AN ANALYSIS OF THE EQUIVALENCE OF DERIVATIONAL PROCESS
INENGLISH - INDONESIAN TRANSLATION
Alit Ida Setianingsih
Udayana University Denpasar
2016
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Aknowledgements
I. Introduction ……….. 2
1.1 Background and Problems ………2
1.2 Objectives of Writing and Scope of Discussion ………3
1.3 Method of Writing ………4
1.3.1 Data Source ………4
1.3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ………4
1.3.3 Method and Technique of Presenting and Analyzing Data ...4
II. Literature Review, Concepts and Theoretical Framework ………6
2.1 Literature Review ………6
2.2 Concepts ………6
2.3 Theoretical Framework ………7
2.4 Process of Translating ………8
2.5 Translation Equivalence ………8
2.6 The English Derivational Process ………9
2.7 The Indonesian Derivational Process ………11
III. An Analysis of the Equivalence of Derivational Process in English – Indonesian Translation ………13
3.1 English Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Derived Words ……14
3.2 English Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Non Derived Words…16 3.3 English Non Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Derived Words…17
IV. Conclusion ………19
V. Bibliography ………20
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thispaper is entitled `An Analysis of the Equivalence of Derivational Process in English-Indonesian Translation’. It is a research in Applied Linguistics of Translation Studies.
In relation with translation study, either in the Source Language (SL) or in the Target Language (TL), a writer or a translator may write or transfer words, with or without the addition of affixes or other words, to a new grammatical class. Based on those reasons, this kind of study is fruitful for a translator. Moreover, in this respect, it is interesting to find out the equivalence of English words constructed through derivational process by referring to the ways of transferring the words into the TL.
I do hope this short paper will give a brief information about the equivalence of English words formed by derivational process translated into their equivalences in Indonesian.
Denpasar, February 2016,
Alit Ida Setianingsih
2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problems
Referring to the aim of writing a paper, so, here, the writer presents the one entitled
‘An
Analysis of the Equivalence of Derivational Process in English – Indonesian Translation’. In the process implied theory of word constructions, and the rules by which words are constructed are important to the study of grammar. According to Quirk (1972), the rules help us to recognize the grammatical class of a word by its structure; for instance, we are able to recognize that the word employee is a noun from the fact that it ends in the suffix –ee.
Besides that, they teach us that there is a flexibility in the grammatical rules application. In this case, in relation with translation study, either in the Source Language (SL) or in the Target Language (TL), a writer or a translator may write or transfer words, with or without the addition of affixes or other words, to a new grammatical class. Based on those reasons, this kind of study is fruitful for a translator. Moreover, in this respect, it is interesting to find out the equivalence of English words constructed through derivational process by referring to the ways of transferring the words into the TL.
Translation is basically the transferring of form and meaning from SL to TL. Bell (1991;5) simply states that translation is “the expression in another (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence.” Meanwhile, language transferring is a broad matter, here as the translation covers the entire matter of the language operation in use, this paper will cover only a small part of the language structure linguistically and semantically that concerns only on the equivalent transferring of the English derivational words into Indonesian with reference to a novel entitled ‘The Mummy’ and its translaion.
In relation with derivational process, grammatical choices in translation must be based on the function of the grammatical construction in the TL, not on a literal rendition of the SL
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form. So a translator must translate idiomatically in retaining the meaning of SL to the TL.
One thing that must be born in mind that there is no one to one correspondence between two languages, as each language has its own form and structure.
By referring to the above background, there are some problems arise, those would be discussed in this paper i.e. :
1) How is a translator able to identify the words in the SL and TL which are formed by derivational process?
2) What are the alternative ways to transfer the derived English words into the TL in order to find the closest equivalence and to preserve the SL meaning?
3) What are the functions and meanings of affixes which construct the derived words in both languages?
