Regional Governance
Composed from many sources OECD Report (2015); Foster (1997); Warner (2011), Savitch
and Vogel (2000) etc
Regionalism
▧ City-suburban disparities and pulled by
the promise of global competitiveness and regional excellence fosters an idea of
regionalism
▧ Multisector coalitions of private, nonprofit, and academic institutions-“civic
regionalists gaining prominence as agents for regional agendas, policy, and
outcomes.
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Regionalism
▧ Regionalism refers to processes and structures of region building in terms of closer economic, political, security and
social cultural linkages between states and societies that are geographically proximate (Boerzel 2011)
▧ The ways in which localities within a region forge administrative, political, economic, social, or other ties to create regional
outcomes. The focus in this instance is on internal relations and links among
independent units within a region (Foster, 1997)
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Regional Impulse
▧ Regional impulses are factors that motivate local governments and other interest groups to achieve regional outcomes.
▧ Regional outcomes include
1. structures, such as a region wide
multipurpose or single-purpose service entity
2. processes, such as a regional forum in
which citizens deliberate issues of regional significance;
3. partnerships, such as intergovernmental and intersectoral (public, private, nonprofit, civic, and higher education) agreements;
4. practices, such as area wide embrace of regional identity and norms
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Regional Impulse
▧ Theory suggests that the presence of or strong regional impulses should pave the way for regional outcomes, while the absence of or weak impulses should
thwart them.
▧ Analyzing the nature and patterns of
regional impulses in metropolitan areas provides a useful framework for
understanding why some regions are
more apt than others to achieve regional outcomes
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Regional Impulses
Natural Resources
Macroeconomic
Centrality
Growth
Equity
Historical
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Natural Resource Impulses
▧ There are several resource-based impulses for
regionalism. The most fundamental is the physical
geographic reality that the absence of natural barriers facilitates regional ties, while the presence of natural barriers hinders them
▧ In broader terms, jurisdictions with common interests in valuable natural resources have economic and
environmental rationales to manage resource use on a regional basis
▧ To do otherwise is to invite a “tragedy of the commons”
in which individual parties-localities in the case of a region-overuse a scarce asset to the detriment of all (Hardin, 1968; Ostrom,1990 in Foster, 1997)
▧ The practice of regional planning itself originates in a natural resource-based response to urbanization of the countryside (Friedmann & Weaver, 1979; Luccarelli, 1995 in Foster 1997).
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Macroeconomic Impulses
▧ Societies spot different settlement patterns, infrastructure networks, institutions, and rules governing property rights, trade, labor practices,
environmental management, and land tenure. Places with similar macroeconomies, and hence societies, tend to forge intraregional ties
▧ Macroeconomic logic also suggests that not only are areas with similar economies prone to alliances, areas with dissimilar economies are prone to antagonism
▧ Because urban and rural areas have distinct
macroeconomies and ways of life, their presence in a single metropolitan area would tend to hamper
regionalism. Metropolitan regions that contain a single macroeconomy-an entirely urban industrial area, for example-would be expected to have relatively strong regional impulses
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Centrality-based Impulses
▧ Geographers’ classic statement on systems of cities, central place theory, offers a third rationale for
regionalism. Central place theory posits a nested
hierarchy of places, from small crossroads settlements that meet basic needs to increasingly larger towns,
regional centers, and world cities that offer successively broader ranges of functions and services (Christaller, 1966; McKenzie, 1933).
▧ Within the hierarchy, central places and their
hinterlands are mutually dependent: A regional center serves and depends upon the customer base found in hinterland settlements, while the hinterlands support and depend upon the regional center for specialized functions. The symbiotic exchange and interaction
between center and hinterlands causes regionalism to flourish (Berry & Horton, 1972 in
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Growth Impulses
▧ Economic theory suggests three growth-related regional impulses. The first is that uneven
growth experiences lead to interjurisdictional competition, which hinders regional
collaboration (Perry & Watkins, 1980).
