Conclusion - The Global Challenge - Book Coronavirus Disease

The Global Challenge

1.9 Conclusion

Like other hCoVs leading to outbreaks, the SARS-CoV-2 is apparently of zoonotic origin circulated in animals before transmission to humans. The respiratory effects of COVID-19 are well-known, but COVID-19 can affect other systems, mainly the gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system. Its ability might lie partly in multiple routes, e.g., fecal-oral transmission, airborne transmission, and contact, through which it can spread, and also, partly it can make in through pulmonary and systemic immune responses.

Research has revealed that immune abnormalities occur during COVID-19 and play a role in determining the outcome of the disease. Recent viral outbreaks have presented great difficulties with diagnosis, including COVID-19. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is mainly based on epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, and some auxiliary examinations, such as nucleic acid detection, CT scan, immune identification technology, and blood culture. The spectrum of clinical severity covers both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. A symptomatic infection might cause either mild to moderate symptoms of infection, severe infection that requires hospital admission, a critical infection that requires intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or even death. Among symptomatic individuals, about 20% develop severe to critical infection, and the remainders are diagnosed as mild to moderate infection. The most common symptoms of this viral infection are fever, followed by dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Other less prevalent clinical manifestations include headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia. In the mild form of the disease, alterations in the sense of smell and taste are commonly reported by the patients, and the clinicians should consider these symptoms as

initial apparent symptoms of the disease. Current therapeutics for COVID-19 include interferons, antivirals, convalescent plasma and IVIG, monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, and nutrition therapy (Saghazadeh and Rezaei 2020b).

Also, the immune system and the cell- virus interaction seem promising targets for the effective treatment of COVID-19 (Sharifkashani et al. 2020; Mansourabadi et al. 2020; Pashaei and Rezaei 2020).

Fig. 1.1 The borderless solution to the world’s pain [Adapted with permission from the Association of Science and Art (ASA), USERN; Contributors: Nima Rezaei (lyrics) and Saina Adiban (graphic design)]

In addition to the lessons learned from the pre- vious coronavirus outbreaks, public health pre- paredness planning is necessary to focus on animal source control, early detection, isolation and tracing close contacts, rigorous infection control, vaccine development, dissemination of accurate information, recurrence management, and psychosocial support. The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply influenced the global economy, mainly involving supply chain routes, oil prices, and the tourism sector.

In this manner, the COVID-19 pandemic has induced panic at the international level. As of writing this, the world’s panic is spreading globally, posing a complex problem with its pain (Fig. 1.1), asking for humanity to reorder the connections and, therefore, the world (Fig. 1.2) to resolve any complaint derived from loneliness to the well-being and being prepared by knowing that borderless communication would bring us about confidence for uncertain times (Mohamed et al. 2020a; Momtazmanesh et al. 2020;

Moradian et al. 2020).

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Dalam dokumen Book Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 (Halaman 33-41)