Green Design
II. METHOD a. Data Collection Method
orderly, orderly, comfortable, sustainable and sustainable.
(Widagdo, 2011) assessing the green city of Surabaya, the results are expected. Planning of urban facilities such as green space, pedestrian or sidewalks should consider the climate of the city like Surabaya, which is humid tropical, where everyone craves a micro climate which is more shade, fresh and comfortable from the sun.
2. Green Economy (Green Economy)
(Sayaka, 2015) Green economy is currently a growing market that optimizes three value groups, namely social, environmental and financial values. Green economics (green economics) is defined as an economic method that supports the harmonious interaction between nature and humans so that each can meet the needs simultaneously.
3. GRDP and Green GRDP
The concept of Green GDP in China (Zheng and Chen, 2006), Green GDP is defined as an aggregate accounting index that measures real domestic welfare, which is conventional GDP minus natural resource losses. In practice, Green GDP measurement methods typically cover the five costs of consuming natural resources, namely agricultural land, mineral resources, forests, water and fish resources, and two costs of environmental depletion namely environmental pollution and ecological degradation (SEPA news release, 2006 in Zheng and Chen, 2006) in (Mulya, 2016)
II. METHOD
III. RESULT&DISCUSSION A. Semi Green GRDP Calculation
From the explanation above, the instrument for the calculation of Depletion and Degradation to revise conventional / brown GRDP to Green GRDP. To get a Semi-Green GRDP, it must know the Depletion Value obtained from the multiplication of the Rent Unit Value with the Amount of Clean Water Volume used.
TABLE 1. Calculation of Jakarta Clean Water Rent Units 2016-2017
Describe 2016 2017
Revenue per m3 7.450 7.450
Production Expense 635 628
Raw Material 254 260
Electric Expense 279 280
Chemical Expense 102 88
Gross Profit 6.815 6.822
Profit Margin 20% 1.363 1.364
Unit Rent 5.452 5.458
(Source: PT AETRA Report)
From Table 1 it can be explained the calculation of the value of unit rent in 2016 of Rp. 5,452 was obtained from operating revenues per M3 of Rp. 7,450 minus production costs of Rp. 635, a gross profit of Rp. 6,815, - deducted by 20% worth profit of Rp. 1,363, - while in 2017 Rp. 5,438 obtained from operating revenues per M3 of Rp. 7,450 minus production costs of Rp. 628, gross profit of Rp.
6,822, - deducted by 20% worth profit of Rp. 1,364.
TABLE 2. Clean Water Volume according to Jakarta customers 2016-2017
Customet Category 2016 2017
House of Residence 189 189 Hotel 32 33 Hospital 10 10 Worship Place 4 4 Public Faslities 2 1 Inustrial Company 69 72 Government 21 23 Others 10 11 Total 337 343 (Source: DKI Jakarta BPS)
From Table 2 it can be explained the volume of clean water usage for DKI Jakarta Province. For 2016 amounting to 337 M3, obtained from the use of clean water for Residential Houses for 189 M3, Hotels / Attractions for 32 M3, Hospitals / Social Agencies for 10 M3, Places of Worship for 4 M3, Public Facilities for 2 M3, Companies Store / Industry for 69 M3, Government agencies for 21 M3, others for 10 M3, while for 2017 Rp. 343 M3 is obtained from the use of clean water for Residential Houses for 189 M3, Hotels / Attractions for 33 M3, Hospitals / Social Agencies for 10 M3, Places of Worship for 4 M3, Public Facilities for 1 M3, Companies for Stores / Industry for 72 M3, Government agencies amounted to 23 M3, others amounted to 11 M3.
Furthermore, to get the Depletion value, the volume of clean water usage based on customer categories is multiplied by
the value of Unit Rent for 2016 of Rp.5,452 while in 2017 it is Rp. 5,458. Results of Analysis of Calculation of GRDP Semi Green for 2016 amounting to Rp. 1,538,078,848, obtained from the Conventional / Chocolate GRDP value of Rp. 1,540,078,198, - less the depletion value of Rp.
1,838,033, -, while for 2017 Rp. 1,633,493,341, obtained from the Conventional / Chocolate GRDP value of Rp.
1,635,855,750 - less the depletion value of Rp. 1,873,240.
B. Green GRDP Calculation
The next step is to calculate the value of the Green GRDP obtained from the Semi Green GRDP minus the Degradation value. While the value of Degradation obtained from the Degradation Value of Air Quality consists of Degradation of People with Acute Respiratory Infection and Greening Costs added Degradation Value of Land Use Conversion from the decline in rice production in 2016- 2017.