▧ Places with similar growth experiences have impulses for unity (Markusen, 1987)
▧ In particular, declining jurisdictions have
incentives to band together to demand special treatment, funds, or policy favors from growing places or higher level governments. Rapidly
developing places have incentives to form alliances to lobby against adoption of
redistributive policies or to share notes on problems that accompany growth
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Historical Impulses
▧ Analysts note the considerable, if idiosyncratic, influence of historical factors on regional outcomes. Although
historical impulses are by their nature case specific
▧ Two warrant mention. The first stems from the empirical finding that the older the age of a settlement, the less likely it is to regionalize through boundary expansion (Dye, 1971; Jackson, 1972). the more long-standing the local government arrangements, the harder it is to alter the institutional status quo. Metropolitan regions with long-fixed political borders are less apt than regions with frequent boundary changes to pursue regional
restructuring
▧ The second historical impulse is less specific, but probably more influential. Every area has a unique combination of leaders, interest groups, institutions, policies, and power relations that shape regional
outcomes (Orum, 1991; Savitch & Vogel, 1996). These historical factors may be at the root of an area’s
tendency to forge or resist more-regional alliances
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Challenges of Regional Governance
▧ challenges of regional governance are that they
operate through different spatial levels to encompass the whole urban area,
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Challenges of Regional Governance
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SPATIAL LEVEL
WHAT THEY ARE
WHO I AM The personal characteristics WHERE WE
LIVE A neighborhood that people associate by where they live
HOW WE ARE
GOVERNED Defined by the area administered by each individual municipality. It is important as it is usually associated with the civic and historical identity of the locality. It is also the local where many local government services are delivered HOW WE LIVE
AND WORK The wider metropolitan area, and possibly beyond the physical footprint of the city, more
appropriately reflects the way in which people live their lives and how the city economy operates in practice. It is a dynamic concept of the city
expressed by the connections and flows from home to work, home to shop, home to home in housing moves, home to cultural entertainment, as well as business people relate to their
customers and suppliers.
Challenges of Regional Governance
Therefore, governing the metropolitan area involves addressing many different challenges that operate at different spatial and governance levels:
▧ Municipality - The service needs of individuals in
neighbourhoods (e.g. personal and operational services from social care, education to waste collection).
▧ Metropolitan area - Coordinating the strategic
development of the whole metropolitan area (spatial planning, transportation, infrastructure investment, strategic waste management, economic and
sustainable development).
▧ Supporting national and regional policy aims for promoting economic growth and sustainable
development
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Challenges of Regional Governance
To do this effectively requires:
▧ ‘
Working across boundaries’ – to achieve collaboration between neighbouring local
authorities within the metropolitan area and with state and regional institutions.
▧ ‘Working across sectors’ – to work effectively across the public, private and 3rd sectors.
▧ ‘Working across communities’ – to work inclusively with the communities,
neighbourhoods and stakeholders that collectively make up the city.
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Regionalism: Regional Cooperation – Integration
(towards Efficiency and competitiveness)
▧ Regionalism as a state-led project based on intergovernmental negotiations and treaties . It generally includes structures and processes of region-building in view of closer relations on economic, security and socio-cultural level.
▧ The outcomes of regionalism can take
various forms ranging from regional
cooperation to regional integration.
16Determinants of Regional Integration or Cooperation
• SUBSTANTIVE (service provision, economic development, active civil
society, urban conurbation, lack of social equity between the core and periphery, a declining city center, and/or economic
globalization)
• REGULATORY SYSTEM OF A COUNTRY (local autonomy or local control, a
dominant or weak provincial government, the ease or difficulty of annexation)
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Illustration of Alternatives Regional Governance OECD (2015)
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Model of Regional Governance:
Formal-informal
▧ Warner (2011) proposes that governance models fall along a continuum between formal and informal cooperation
▧ Towards the informal end are councils of government consist of municipal leaders who agree on various regional issues.
Officially, these councils do not have power because they are informal
coalitions, but they do have persuasive power for establishing cooperation.
▧ The formal end is consolidated regional
governments which are cities and districts that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction.
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Model of Regional Governance: The number of governments involved
▧ Other scholars propose a continuum based on the
number of governments involved and the devolution of authority from central to local governments (Vogel et al. 2010; see also Hamilton et al., 2004).
▧ At one end of this continuum is mono-centric
governance, in which there is only one government involved, with the central government managing the cooperation, for example, a consolidated or unified government
▧ At the other end is poly-centric governance, in which multiple governments with dispersed authority manage the cooperation.
▧ Stakeholders in the cooperation also vary, ranging from local governments only, to provincial and central
governments. Other actors may include the private sector and non-governmental organizations.