1.2 Objectives of Writing and Scope of Discussion
By referring to the above problems, so the objectives of writing are :
1) To identify words of the SL and TL which are constructed by derivational process.
2) To determine the alternative ways to transfer the derived English words into the TL in order to find the closest equivalence and to preserve the SL meaning.
3) To determine the functions and meanings of affixes which construct derived words in the SL and TL.
This paper will cover only a small part of the language structure linguistically and Semanticallythat concerns only on the equivalent transferring of the English derivation into Indonesian with reference to a novel entitled ‘The Mummy’ and its translation. The derivational process involves affixation process of English and Indonesian words. Besides that, the words found only in the SL or only in the TL which are in non derived forms are also presented (the SL words are in non derived forms but the TL are, and vice versa). Here is also described the function and meanings of affixes which construct words in both languages.
So, discussions of this writing cover i.e. :
1) Studying, identifying, classifying and presenting the English and Indonesian derived words.
2) Identifying and presenting the alternative ways to transfer the derived English words into the TL in order to find the closest equivalence and to preserve the SL meaning.
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Here is also presented the SL and TL words which are equivalent each other even though the SL words are in non derived forms but the TL are, and vice versa.
3) In terms of the derived words, the writer limits the discussion on the ones which are found in the data sources. Meanwhile, in term of word class and types of affixes, the writer limits the discussion by referring to the ones found in the SL versus the TL which are used as the data sources.
1.3 Method of Writing
The methodology of writing deals with data source, method and technique of collecting
data, Method and technique of analyzing data as well as method and technique of presenting the analysis. Here, the writer refers to these following methodologies.
1.3.1 Data Source
The data that is analyzed in this paper was taken from several pages of the novel entitled
‘TheMummy’ byAnne Rice (1989) and its translation ‘Mumi’ by Kathleen (2000).
The reason of why the writer chooses the novel for the data source of this reseach is because either the original novel or the translated one are simply structured. Besides that, after comparing the translated novel to the original, the translation is already closely equivalent with the original, so that it can be easily understood and it is easier for the writer to compare the both languages (English versus Indonesian).
1.3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
Method and technique of collecting data are described as follows :
a. In collecting the data, the library reserach method was applied. It is done in order to get veriable information containing constructions that relate to the topic of this paper.
b. Then, it was continued by reading the SL text and its translation. Then, giving highlights towards the points that support the discussion and analysis. Afterwards, the important ones were noted down and listed them by referring to their classifications.
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1.3.3 Method and Technique of Presenting and Analyzing Data
The data is presented and analyzed according to concepts which are presented as the ways tofind the equivalences of English derived words in the TL. Here, the writer tries to present the next sequences of data analysis i.e. :
a. Identification, the first step in analyzing. The collected data were checked or examined to ensure that the data were relevant for the analysis. It was aimed at evaluating the data before classifying.
b. Classification; grouping or classifying the data based on the patterns of position. It is aimed to see the position of each phenomenon in the entire framework. Here, the data should be classified in a systematic way.
c. Analyzing data based on the ways to find the equivalences of English derived words in the TL, within the scope of the problems. In this case, only qualitative method is applied.
The analysis that is related to the scope and the theoretical framework will be presented
descriptively. The data that have been analyzed described in both the source language and the target language and grouped to a certain affixation process by referring to the ways in which English derived words in general are translated. Besides that, the SL and TL words which are equivalent each other even though the SL words are in non derived forms but the TL are, and vice versa, are also presented. All of the descriptions followed by explanation descriptively.
6 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Literature Review
The literature review of this writing is based on statements of some Linguists regarding translation in relation to the equivalence of several derived words in the TL i.e.
Translation has various definitions. Bell states that
Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. (Bell, 1991;6)
Basically, it is as the transfer of meaning from the source language into the target language.
