Green Design
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Agisoft Photoscan
Since the aerial photograph derived by using agisoft photoscan finished, we compare four samples on aerial photograph with the four Ground control point obtained from measurement to produce the planimetric accuracy.
The accuracy can be seen in the table below.
TABLE II. THE ACCURACY OF AGISOFT PHOTOSCAN
No. Nama Titik X error (cm) Y error (cm)
1 PM1L1 -2.817 -0.632
2 PM2L1 3.386 1.890
3 PM3L1 -0.483 -1.464
4 PM4L1 0.673 -1.154
Total 2.241 1.364
The total planimetric accuracy of processing using Agisoft PhotoScan software is 2.62 cm.
B. PhotoModeler UAS
Since the aerial photograph derived by using a PhotoModeler UAS finished, we compare four samples on aerial photograph with the four Ground control point obtained from measurement to produce the planimetric accuracy. The accuracy can be seen on the table below.
TABLE III. THE ACCURACY OF PHOTOMODELER UAS No. Nama Titik Distance (m)
1 PM1L1 0.052
2 PM2L1 0.080
3 PM3L1 0.050
4 PM4L1 0.056
The total planimetric accuracy of processing using PhotoModeler UAS software is 6.120 cm.
Based on table 3 and table 4, the total RMSE results are obtained by processing using Agisoft PhotoScan software at 2.62 cm, while processing using UAS PhotoModeler software is 6.12 cm. The results of good accuracy is the results of processing using Agisoft PhotoScan software.
That is due to the time of the mosaic process or the incorporation of aerial photographs in the agisoft photoscan software it produces a mosaic that has a more clearly visible spatial resolution than the UAS photomodeler software.
Making it easier to do the rectification process, because the premark image contained in the aerial photo that has been in the mosaic looks clear. Therefore, determining the premark point with the ground control point in the rectification process is very dependent on the results of the aerial photo mosaic, if the results of the mosaic have a low spatial resolution it will be more difficult in establishing the ground control point against the premark.
C. Comparison of Agisoft Photoscan and Photomodeler UAS
In this stage we compare the distance between the results of processing using Agisoft PhotoScan software and PhotoModeler UAS, by taking measurements on some of the samples obtained from the difference in measurement in the field with each software. The result can be seen in table 4.
TABLE IV. THE ACCURACY OF AGISOFT PHOTOSCAN AND PHOTOMODELER UAS
NO Agisoft photo
Scan
Photo Modeler
uas
Ground
truth Accuracy
of agisoft Accuracy of photomodeler 1 52,760 52,699 52,860 99,8 % 99,6 % 2 48,844 48,653 48,996 99,6 % 99,2 % 3 21,458 21,329 21,537 99,6 % 99,0 % 4 52,760 52,699 52,860 99,8 % 99,6 % 5 61,873 61,762 62,088 99,6 % 99,4 % 6 137,436 137,342 137,581 99,8 % 99,8 % 7 19,164 19,078 19,276 99,4 % 98,9 %
Based on table 4, the comparison between the results of processing using Agisoft PhotoScan software and PhotoModeler UAS, by taking measurements on some of the samples above obtained from the difference in field measurements with each software. So that an average of 10.492 m was obtained in Agisoft PhotoScan software and 16,677 m in UAS PhotoModeler software. The measurement of the area of objects in several samples also looks regular, because the length of the object to the measurement results using Agisoft PhotoScan software is always longer than the measurement results of the PhotoModeler UAS software, so the measurement results of the area of Agisoft PhotoScan software are also always wider.
V. CONCLUSION
Orthofoto derived from PhotoModeler UAS software have a lower spatial resolution than orthofoto derived from Agisoft PhotoScan software, it is due to the processing using UAS PhotoModeler point cloud software produced by the process of photo overlapping, which looks rough is directly processed into a surface or the shape of the ground surface, while the processing using Agisoft PhotoScan point cloud software generated by the photo overlapping process is interpolated first so that the point cloud that was previously rough (rarely seen) becomes smooth and dense, after which the process is then made into a surface or form of the ground surface.
The Comparison of processing results using Agisoft PhotoScan software and PhotoModeler UAS software, using the same photo as many as 371 aerial photographs and by using each of the same control points as many as 4 control points, the total RMS results obtained by processing using the device Agisoft PhotoScan software is 2.623cm, while processing using PhotoModeler UAS software is 6.120 cm.
REFERENCES
[1] Eastman, J.R. (2001) . Guide to GIS and Image Processing Volume 1.
Clark Labs, Massachusetts.
[2] Maryanto, A., Jatmiko, N.W., Bagdja, I.W., dan Adiningsih, E.S.
(2015) . Rancang Bangun Prototipe Sistem Kamera Udara Prushbroom Multispektrum. Bidang Pengembangan Bank Data Penginderaan Jauh Pustekdata LAPAN, Jakarta.