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Model of Regional Governance: How the cooperation is conducted
▧ Other scholars arrange based on how the cooperation is carried out.
▧ At one end of the continuum are cooperations conducted through voluntary inter-local/intermunicipal agreement (ILA). ILAs are usually established to increase the
efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery (Chen & Thurmaier 2009).
▧ Voluntary agreement is generally considered to have several advantages (Frug 2002). First, it is easily
achieved when local governments identify common problems and focus on technical matters rather than political issues.
▧ Second, there is considerable geographic flexibility in such agreements depending on which problems they address
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Model of Regional Governance: How the cooperation is conducted
▧ Third, cities can achieve economies of scale, avoid
duplication, and gain profit from long-term agreements.
▧ Finally, such voluntary agreements can be arranged with minimal restructuring of local government. Voluntary
cooperation is seen as innovative service sharing which does not require additional governance structure
(Zeemering 2008; Thurmaier & Wood 2002).
▧ However, one major issue with this model of cooperation is that voluntary contracts between local governments can allow the interests of one local government to take precedence over those of another because of an
unequal distribution of resources and bargaining power (Frug 2002).
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Model of Regional Governance: How the cooperation is conducted
▧ At the other end of this continuum, are cooperations established through
regionwide governance collaboration with formal structure of regional governance.
▧ Regional governance is made up of vertical relationships (between higher levels of government and local
governments) and horizontal relationships (between local governments) (see Savitch
& Vogel 2000; Vogel et al. 2010).
23Model of Regional Governance: How the cooperation is conducted
▧ Such regionwide structure of cooperation, it is commonly thought, can accommodate and
make use of the flexibility, freedom, and informality present in interjurisdictional relations.
▧ By making use of these values in such structure, the boundaries of fragmented
jurisdiction become less pronounced (Matkin &
Frederickson 2009).
▧ Moreover, regional collaboration is believed to increase local governments’ awareness of the regional implications of individual action
(Briffault 1996), because a formal, regionwide arrangement functions as a forum for inter-
local negotiations (Frug 1993, cited in Briffault 1996).
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Roles of regional organizations
▧ Arenas –for dialogues and cooperation
▧ Instruments – through which actors pursue their goals
▧ Actorness- be an actor on their own with an independent identity and in pursuit of their own goals.
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Factors for effective metropolitan governance (OECD, 2015)
a) Motivate collaboration by identifying concrete metropolitan projects – It is
better to build on agreement that there is both a need and an opportunity to focus on the
economic, social and political context of the area.
b) Tailor reliable sources of metropolitan financing – Consideration is needed of how metropolitan governance arrangements will be funded. Any structures and responsibilities
need to be appropriate to the funding and staffing resources likely to be available.
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Indonesian Context: Regulations related to Regional governance
No Regulations Description
1 Law/UU No. 32/2004 Decentralization policies and regional autonomy
2 Government Regulation/PP No. 19/2010
Re-strengthened the role of provincial government in decentralization policies and regional autonomy
(Implementation guidelines to Article No. 38, UU No. 32/2004)
3 Government Regulation/PP No. 50/2007
Procedures for inter-local government cooperation (Implementation guidelines to Article No. 197, UU No. 32/2004)
4 Ministerial
Regulation/Permendagri No. 22/2009
Technical guidance for inter-local government cooperation
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Indonesian Context: Regulations related to Regional governance
Ministerial Regulation/Permendagri No. 22/2009 No Regulations Description
1 Eleven main principles of cooperation
Efficiency, effectiveness, equality, transparency, fairness, the rule of law, synergy, mutual benefit, agreement, good intentions, prioritization of national interests, and territorial integrity.
2 Seven technical stages of
cooperation
Preparation, tenders, preparation of cooperation scheme, signing of the agreed cooperation scheme, preparation of the agreement letter, signing of the agreement letter, and implementation.
3 Nine alternatives
of cooperation Shared services cooperation, Interregional
cooperation services, human resource development cooperation, cooperation of services with payment of fees, cooperation for planning and management,
cooperation for purchasing service delivery,
cooperation with exchange service, and cooperation for policy and regulation
4 Eleven main principles of cooperation
Efficiency, effectiveness, equality, transparency, fairness, the rule of law, synergy, mutual benefit, agreement, good intentions, prioritization of national interests, and territorial integrity.
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Based on UU No. 50/2007 and Permendagri No. 22/2009
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