TABLE 3. Results of Analysis of Degradation Value of 2016-2017 DKI Jakarta ARI Patients
No Describe 2016 2017
1 ARI sufferers 1,801,968 1,846,180 2 per capita health costs Rp 1,597,106 1,666,770 Total (Rp. 000.000) 2,877,934 3,077,157
(Source: Ministry of Health Report 2018)
From Table 3 it can be explained the number of ARI sufferers in 2016 as many as 1,801,968 people with per capita health costs of Rp. 1,597,106 so that the total cost of treating ARI sufferers is Rp. 2,877,934 (million). While the number of ARI sufferers in 2017 was 1,846,180 people with per capita health costs of Rp. 1,666,770 so that the total cost of treatment for ARI sufferers is Rp. 3,077,157 (million).
TABLE 4. Results of Analysis of Degradation Value of DKI Jakarta Greening Costs 2016-2017
No Name of Tree Greening price per Greening
2016-2017 tree Cost
1 Trembesi 4,224 750,000 3,168 2 Matoa 300 125,000 38 3 Mangrove 620,968 8,000 4,968
Total (Rp.000.000) 8,173
(Source: BPS DKI Jakarta)
From Table 4, it can be explained that the 2016-2017 Reforestation Cost is Rp.8,173 (million), obtained from planting 4,244 tamarind trees with a cost per tree of Rp.
750,000, 300 matoa trees with a price of Rp. 125,000, and Mangroves 620,968 with prices per tree of Rp. 8000.
TABLE 5. Results of Analysis of Degradation Value of DKI Jakarta's Rice Production in 2016-2017
No Describe 2016 2017
1 Decreased rice production 1,019,000 366,000 2 Price per kg 12,432 12,312 Total (Rp. 000.000) 12,668 4,506
(Source: BPS DKI Jakarta)
From Table 5 it can be explained that the decline in rice production in 2016 was 1,019,000 kg at a price per kg of Rp. 12,432 so that the total decline in rice production to Rp.
12,668 (million). While the decline in rice production in
2017 was 366,000 kg at a price per kg of Rp. 12,312 so that the total decline in rice production to Rp. 4,506, - (Million).
TABLE 6. Results of Analysis of Degradation Value of DKI Jakarta 2016-2017
DEGRADASI 2016 2017
1 Air quality degradation
a. ARI sufferers 2,877,934 3,077,157 b. Greening Cost 8,173 8,173 2Land Degradation Transfer
Agriculture 12,668 4,506 TOTAL DEGRADASI 2,898,775 3,089,837
(Data Processed)
From Table 6, it can be explained that the 2016 Degradation Value of Rp. 2,898,775, - (million) obtained from ARI treatment costs of Rp. 2,877,934 (million) Afforestation Costs Rp. 8,173 (million) and decreased rice production by Rp. 12,668 (million). While the 2017 Degradation Value of Rp. 3,089,837 (million) was obtained from ARI treatment costs of Rp. 3,077,157, - (million) Afforestation Costs Rp.
8,173 (million) and decreased rice production by Rp. 4,506, - (million)
TABLE 7. Results of DKI Jakarta Green PDRB Analysis 2016-2017
NO Describe 2016 C % 2016 2017 C % 2017
1 CONVENTIONAL /BROWN GRDP 1,540,078,198 100 1,635,855,750 100
2 DEPLETION 1,838,033 0.12 1,873,240 0.11
3 SEMI GREEN GRDP 1,538,240,165 99.88 1,633,982,509 99.89 4 DEGRADATION 2,898,775 0.19 3,089,837 0.19 5 GREEN GRDP 1,535,341,390 99.69 1,630,892,673 99.70
(Data Processed)
So that the results obtained Green GRDP, Table 8 can be explained Green GRDP Value in 2016 of Rp. 1,535,341,390 (million) obtained from the conventional Brown / GRDP value of Rp. 1,540,078,198 (million) less depletion value of Rp. 1,838,033 (million), obtained Semi-Green GRDP of Rp.
1,538,240,165 (million) minus the degradation value of Rp.
2,898,775 (million). While the value of Green GRDP in 2017 is Rp. 1,630,892,673 (million) obtained from the Chocolate / conventional GRDP value of Rp. 1,635,855,750 (million) less depletion value of Rp. 1,873,240 (million), obtained Semi-Green GRDP of Rp. 1,633,982,509 (million) less the value of degradation of Rp.3,089,837 (million).
