125 INTRODUCTION
A. Back Ground
According to Undang-undang Sisdiknas No 20 tahun 2003, education is a a conscious way and planned to create a learning view and process for learners actively to develop student’s potential to be religious, having a spiritual strength restraint, personality, intelligence, good behaviour and also skills required that support their competence as a citizen of their country. This is proved how important the role of education in our state.
The UNESCO has stated a program about developing culture which dictates message to the world that any kinds of developing country is about welfare and culture. Therefore, the educational development shoud be based on the culture and also the local culture itself. The point is to required the local culture in the development planning. Especially the educational planning which is concerned on the local culture. In other words, Educational planning based on the local culture.
Local Culture is related to some other things like a creation, value, custom and cooperation activity, learning process, problems solving faced by groups in the local culture. The further discussion about culture and the cultural debates influenced the behaviour of the local people.
The local citizen is a social local unity which is signed by local culture. So, we can say that the educational function in the community is to ensure the cultural needs and communities which has relationship each other in order to keep a good circumstances. The above statement compliances to the value of social educational in consideration. Furthermore, a good organizing culture shown there is a cultural needs.
The good function of education going well in the society if the substance embeded a number of integrated values. Vice versa, education failed and did not work properly if the teachings and values has conflict one another. The cultural values apply into attitudes and views of ethics and morals and have to be taught to the next generation.
Local culture required an education planning which is suitable to the needs of idealistic and materialistic society in real life. Basicly, a plan is an action in the right time, it is of course highly depent on the implementation of the review process which is relatively to the goals to be achieved.
Some factors affected the achievement of education planning goals both internally and externally. It is consider to the consistency of educational planning concerned. The more consistent implementation, the greater the likelihood of success.
All mankind were born into a culture and live in a culture wading activities. If we argued that a culture in a society , it will affected the kind of people who live in their environment, aspirations, educational background, and status in society, thus educational planning can not be separated from the culture itself. Then the education should be able to accommodate local cultures , so that the results of education will suit the needs of local people's lives.
126 A. The Culture and Society
The existence of a culture is because of the people and communities who act as cultural actors.
Some experts argued the society is an abstract picture which can't be determined about it's time and place. According to Shadily (1984: 47), the community is large or small groups, consists of a few people who are concerned with or as groups which influence each other, in other word about community is a group of people who have similar feelings, and desires for interdependent and need to do something with the activities in an effort to achieve a common goal, according to Mannheim (1987:32), the community is a group of people who live, living next to door, interacting and communicating in a specified area. Cuber and Haper (1988:317) said that human society is a collection of both the ethnic and the majority are bound together in a culture of life in a particular environment.
The above description, explaining that the community is a group of people who interact to form the culture in order to maintain his life. The implication, that the people in the environment of an area or island is a man or a people who lives in the region / area / island and having an interaction between fellow citizens then make lives of many different cultures, customs, traditions and has a special characteristic, which is different from the other community. Because of people are always bound with culture, I will explain about The society and culture.
Malinowski (2000:17-19) argued that everything in the society is determined it's culture . It is known as a Cultural-Determinism. According to Herskovits (1999:72), looking at the culture as something handed down from one generation to another, which is then referred to as super organic.
Thus culture is closely connected with the community.
The Indonesian cultures are very much to be understood, studied, and preserved for the sake of self-introduction. Jonah Melalatoa (1995:34) in (EDS, Tiassinurat 2005) is a pioneer who write an Encyclopedia of Ethnic Groups in Indonesia. The information contained is to realize the diversity of cultural heritage in Indonesian as a nation which often surprised if their own ethnic customs misunderstood by his fellow citizens by other nations and tribes (Sedyawati, 2002: 209).
It has to be realized that in a tribe with several sub-tribes shown the variation differences in customs each other (Koentjaraningkrat. 1981:228), a nation which is based on the unity such as the Indonesian nation, has been try to strengthen the unity itself, it is necessary to grow united feelings of each other based on the appreciation of the nation, which is basically to create what is called a "culture of peace and tolerance" (Sedyawati, 2002: 211).
