Conclusion - Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV

Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV

9.8 Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing issue that affects the lives of most people around the world with considerable impact on the economy, transport, interpersonal and social relationships, education, and every aspect of the individual’s daily life. Therefore, it is of the utmost impor- tance to understand the immunopathology of disease. Although the immune system plays an essential role in fighting COVID-19, paradoxi-

cally, it could also be harmful. Most critically ill patients with intensive care needs that develop ARDS have high levels of inflammatory cyto- kines in their circulation and develop cytokine release syndrome. Although scientists are mak- ing an effort to develop proper preventive and therapeutic intervention strategies to overcome the SARS-CoV-2 and more than 200 clinical tri- als of COVID-19 have been recorded in https://

clinicaltrials.gov/, it might take a long time to examine their efficacy in vitro and in vivo.

Altogether, better understanding the interaction

Fig. 9.1 Proposed mechanisms of type I IFN (IFN-α, IFN-β) antiviral defense against SARS-CoV-2 and immune evasion. This effect is via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. This pathway causes not only an antiviral response but also upregulation of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 (not shown). The transcription of target genes has been shown

IFN, interferon; IFNAR, IFN-α/β receptor; JAK1, Janus kinase 1; TYK2, tyrosine kinase 2; IRF9, interferon regu- latory factor 9; ISRE, interferon- stimulated response ele- ment; ISG, interferon-stimulated gene; OAS, 2–5-oligoadenylate synthetase; PKR, protein kinase RNA-activated; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; ACE2, angiotensin- converting enzyme 2

Table 9.1 Diagnostic criteria for COVID-19

Window period Early phase Active phase End phase Early phase Previous infection Recovery

PCR + + + + − − −

IgM − + + − + − +

IgG − − + + − + +

of the SARS-CoV-2 and the host immunity will bring in-depth knowledge for effective vaccine design, therapeutic protocols, and preventive strategies.

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