C. Mapping the Potential of Green Development in Jakarta City Based on Green GRDP
(1) Identification of the potential of the Jakarta City area based on a green perspective
A. Analysis of Calculation of Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share
LQ Analysis This technique compares the size of the role of a sector in a region to the size of the role of that sector at the national level. Below is explained in Table 9 the results of the 2016-2017 LQ Analysis of DKI Jakarta Province
TABLE 8. Results of Location Quotient (LQ) Analysis for 2016-2017
2016 2017
Agriculture, Forestry, fisheries 0.01 0.01 Mining excavation 0.02 0.02 Processing industry 0.59 0.60 Electricity and Gas Procurement 0.24 0.26 Water supply, waste management,
waste and recycling 0.53 0.52 Costruction 1.32 1.28 Wholesale and retail trade; Car and
motorcycle repair 1.20 1.20 Transportation and Warehousing 0.84 0.84 Provision of accommodation and food
and drink 1.67 1.66
Information & Communication 2.09 2.08 Financial Services and Insurance 2.73 2.72 Real Estate 2.24 2.23 Company Services 4.47 4.50 Government administration, defense
and mandatory social security 1.23 1.14 Educational Services 1.56 1.51 Health services and social activities 1.51 1.49 Others Service 2.20 2.18
Business Field LQ
While the Shift Share analysis is used to show the developing sector in a region when compared to the national economy and this analysis tool is also used to complement the LQ analysis that has been done.
Differential Shift Winner
* Trasportation
* Processing Industry * Provison of Accomodation
* Electricity and Gas Procurement * Information & Communication
* Real Estate * Financial Service & Insurance
* Whosale and Retail Trade * Service Company
* Others Service
Proposional Shift
*Agriculture * Contruction
* Mining * Health Service&Soacial Activities
* Government Adm
* Education Service
Losser Mixed Winner
Mixed Losser
*Water Supply, Waste Mgt
Fig 1. Graph of Shift Share Mapping in 2016-2017
Based on Figure 1 results of the analysis of a combination of proportional share and differential shift, the mapping of potential economic sectors in DKI Jakarta Province is as follows:
• Winner Quadrant: transportation sector, accommodation providers, communication information, financial & insurance services, company services, other services have fast growth in the economy of DKI Jakarta Province and have better competitiveness compared to other regions in Indonesia.
• Mixed Winner Quadrant: manufacturing, electricity
& gas, real estate and wholesale & retail trade
sectors are sectors that can only be increased in the scope of DKI Jakarta Province.
• Quadrant Losers: Agriculture, Mining, Water Supply, Waste & Waste Management, Government Administration and Education Services have no role in advancing the economy of the Province of DKI Jakarta and Indonesia.
• Quadrant Mixed Losers: Construction and Health
& Social Services sector is a sector that has fast growth in the economy of DKI Jakarta Province, but has less competitiveness compared to other regions in Indonesia
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Measurement of Green GRDP for urban areas (DKI Jakarta Province) is taken from the calculation of Conventional / Brown GRDP minus Depletion Value so as to obtain Semi Green GRDP. Well Next Semi-Green GRDP reduced Degradation Value obtained Green GRDP Value. To get the Depletion value, the volume of clean water usage based on the 2016 customer category is 337 M3, while in 2017 it is Rp. 343 M3 multiplied by the value of Unit Rent for 2016 in the amount of Rp.5,452 while in 2017 it is in the amount of Rp. 5,458. While the 2016 Degradation Value is Rp.
2,898,775, - (million) obtained from ARI treatment costs of Rp. 2,877,934 (million) Afforestation Costs Rp. 8,173 (million) and decreased rice production by Rp. 12,668 (million). While the 2017 Degradation Value of Rp.
3,089,837 (million) was obtained from ARI treatment costs of Rp. 3,077,157, - (million) Afforestation Costs Rp. 8,173 (million) and decreased rice production by Rp. 4,506, - (million). So that the results obtained Green GRDP, in 2016 of Rp. 1,535,341,390 (million) obtained from the conventional Brown / GRDP value of Rp. 1,540,078,198 (million) less depletion value of Rp. 1,838,033 (million), obtained Semi-Green GRDP of Rp. 1,538,240,165 (million) minus the degradation value of Rp. 2,898,775 (million).
While the value of Green GRDP in 2017 is Rp.