The concept of culture has been talk for over the years, especially when talking about and trying to change society. The efforts to change society is seems to be failed. The failure usually occured because of the lack of understanding the powerful role of culture, and the role that is being played in society. As a result, such as strategic planner of education planning often gives emphasis previously to identify the strategic values, when talking about the vision and mission of education in the community.
Andreas Eppink (2001: 315), argued that, a culture contains of the entire understanding of the culture, values, norms, knowledge and overall social structures, religious, etc., all the intellectual and artistic expression that characterizes a society. According to Edward B. Taylor (2003, 11), culture is a complex whole, in which there are knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities from any person as a member of society, and according to Soemardjan (1985; 33) and Soemardi, culture is a means of product, taste, and people idea.
A Culture is a complete system and become a marking of a people that make up the community in a variety of scales (Soekanto, 1976; 365). Based on each historical development , there are supported by communities of small-scale, middle scale, and some up to form an empire. Awareness and understanding of cultural history is very important to be grown inside all the citizens' life, so that the legacy of the past expressed by wisdom and the future can be designed with a great soul (Alfian, 1986:
127). In fact that both vanity and smallness of soul will not provide any positive contribution for developing the nation power.
Thus culture is a system of knowledge covering systems or ideas contained in the human mind, so in daily life, the culture is abstract. The form of cultural objects are humans creation as cultural beings, in the form of behaviors and objects that are real, for example, patterns of behavior, language, equipment life, social organization, religion, art, etc., all of which intended to help people in the hold of the life of society.
Words in Indonesia language is similar meaning with culture. According Koentjaraningrat (1995:4) "Culture is the whole idea and work of the man who should be as a daily to learn as well as
127 the overall results of mind and character". Meanwhile, according to Elashmawi and Harris (1993:113), a culture is "All human behavior in the run-influenced social life on the belief system; life, death, religion, nature, and the values that are rewarded. That trust is taken by humans as an accepted norm, and attempts to change it would certainly bring a big crisis. This relates to the performance of a person or group of persons (organization) ".
Culture is operationally defined by Schein (1990:25-29); The culture is a pattern of sharper Basic Assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be Considered invalid and, therefore, to be thought to new members as the correct way to practice , think, and feel in relation to these problems. Its significance as a cultural assumption that the basic pattern is sharper, which the group learned to solve the problems faced by adapting elements of external and internal integrate into, and then they work well enough to consider carefully, therefore the culture in has been thought the new members should be in a way that is really good in practice, thinking, and feeling associated with these problems.
In line with the above description, Kreitner and Kinicki (1992:693), revealed that the culture is the basic pattern of assumptions to create, find, or the development of the group by learning to adapt from outside as well as integrating it into the organization, what will be done consistently well and valid as well as a reference for new community members to correct acceptance, thoughts, and feelings in relation to all the issues in detail.
Dewantara (1960:74), defined culture as the result of human mind, and the results of human struggle against two strong influence, ie nature and society which is a testament to the triumph of human life to overcome various obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to achieve salvation and happiness "According to Morgan (1986:120-121), the influence of a culture of 'host' or local nature rarely has the same form . As individuals in a person's culture could have different personalities.
A Culture is a phenomenon in which every individual has different personal as they should cooperate with each other in many ways. The group is a small community that has a form of culture and sub-culture that is clearly defined. Thus a society can be seen as a team or a big family bound by a strong belief to cooperate (Kreitner and Kinicki, 1992:695). Patterns of trust or sense of togetherness, both fragmented, integrated, and supported by a range of values, norms and rituals, so as to urge and determine the ability of a group to the challenges faced.
One of the easiest ways to give an appreciation to the nature of culture and sub-culture is by observing the daily functions of a group, which acts as an outsider (Kreitner and Kinicki, 1992:697).
The distinctive feature of the observed culture will slowly become evident, through the language, imagery and themes that can be extracted from the conversation, as well as of the ritual is done on a regular basis. Having investigated the basics ideas of cultural aspects, it will be easily found historical explanation of how members of the group completed its work (Morgan (1986:121).