In relation to the word-formation process which comprises derivational process, Quirk states that
Once a base has undergone a rule of word-formation, the derived word itself may become the base for another derivation; and so, by reapplication, it is possible to derive words of considerable morphological and semantic complexity. (Quirk, 1972;
978)
We distinguish the base of a derived word from a stem, which is the part of the word remaining after every affix has been removed. (Quirk, 1972; 979)
2.2 Concepts
In the understanding and the analysing of this writing, we have to refer to some concepts i.e., equivalent, translation, type of equivalence and derivational process.
1) Equivalent: equal in value, amount, meaning (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1974)
2) Translation has various definitions. It is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (Bell,
7
1991; 5). Basically, it is a change of form of the Source Language into the Receptor Language (Larson, 1998; 3)
3) Types of equivalence are Formal equivalence and Dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, and Dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behaviour relevant within the context of his own culture.
(Venuti, 2000; 126)
4) Derivational process is word formation which changes the class of word and meaning.
(Katamba, 1993; 56)
2.3 Theoretical Framework
This paper adopts the concept of translation according to Larson, he states that
There are two main kinds of translations, one is form-based attempt to follow the form of the source language (literal translation), and the other is meaning-based to make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language in the natural forms of the receptor language (idiomatic translation) (Larson, 1998; 17)
This theory shows that the literal translation can often be understood, since the general
grammatical form may be similar, and the idiomatic translation uses the natural forms of the receptor language, both in grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. A good translator will try to translate idiomatically. However, translations are often a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text.
There are some linguists whose point of view support the theory proposed by Larson.
Translating is aimed at finding the closest natural equivalent of the messages conveyed by the SL in the TL, in which meaning becomes the main point that must be retained. Two linguists namely Nida and Taber (1974; 12) state that the translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
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…….”the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalents textual material in another language (Catford, 1965; 20). The meaning of this definition is equivalence which should be natural, i.e. in terms of the context (in the widest sense) and of the true nature of the target language. By equivalent textual material, Catford means equivalent in term of linguistic form and contextual meaning.
2.4 Process of Translating
Nowadays, there are many translated books that we have been familiar with, such as novel, articles, the ones which are dealt with technology and science and many other kinds.
Those books are written in our own language. As readers, we often do not recognize that those books are the result of translation of the source books that are possibly translated from English, French, Japanese, or others. The process of translating itself interests many people, instead of linguists who are closely concerning to such process. The phenomenon is in accordance with an opinion proposed by Catford (1965 ; vii) that in the modern world, translation is a very important activity and it is a subject of interest not only on Linguists, professional and amateur translators and language teachers, but also to electronic engineers and mathematicians.
Larson (1998; 3) says that translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context.
The process of translating is started by finding the message conveyed in the SL text up to reconstructing the message using the appropriate meaning in the RL. In addition, the first thing that we have to do is to find out the message or the meaning as the content of the SL text. In this case, the translator has to grasp as fully as possible the meaning or the content of the SL text. After getting sure of the meaning, then, we can reconstruct it in appropriate way in the RL.
2.5 Translation Equivalence
According to Nida (in Venuti, 2000; 129), in translating, one must seek to find the closest possible equivalence. However, there are fundamentally two different types of equivalence: one which may be called formal and another which is primarily dynamic.
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Formal equivalence (F-E) focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Viewed from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the message in the RL should match as closely as possible the different elements in the SL.
While dynamic equivalence (D-E) aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behaviour relevant within the context. In other words, D-E focuses attention on constructing the SL text into the RL to be ‘the closest natural equivalence’ to the source message.
It can be stated that the translation equivalence is the translation process in oredr to transfer the same meaning by using the natural forms from the SL into the RL. That is why, finding the equivalence of the SL in the RL is the goal of every translator.
2.6 The English Derivational Process
Derivational process is word formation which changes the class of word and meaning.
Derivational morphemes form new words by: (a) changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached, or (b) changing the word class that a base belongs to.
