
Active: We/People use electricity for all kinds of purposes. Passive: Electricity is used for all kinds of purposes. Active: They're building some new houses.
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2.3.2 Translation Shifts
Concept about translation shift is proposed by Catford (1976:73). By „shift‟
we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. Translation shift occurs when there is no formal correspondence to the
syntactic item to be translated. There are two major types of shift; they are level shift and category shift.
2.3.2.1 Level shifts
By a shift of level means that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL
translation equivalent at a different level. Translation between the levels of phonology and graphology-or between either of these levels and the levels of grammar and lexis is possible. Shift from grammar to lexis and vice-versa is the only
possible level-shifts in translation and such shifts are quite common (Catford, 1976:73).
2.3.2.2 Category shifts
Translation equivalences may occur between sentences, clauses, word groups,
and morphemes. During these shift there are changes of structures, changes of class, changes in terms of systems, and changes of rank (unit shift). Category shifts arc
nearly as possible, the same place in the economy of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL.
The category shift of translation can be divided into structure shift, class shift, unit shifts and intra-system shifts.
2.3.2.2.1 Structure shift
Structure is an arrangement of elements. The elements of structure of English
are S (subject), P (predicator), C (complement), and A (adjunct) (Catford, 1965:6). Structure shifts are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in
translation (Catford, 1965:77). In grammar, structure shifts can occur at all ranks. There are two categories used to determine certain shifts into the structure shifts. First, the source language and the target language should have formal
correspondence. If both the source language and the target language have different elements in structure, it means that there is structure shift between the languages.
2.3.2.2.2 Class shift
Defined a class as „that grouping of members of a given unit, which is defined by
operation in the structure of the unit next above‟. Class-shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original
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2.3.2.2.3 Unit shift
Unit shift is changes of rank- that is departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different
rank in the TL.
2.3.2.2.4 Intra-system shift
Intra-system shifts is the term for those cases where the shift occurs internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL possess systems which
approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
1.3.3Loss and Gain of Information
Eugene Nida (1964) is a rich source of information about the problems of loss
in translation, in particular about the difficulties encountered by the translator when faced with terms or concepts in the SL that do not exist in the TL. The generic differences in the two language systems naturally generate loss on all levels.
Nida further explained that the basic principle of translation means that no translation in a receptor language can be the exact equivalent of the model in the source language”. Therefore, the adjustments usually lead to the occurrence of loss