The concept of culture in general is very important when we try to manage changes of society on a large scale. Mondy and Premeaux (1993; 455), states that there are three classifications of culture, namely; (1) the dominant culture (the dominant culture), (2) sub-culture (sub-culture), and (3) a strong culture (strong culture). The dominant culture is a culture that dominate other cultures, so that it comes into the values and norms prevailing in society major, so it becomes a culture that values a major determinant (core values) is the dominant culture of the whole culture of the community members, absorbed from the majority of members of the community. The main value is the first value received or dominant in society. This illustrates the resulting macro-cultural society, specifically describes a personality (personality) that exist in society. Part of this culture can develop into a big community culture, in term of anticipation general overview of the issues, situations and experiences faced by its members. Sub-cultures are part of the dominant culture that are part of the values and norms recognized by the smaller communities, while strong culture is a culture traits that are difficult to change and become a mainstay of community strength in showing his true identity, a culture sample in Balinese cremation ceremony, tahlilan event for Muslims in Indonesia.
Jary is through Kotter and Heskett (1997:4), asserted that the widespread of culture in terms of social organization is a manifestation of behaviors and experiences throughout the layers of people who are in an organization community, It can be a unifier in the society. The Important issues in the local culture in community is about the local cultural groups in society which is describing the behavior of a local group in society that make the new members are automatically need to follow the behavior of their
128 peers. Each level has a natural tendency that culture affects levels of other cultures. The attitude of peers who are able to influence the behavior of people in group.
The real phenomenon is all humans were born into a culture and live in a culture wading activities. An often emphasized is that a culture in a society or in a local community organization will affect the type of people who live in the neighborhood, aspirations, educational background, status, and so forth in the society so that life can not be separated with local cultural communities that are part of an integral system in the internal environment of society, because of the cultural diversity that exists in a society, then the same amount by the number of individuals and groups in society. Generally a local society culture is strongly influenced by the environmental community, both internally and externally.
Each member of society has the characteristics of each culture, so it is possible if there is a people who does not like it and vice versa so it is necessary to unify of all members of the public perception that reflected local cultural community.
The concept and theory of local culture that it is contained the activities examined by various experts from the opinion of Randolph and Blackburn (1989:634), which states; Local culture is a set of key values that trust, and understanding of the characteristics given to members of the local community.
Local cultural is the basic orientation for community members to consider the interests of all its members. In definition, Culture is a group of personalities culture of the local community member, which is gather into a single unit that describes the local culture of a local community (Koentjaraningkrat, 1970, 6). With the unity of the local culture, the community members will create a balance between their own culture adapted to the culture of the larger society, and become a cultural unity of society in general.
Psychologically, The Local culture could be a motivation for the community members in the activities of life because the local cultural environment is appropriate to its culture. Based on this theory a person can actualize the local culture into the culture of the community in order to avoid any suspicion about the local culture which is necessary to be observe (Beilharz, 1993:332).
Local culture is a basic philosophy of an organizational sociology that is the basic value used as a norm in the local community and become the guiding norms of behavior member, as well as giving recognition to the status of each individual, and the norm is the formal and informal rules for developing and having an activity into units of orientation for each member and become a benefit for all members (Beilharz,1993:333-334).
Local culture is the existing rules in the organization as a guidance for the entire human resources, which has the obligation and uphold the values behave in the local community. A society is an integrated pattern of human behavior within the group including thoughts, actions, conversations that can be learned and taught to the next generation through education (Sedyawati, 2007; 27). Therefore it is necessary to understand about the local culture definedly, because it could give a sense of pride on its member, and it could be said it is dominant when the value point can be believed by the majority of its member. The characteristics of the local culture by Huky (1982:71) are always developing and prehistoric cultural heritage that has been modified and upgrade across a number of processes of excecuted acculturation.
This kind of local culture become a whole personality that distinguishes for example people in Jakarta with local culture community, as well as the local community with others as well as a personality guidance that exist in the local communities life (Atmosuprapto (1993:69-71).
This concept is highly relevant to the needs of educational planning because the understanding of local cultures need to be accommodate by the behavior and habits of specific attitudes exist in that area, in order anticipating a changes in the development and management of vulnerable areas that could easily change by other foreign culture.