Derivational process involves :
1. Suffixation changes the class and meaning of the word a. Verb Noun (-action, -ant, -ee, -er / or, -ment)
Examples : explore - exploration refuse - refusal
inform - informant employ - employee read - reader act - actor govern - government
b. Noun Adjective (-an, -al, -ful, -ic, -ish, -ist, -less, -nese) Examples : Indonesia - Indonesian
medicine - medicinal spoon - spoonful economy - economic
10 child - childish loyal - loyalist power - powerless Bali - balinese
c. Noun Noun
- Adding suffix – hood - : changes the meaning of the word Example : child - childhood
- Adding suffix –ship ; -dom : changing the meaning of the word Example : king - kingship
king - kingdom
d. Adjective Noun (-ness, -ity) Example : happy - happiness
rapid - rapidity
e. Adjective Adverb (-ly) Examples : beautiful - beautifully
kind - kindly quick - quickly
2. Prefixation changes the meaning of the word
Examples : dis - : honest - dishonest (not honest) un - : happy - unhappy (not happy) ir - : regular - irregular (not regular) im - : possible - impossible (not possible) in - : sane - insane (mad / senseless) re - : write - rewrite (write again) ex - : president - ex-president (former was) en - : able - enable (having capacity)
11 3. Conversion / Zero derivation
Conversion is a word formation without modifying the form of the input word that serves as the base.
Example : The head of the village school has arrived.
N
She will head rhe village school.
V
The cook is cooking the meal in the kitchen.
NP
She cooks the meal.
V
In English, the derivational process of word can be seen in the following word analysis.
Example : the word incapability
in capable ity incapability Adj N
The word ‘incabality’ (Noun) derived from the base is ‘capable’ which is Adjective, with prefix ‘in’ and suffix ‘ity’ .
2.7 The Indonesian Derivational Process
1. Adding prefix me – which has allomorphs : mem- , men- , meng- , meny- , (noun Verb)
Examples : batu - membatu (become)
janda - menjanda (living as a widow) udara - mengudara (flying)
sabit - menyabit (using of the tool to do the action)
12 2. Adding prefix per – (noun verb)
Example : budak - perbudak (causing someone become the kind of person) 3. Adding prefix per- , ng- (adjective verb)
Examples: rendah - perendah (making lower) besar - perbesar (making bigger)
rusak - ngrusak (causing something out of order) 4. Adding prefix me-, di- that exists in Indonesian
Example : pukul - memukul pukul - dipukul 5. Multiple derivation (confix in Indonesian)
a. me – kan : masuk (V) - memasukkan (v) (inserting something) b. ber - kan : mandi (V) - bermandikan (V) (effected by)
c. per – an : main (V) - permainan (N) (thing to play) d. diper – kan : malu (Adj) - dipermalukan(V)(causing embarrassment)
e. di – i : lucut (V) - dilucuti (V) (taken all of the weapons) f. di ber – kan : daya (V) - diberdayakan (V) (make use of
someone)
For restatement, derivational process is word formation which changes the class of word and meaning by changing the meaning of the base to which they are atached and changing the word class that a base belongs to. In relation to translation process, that by also considering derivational process, a translation can grap the meaning inside certain base word with affixation process.
CHAPTER III
13
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EQUIVALENCE OF DERIVATIONAL PROCESS IN ENGLISH – INDONESIAN TRANSLATION
The translation of the English Derivational Process into the Indonesian Derivational Process that are found in the data, focused more in affixation. The English Derivational Process has different structure from the Indonesian Derivational process, both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning. To find the equivalence in translating from the English Derivational process into the Indonesian Derivational process, there are three ways to be presented here :
1) English Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Derived Words 2) English Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Non Derived Words 3) English Non Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Derived Words
The following presentation are the contexts given within the texts of the SL and the TL that are taken from the data source, in which derivational process occur in these several words.
1. SL : ...and immortal guardian of the king and queens of Egypt throughout time. (P. 12) TL : ...dan pelindung abadi para raja dan ratu Mesir sepanjang masa.