1,630,892,673 (million) obtained from the Chocolate / conventional GRDP value of Rp. 1,635,855,750 (million) less depletion value of Rp. 1,873,240 (million), obtained Semi-Green GRDP of Rp. 1,633,982,509 (million) less the value of degradation of Rp.3,089,837 (million). The results of the potential mapping in the Province of DKI Jakarta obtained the transportation sector, accommodation providers, communication information, financial services &
insurance, company services, other services have fast growth in the economy of the Province of DKI Jakarta and have better competitiveness compared to the regions others in Indonesia. Whereas the manufacturing, electricity & gas, real estate and wholesale & retail trade sectors are sectors that can only be enhanced in the scope of DKI Jakarta Province. Meanwhile the Agriculture, Mining, Water Supply, Waste & Waste Management, Government Administration and Education Services sectors have no role in advancing the economy of the Province of DKI Jakarta and Indonesia. Finally, the Construction and Health &
Social Services sector is a sector that has fast growth in the economy of the Province of DKI Jakarta, but has less competitiveness compared to other regions in Indonesia.
Green PDRB calculation instruments in Depletion and Degradation must still be developed by adding other instruments such as calculation of air pollution, water pollution, and reclamation in detail for further investigation later.
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[3] Riogilang, Hendra.2015.Tantangan Manado menuju kota hijau.Jurnal LPPM Bidang Sains dan Teknologi.
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Jurnal Tata Loka.UNDIP
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[6] Susmarkanto.2002.Pencemaran lingkungan perairan sungai salah satu faktor penyeban banjir di Jakarta.Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan [7] Widagdo, Wanda.2011.Surabaya sebagai kota taman
“greencity”.Universitas Petra Surabaya.
[8] Hasibuan, A., & Sulaiman, O. K. (2019). SMART CITY, KONSEP KOTA CERDAS SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN MASALAH PERKOTAAN KABUPATEN/KOTA, DI KOTA- KOTA BESAR PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA. Buletin Utama Teknik, 14(2), 127-135.
[9] Almulaibari, H., & WOYANTI, N. (2011). Analisis potensi pertumbuhan ekonomi kota Tegal tahun 2004-2008 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Diponegoro).
The Symbolic Meaning of Mosque Architecture and Interior as Adaptation to the Residential
Environment, in the Social, Economic and Cultural Contexts in Lombok
Taufan Hidjaz
Interior Design Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional, Bandung,
Indonesia [email protected]
Nurtati Soewarno Architecture Department, Institut
Teknologi Nasional, Bandung, Indonesia
Detty Fitriany
Interior Design Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional, Bandung,
Indonesia [email protected]
Abstract—The inhabitants of the island of Lombok in Central Indonesia are indigenous ethnic Sasaks who are entirely Muslim, but before 1400 they were still animistic. Previously, the housing environment was oriented towards natural objects as the mother of all places or in Sasak language ineun tetaok. Then it was adapted as Ineun Paer or mother of Paer space with a symbol of mosque architecture. Lombok is called the Island of Thousand Mosques because many mosques reflect the social, cultural and economic aspects of the community and show that Islam is dominant in the lives of its people. Its architecture in the early days was a tile jurai like a house, then it was changed into a dome to show the identity of Islamic architecture. Intersubjective dome is accepted because it matches the shape of the food hood in the Sasak culture. Many mosques adapt to high domes and towers, especially in simple residential environments. This research is to understand the transformation that made the mosque very large in Lombok. Using descriptive-analytical- qualitative methods based on environmental culture analyzes the symbolic meaning of mosque architecture and interior in Sasak Culture in Lombok
Keywords—Mosque, Transformation, Cultural Adaptation, Sasak.
I. INTRODUCTION
The architectural character reflects the identity of the community, and these character features result from the cultural patterns, symbols, and social events of the community, in addition to economic, political, ideological, historical, tradition, customary and community values [1].
Research on mosque architecture as part of the environmental culture in Lombok, is in line with the interest in developing rural communities, and what the city might learn from Sasak cultural wisdom in the villages. The vast majority of the population of Lombok is in the villages, as it is pointed out that almost half of the people are rural, the majority live in villages, somewhere in ninety-seven percent of the world's land mass defined as non-urban. [2]. It is not only the ability of self-sufficiency in villages to be seen but
the historical integration in its socio-economic potential that can connect rural areas in the spatial network of thematic tourism in Lombok with the cultural background of residential clusters.