Estimation of Mangrove Biomass Parameters Using Aerial Photography
Soni darmawan Geodesy Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, Indonesia [email protected]
B. Heriyanto Aditya Gunawan Geodesy Engineering Institut Teknologi Nasional
Bandung, Indonesia [email protected]
Anggun Tridawati Geodesy Engineering Departement
Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, Indonesia [email protected]
Abstract— Mangrove forest in Indonesia is the most extensive forest in the world. Mangrove forests function as land for leaf litter, rating, and other biomass. Biomass is highly relevant with climate change issues and plays an important role in the carbon cycle. Biomass calculations can be made by modelling allometric with tree height and canopy area. The purpose of this study is to determine mangrove biomass parameters from aerial photographs. Data processing is resulting orthophoto, Digital Surface Model (DSM), and Digital Terrain Model (DTM), then the height of the tree is obtained by DSM reduction with DTM. Canopy area obtained from the results of digitized. The results obtained are orthophoto and parameter values for the calculation of allometric models. RMSD value of tree crown is ± 4,644 cm2 and for tree height is ± 3,726 cm.
Keywords— mangrove, tree crown, tree height and aerial photography.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forests are a unique and unique form of forest ecosystem, found in tidal areas in coastal areas, beaches and small islands. Mangrove forest is a potential natural resource that is very potential, so it has high economic and ecological value, but is very vulnerable to damage if it is not wise to maintain, preserve, and manage the mangrove forest [1].
Biomass is the total weight or volume of an organism in a certain area [IPCC]. Biomass is also defined as the total amount of living matter on the surface of a tree expressed in units of tons of dry weight per unit area [2].
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or in Indonesian terms called unmanned aircraft is a new science of photogrammetry, which can operate remotely and can be controlled automatically without a pilot sitting in the vehicle.
The UAV vehicle is equipped with a photogrammetric measurement system such as a camera or video camera, thermal or infrared camera system. The current UAV standard allows tracking position and orientation sensors which are implemented in local and global coordinate systems. Therefore, photogrammetry using UAV can be understood as a measurement tool and a new application in close range. UAVs combine aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial surveys but use a new realtime application. UAVs can also be an alternative because aerial photography can be done at a low cost. The main advantage of UAVs compared to manned aircraft is that UAVs can be used in high-risk situations without the need to endanger human lives, in areas
that are unreachable and fly at low altitudes under the cloud so that the resulting photo is free of clouds. In addition, one other factor of excess UAV is cost. The price of UAV devices and operational costs is far cheaper when compared to manned aircraft. With the implementation of the GPS / INS navigation unit and stabilization, it allows precision flight activities (in accordance with the flight plan) while ensuring the fulfillment of the coverage area and overlapping of the desired photos [3].
II. METHODOLOGY
In this methodology, we did some steps including orthorectification, mosaicking, making Digital Surface Model, making Digital Terrain Model, and estimating canopy of mangrove. The methodology can be seen in figure 1.
Fig 1. Methodology
UAV aircraft are used to take photographs from the air. The photos are then combined (mosaics) to produce an orthophoto map of an area. Orthophoto map is equipped with a coordinate system that is useful for visually knowing the actual condition of an area. The orthophoto results can be seen in Figure 2.
Fig 2. Orthophoto map
While the results of the Digital Surface Model (DSM) height and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) are obtained from the export of orthophoto results while for the height of the tree is the reduction of DSM to DTM.
Fig 3. DSM
Fig 4. DTM
Fig 5. NDSM
III. RESULTANDDISCUSSION
We tested the accuracy of the model. we compare the height and accuracy of the model with field data. Sample choosen is based on location that represents the height of the model.
Sample locations can be seen in the figure 6-10.
Fig 6. Sample Location of height 1
Fig 7. Sample Location of height 2
Fig 8. Sample Location of height 3
Fig 9. Sample Location of height 4
Fig 10. Sample Location of height 5
TABLE I. THE ACCURACY OF OBJECT HEIGHT
The results in Table 1 are the sample data taken. The sample data shows the tree height and validation values. The highest difference is in sample number 3 which is 6 cm with an accuracy value of around 99%. The difference is due to the distance of data collection and field validation is three months.
For canopy length, we also compare result of model and field measurement. The sample locations can be seen in the figure 11-15 and the accuracy, we can see on table 2.