2. SL : Undoubtedly the belly dancer are were with him... (P. 13) TL : Pasti penari perut itu ada bersamanya ...
3. SL : Get those workers in here to lift this lid at once. (P. 17)
TL : Panggil para pekerja kemari, untuk mengangkat tutupnya sekarang juga.
4. SL : It was the older generation that did the scheming, and the planning, as they always done. (P. 19)
TL : Generasi yang lebih tualah yang sebetulnya merencanakan hal itu, melakukan rekayasa ini, sebagiamana yang selalu mereka lakukan selama ini.
5. SL : Old age, weakness, dependence. (P. 21)
14 TL :Usia tua, kerapuhan, ketergantungan.
6. SL : ... to regulate the successes of their wholly respectable and conventional lives. (P.
20)
TL : ... untuk mengatur keberhasilan seluruh hidup mereka yang dianggap terhormat dan
konvensional.
7. SL : If any woman could have driven an immortal man to entomb himself, Cleopatra would be that woman. (P. 25)
TL : Kalau ada wanita yang dapat mendorong seorang laki-laki yang ditakdirkan hidup abadi untukmembekap dirinya di dalam sebuah makam, maka Cleopatra-lah orangnya.
8. SL : ... deeply etched and beautifully gilded, and an Italian marble. (P. 11)
TL : ... dalam goresan yang mantap dan disepuh dalam warna emas di atas marmer Italia.
9. SL : He gazed calmly at the emaciated form before him, ... (P. 17) TL : Dengan tenang ia menatap sosok mengenaskan di hadapannya, ...
3.1 English Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Derived Words
In translating into Indonesian, sentences in which there are some English derived words occured, we can construct the English derivational process into the Indonesian process to find the equivalence meaning. Here are examples with the arrow ( ) signifies the derivational process by which the category changes :
a. Derived nouns in English are translated as derived nouns in Indonesian Examples :
1. [ [ work ] V + er ] N [pe + [kerja] V ] N
work + er worker pe + kerja pekerja V N V N 2. [ [ free ] Adj + dom ] N [ ke + [ bebas ] Adj + an ] N
15
free + dom freedom ke + bebas + an kebebasan Adj N Adj N
3. [ [weak] Adj. + ness ] N [ ke + [rapuh] Adj. + an ] N weak + ness weakness ke + rapuh + an kerapuhan Adj. N Adj. N
The above analysis shows that certain derivational process with affixation in English have equivalences in Indonesian, such as -er vs pe- , -dom vs ke- an and -ness vs ke- an. The internal structure of words in the SL and the TL may be exactly the same e.g. N N, as in the words : worker vs pekerja ; freedom vs kebebasan; weakness vskerapuhan.
b. Derived Adjectives in English are translated as derived Adjectives in Indonesian.
Examples :
1. [[ respect ] V ] Adj [ ter + [ hormat ] V ] Adj respect + able respectable ter + hormat terhormat
V Adj V Adj
However, in certain other cases, the derivational process does not seem to be exacts the same at least with respect to semantic composition. For example : un + like is formed with un : meaning not. This is translated as berlainan where ber – an does not mean not.
In other words, the composed meaning is in fact equivalent to the stem lain(i.e. not the same).
To find equivalence in translating from the English derivational process above show that a translator must be aware that Indonesian may also have certain derivational affixes that carry equivalent meaning. However, meaning may be priority and the translation may not involve exactly the same derivational process, where it is the composed meaning text is translated as in unlike berlainan
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3.2 English Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Non Derived Words
In this type, derived words do not get translated into derived words to TL. This may due to certain condition. It may be due to e.g. :
a. The lack of the equivalent affixes as in –an
[ [Italy]N + an ] Adj. Italia
Italy + an Italian N N Adj.
b. Borrowing and adaptation of category in the TL system e.g.