Villages in Lombok from the cluster residence of bale langgak are typically centered on the orientation of the mosque, which is inhabited by Sasak people from one extended family or ‘sorohan’. Then it develops into the environment of the village community, and forms a cultural value system that binds its members in the social system of kinship. Hamlet and village environments make the mosque as the center or core, in the spatial structure that represents Sasak culture. The cultural space in Lombok is the natural space where the Sasak culture takes place, forming a structure of patterned relationships between community activities and the mosque. The formation of the structure of spatial relations when making various adaptations to changes that reach the guidelines for life in behavior. This adaptation places the mosque in the most important position as the center of housing in the perspective of the village community in Lombok. The mosque is indeed one of the most important types of buildings for any community, where Muslims gather for their prayers and social activities [3]. But the mosque in the Sasak residential environment not only reflects as an artifact of the functional building of a place of worship, but the whole perspective and values that are dominant bind to the community. Therefore, in addition to the physical nature, the mosque for the Sasak cluster of spiritual values has a spiritual value which is a concrete illustration of Sasak culture. Therefore the number of mosques is proportional to the number of hamlets in Lombok so that it is called the Thousand Islands Mosque.
Lombok hamlets form cluster occupancy patterns not linearly on the side of the highway with mosque architecture as a landmark, depicting the culture of the community which has a unique value system regarding space. Urban spatial structure is also affected by the same pattern, which is centered on the mosque, so that since Lombok since 1970 it has been dubbed ‘the island with thousands of mosques’,
although the number now reaches 9,000 mosques. The residential space in the villages of Lombok is not attached to the main road transportation lane, because it is more concerned with the position near the mosque than economic activity. The question of this research is how the transformation process of Sasak residential space in Lombok which was previously object-oriented in landscapes such as mountains, springs, large trees and then became mosque artifacts oriented.
Then what is the symbolic meaning of the mosque's architecture and interior with a central and monumental position in the relatively simple residential neighborhoods of hamlets in Lombok. The specific purpose of this research is to understand the meaning of mosque architecture as the center of the residential space environment of the cluster of traditional family houses of the Sasak people called: bale langgak, so that its presence is dominant in a simple hamlet environment. This study analyzes the process of transformation and adaptation of symbolic forms in the social, cultural and economic contexts of the Sasak people, as well as their possibilities to support Muslim Friendly Lombok tourism.
II. METHODOLOGY
This research uses descriptive-analytical-qualitative method based on environmental culture approach by considering cultural phenomena in the field of observation as the focus of research. Mosques that are considered to represent research problems are documented as objects of analysis, to illustrate the symbolic meaning in the process of cultural transformation of its originators. The study of the meaning of mosque artifacts has a lot of relationships with other cultural elements, hence it begins by questioning how the existence of several thousand mosques in housing clusters on the island of Lombok, how their orientation community space, how cosmology and values form residential patterns. Observations were made by identifying a number of mosques in the Sasak traditional residential space environment, looking at the structure of spatial relationships that were formed and binding each other between community activities and the housing environment. Then analyze the factors that influence the architecture of the mosque and its central position in the housing cluster. This research really needs to understand the relationship between the concept of cultural space from Sasak language expressions and related terms whose implementation is manifested in cultural artifacts and housing patterns.
III. DISCUSSION
The mosque is a multidimensional Islamic architecture embodying the message of Islam. Both facilitate the realization of Muslims about the purpose of Islam and its divine principles on earth and promote the lifestyle produced by these philosophies and principles. The point in Islamic architecture lies its function with all its dimensions:
corporeal, cerebral and spiritual. The shape also plays an important role, but to complement and enhance functions [4].
Once the importance of the mosque for the people of Lombok is described as a determination that the first procedure for building a residential environment is to build the mosque first. So it can be said that the mosque is the mother (ineun) of all residential spaces, because it has
become an orientation since the beginning of the residential environment. Therefore the pattern formed later in the residential environment is a cluster model that surrounds the mosque's position.
Fig 1. scheme of the relationship pattern of the cluster housing of Lantan hamlet in Batukliang village with the Nurul Yakin mosque.
Fig 2. Schematic pattern of Subahnala hamlet housing Batukliang village cluster with At Taqwa mosque.
Fig 3. scheme of the relationship pattern of the cluster housing of Pancordao hamlet in Batukliang village with the Nurul Jihad mosque.
Fig 4. Schematic pattern of permanent relations between Balelanggak Cluster in each Lombok hamlet and the mosque. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. and so on is a bale langgak or