TABLE II. THE ACCURACY OF MANGROVE CANOPY
Fig 11. Sample Location of mangrove canopy 1
Fig 12. Sample Location of mangrove canopy 2
Fig 13. Sample Location of mangrove canopy 3
No X (m) Y (m)
DSM from UAV (m)
NDSM from measurement
(m)
Accuracy (%) 1. 815211,355 9313624,102 7,067 7,093 99,63 2. 815307,928 9313763,545 6,099 6,130 99,50 3. 815239,141 9313998,247 7,321 7,388 99,10 4. 815532,429 9313311,205 9,099 9,091 99,91 5. 815879,929 9312638,205 11,15
5 11,184 99,74
No X (m) Y (m) UAV (m) measurement
(m)
Accuracy (%) 1. 815254,942 9313677,72 47,751 47,735 99,97 2. 815191,623 9313403,175 33,814 33,840 99,92 3. 815239,141 9313998,247 28,240 28,143 99,66 4. 815532,429 9313311,205 34,360 34,378 99,95 5. 815522,600 9313085,007 57,619 57,630 99,98
Fig 14. Sample Location of mangrove canopy 4
Fig 15. Sample Location of mangrove canopy 4 The results in Table 2 are the sample data taken. The sample data shows the tree height and validation values. The highest difference in sample number 3 is 9.7 cm while the smallest difference in sample number 5 is 6 mm with accuracy values
range from 99%. The difference is caused by (i) at the time of validation using the radius which is then calculated the area of the circle while at the time of processing using digitization that follows the tree canopy line; (ii) digitization on Arcgis software is done on a scale of 1:60.
IV. CONCLUSION
In the study, estimation parameter of mangrove biomass using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Fixwing type obtained good orthophoto results. Ortophoto was generated from data acquisition with a flying height of 250 m, overlap 80%, and 60% sidelap. Aerial photo data processing is done with High resolution, so the resulting orthophoto is quite clear. The results of the canopy area after a 1:60 scale digging in orthophoto results in Arcgis software and validation have been concluded, it can be concluded that the validation difference and sample data processing for the largest canopy area is 9.7 cm and the smallest is 6 mm with an accuracy value of 99 % Tree height results after the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) reduction of the Digital Surface Model (DSM) by the pixel-by-pixel method according to Zarco-Tej (2004), it can be concluded that the data processed is not much different from the conditions in the field with the value of the validation and processing differences. Sample data for the largest tree height is 6 cm with an accuracy value of 99%. Based on the processing and results of this study, estimation of biomass parameters can use the aerial photography method using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
REFERENCES
[1] J Novianty, Riny, Sukaya S., Donny J. P. 2009. Identifikasi Kerusakan dan Upaya Rehabilitasi Ekosistem Mangrove di Pantai Utara Kabupaten Subang. Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Padjajaran.
[2] Sutaryo. 2009. Penghitungan Biomassa. Wetlands International Indonesia Programme.
[3] Eisenbeiss, H. 2009. UAV Photogrammetry. Disertasi Nomor 18515.
University of Technology Dresden
.
Eco-Design Packaging for Sustainable Farming Products
1st Maharani Dian Permanasari Industrial Product Design Department
Institute of National Technology (ITENAS) Bandung, Indonesia
This program is the first step of collaborative multidisciplinary research, aiming to increase the expertise of farmer community partners, as well as to add value to the products of organic agriculture and plantations that are cultivated. This research focuses on designing environmentally friendly packaging materials. The research activity is carried out in 3 stages, namely an initial field survey, locating sustainable packaging materials from around the farming area, and counseling. The farmer community partner, E-Farming Corpora, is located in Maribaya, Bandung, West Java. The outcome of this initial collaborative research in the sustainability between Product Design and Agricultural Technology is eco-friendly packaging designs for processed agricultural products, plantations, and organic farming.
Keywords: eco-design, packaging, sustainable farming I. INTRODUCTION
Global sustainability now has already become the prime subject of various disciplines. As the concept of sustainability is broadening to align with economic, ecological, as well as social principles, the role of designer is extending beyond simply designing and developing more environmentally benign products and processes (Kandachar, 2014).
Responding to this issue, one of the designers' role is to provide environmentally-friendly solutions to reduce waste and to avoid harmful materials to nature. Related to the social design sustainability concept, this research collaborates with E-Farming Corpora, a farmer community group working in the field of organic agriculture, plantation, and chicken farms located in Maribaya, Bandung, West Java. At the present time, the farming community group needs assistance in packaging the products of the organic vegetable plantations and farms they manage, in order to add value both economically and functionally. The E-Farming Corpora farming community carries a vision of food and energy security and independence for the local community, especially the lower-middle-income groups. The main programs carried out by these farmer groups are:
• eduFarm, ecoFarm: managing the organic farm area as a place to study about food security and energy for all, and also as a place to instill a sense of love for the environment while staying in touch with the locals.
• ProductionFarm, Corpora Shop, Sociopreneurship:
managing the organic farm as a place to increase the local residents' livelihoods.
• Education: managing the farm as a non-formal school provides multidisciplinary education.
• Agricultural Technology, Research: managing the farm to produce prime quality products through technology development and collaborative research.