[ [contaminate] V + ion ] N kontaminasi
Contaminate + ion contamination N V N
c. The equivalence of an affix is a word so that the derived word in SL is translated into a phrase in the TL as in :
[ [polite] Adj. + ly ] Adv. dengansopan
PP
[ [calm] Adj. + ly ] Adv. dengantenang
PP
By referring to those above examples, it can be stated that to find equivalence in translating, a translator must be aware of these derived mismatches in the categories between SL and TL that are associated with the same meaning. Since translation must keep the meaning, it follows the derived words do not need to be always translated as derived words.
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3.3 English Non Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Derived Words
In defining the equivalence from derivational process, a translator can not only construct the English derivational process become the Indonesian derivational process, but the translator can also use different form by deconstructing derivational process in English becomes derivational process in Indonesian. Here are the examples:
said { ber + [kata] N ] V
V ber + kata berkata
N
This third type involves a translation where the SL word said is not derived but its translation is. The data shows that the translator deconstruct the lexical content of the SL word. From the example, it can be said that the deconstructing derivational process in English becomes derivational process in Indonesian from verb in English become derivational process in Indonesian.
Out of derivational process found in the data, it is also found the equivalence of an affix is a word so that the derived word in SL is translated into non derivational word in the TL (inflectional process occurring here ; no changes of word class after affixation process} as shown in these examples.
[ [guard] V + ian ] N [pe + [lindung] ] N guard + ian guardian pe + lindung pelindung V N NN
[ [dance] V + er ] N [ pe + [tari] N ] N
dance + er dancer pe + taripenari
V N N N
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[ en + [ tomb ] N ] V [ mem + [bekap] V ] V
en + tomb entomb mem + bekap membekap N V V V
In fact, out of the scope of study of this paper, they are also found English Non Derived Words Equivalent to Indonesian Inflectional Words / derivational process does not occur in the TL but inflexional process (no changes of word class) does, shown as follow
a. saw [ me + [lihat] V ] V
V me +lihatmelihat
V V
b. cautioned [ [meng] [ingat] V + kan ] V
V meng + ingat + kanmengingatkan
V V
c. look [ me + [pandang] V ] V
V me + pandangmemandang
V V
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
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From the analysis of the data of the equivalence of derivational process in English – Indonesian translation which is relevant as the answer to cope with the problems, there are some conclusions that can be formulated as follow.
In order to be able to identify the words in the SL and TL which are formed by derivational process, a translator must understand what derivational process is. It is word formation which changes the class of word and meaning. The derivational process involves affixation process of English and Indonesian words.
The alternative ways to transfer the derived English words into the TL in order to find the closest equivalence and to preserve the SL meaning are first by unpacking the word into its base and its affixes. We have to know the meaning of the base and what meanings are brought by the affixes embedded to the base. By then a translator will be able to find out the equivalences of English words constructed through derivational process by referring to the ways of transferring the words into the TL. What the translator has to do is to find out the message or the meaning as the content of the SL text. In this case, the translator has to grasp as fully as possible the meaning of the SL text. After getting sure of the meaning, then, we can reconstruct it in appropriate way in the TL, until then the closest equivalence found in the TL.
The functions and meanings of affixes which construct the derived words in English and Indonesian are many. As presented in the analysis, they are derived nouns in English are translated as derived nouns in Indonesian. Derived adjectives are as derived adjectives in Indonesian. Derived verbs are as derived verbs in Indonesian. However, there are English derived words equivalent to Indonesian non derived words. English non derived words equivalent to Indonesian derived words. In derivational process, meanings are changed by changing the meanings of the base to which they are attached and changing the word class that a base belongs to. For examples the word work which is attached suffix erbecomes worker. In this example occurs derivational process, and the word worker is translated into pekerja, itmeans the doer of the action verb work. Both English and Indonesian may have certain derivational affixes that carry equivalent meaning.
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