The application of various local cultures is very important for the national interest as multicultural insights, in the last decade there were some features in a variety of forums in the relation to the education culture (Tilaar, 2006:182), the local culture has a particular meaning in human life, the essence of local culture in the form of value asystem and the basic concept is the idea of integrated thinking, which became a director for human behavior in the local community (Sedyawati, 2007:130).
By this reason, the culture has to be seen as a gift of God Almighty, what the people were given the opportunity to direct the actions included in the education sector and give a meaning for their life.
Furthermore, Sedyawati also explained that culture is the content and also the boundaries of a community. By this lines throughout history of society, which constantly move and shift flexibly, as
129 always happens in local communities. The development of industry and trading in the city, the surround community will become more consumptive than saving money. Local Culture society moves across the space and interact each other physically and mentally, in a faster rhythm, so that the local cultural lines could shift and even overlap, as people who are familiar with the local culture for example Discotique (who was still very traditional on 1970).
In the history of the local culture a great urbanization while the tourism industry was built with the huge population explosion in that area. This is effected in suppression of local culture by the good economic of the weak economic so the meaning of development in the area will destroyed by the local culture.
UNESCO Program (1998:312), in the decade of cultural development around 1988-1997, entrust a message to the world that any development goal is for the sake of human welfare and should be culture minded. The developing of education in a particular area is definitely close to its program. The next bravely question is how the message could be translated into real action. The message is directed to both executives who hold the reins of government (Local Government Local), local culture and the people who run the economic life. The implicit message is to affix local culture concept in the development planning, including educational planning, implications of cultural knowledge-based education, in other words an educational planning based on the local culture.
Mono-disciplinary study which studied a specific aspect of the local culture, such as a particular culture, could remind the depth of the local culture usefully so there is always a reason to include local culture in a follow-development (Alfian. 1989: 265), an analysis of: text, artifacts, behaviors related to the cultural community is a cultivated area should be given special attention. The units of analysis spesifically could be seen in cross-cultural, a comparative study where cross-cultural comparative studies among others, the lines between cultures, a typology of cultural diversity, as well as on the relationship between culture with the development plan (Sedyawati; 2007:132).
The wisdom of the local cultural relation ship, in turn can support decision-making on the implementation of strategies to determine educational programs related to local culture and population (demographics). In fact, a total understanding of the local culture, should be required to support the development of educational programs, In case local culture educational growing.
To realize this requirement, it is necessary to understand the cultural elements which associated with the planning of education. Where there are 4 elements of culture, namely: 1) a system of norms that enable collaboration among the members of local communities to adapt to the natural surroundings, 2) economic and technological systems , 3) the agencies or officers for education (the family is the primary institution), and 4) the organization of political power, so the ideal embodiment of the culture include; a) a bundle of thought, idea , values, norms, rules, and so on that are abstractly; or anything that can not be felt or touched. The form of culture is located in the citizens thought or mind. If they express their ideas in the form of writing, the ideal location of culture was in essays and books, the works of writers such citizens, b) the activity is a form of culture as a pattern of human action in the community. It is known as a social system. The social system is composed of human activities interacting, made contact, and get along with other human beings according to certain patterns of behavior which based on indigenous governance. Concrete, naturally, occurring in everyday life, and can be observed and documented, and c) cultural artifact is a physical manifestation in the form of the results of the activities, actions, and the work of all people in the community in the form of objects or things that can be touched, seen, and documented. Trully nature among the three concrete manifestation of culture. The implication in public life, cultural form can not be separated from other . For example:
ideal culture form set and give direction to activity (activity) and work (artifacts) in humans, for example; in the planning of the education system (ideas and concepts) can not release the activity (learning process) and artifacts (educational outcomes).
In its development, culture has two solid components 1) material, and 2) non-material. The form of material culture community creation real is a finding result from an archaeological excavation: clay bowls, jewelry, guns, and the like. Material culture also includes items, such as school buildings, television, airplanes, sports stadiums, clothes, skyscrapers, sub-way, High way and etc. While the non- material culture, namely; abstract creations are passed down from generation to generation such as : fairy tales, folklore, and traditional Malay song or dance, science, rhymes and so forth.