برآورد اثرهای اقتصادی شبکه‎ای سیستم تلفن همراه اول در تهران

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻱﺍ

ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ

ﺩﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺭﺎﻳﺪﻨﻔﺳﺍ

١

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ﻲﺋﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ejahangard@gmail.com

ﻲﺋﺎﺿﺭ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻣ

ﻚﻧﺎﺑ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ

rezaei_marziye@yahoo.com

ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :

15 / 4 / 89 ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :

25 / 4 / 91

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻱﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻪـﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻥﺁ ﺯ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ

ﺪـﻳﺁ .

ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ ، ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﺕﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﺎﻳ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ،

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻫﺩ

. ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﺳ ﻱ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ :

ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮـﻴﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺍ ،

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮـﻴﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻭ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱ

ﻱﺍ . ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ، ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺯ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ ﺪﻫﺩ

. ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻫﺎﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻱ 37

ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺰﻳﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ

ﻥﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ .

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ

ﻱﺍ ، ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ

ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮـﺷ

، ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ

ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺗ ﺏﺎـﻴﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻭ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺍ ، ﻪﻜﺒﺷﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻱﺍ .

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :JEL D85, L14

ﻩژﺍﻭﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ: ، ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ

،ﻱﺍ

Panel Data

، ﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻢ ،

ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ

* - ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻱ

1 - ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻨﻳﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲـﻜﻴﻧﻭﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺖـﺴﭘ ﻥﻮﭼ ،

ﺖـﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ، ﻭ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦـﻔﻠﺗ ...

ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴـﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻭ ﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻡﺎﮕﺸﻴﭘ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻭﺮﻴﭙﺷ ﻭ ﺰﺗﺎﻛ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ

ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ

ﻪﻫﺩ ﻂﺳﺍﻭﺍ ﻱ

1980 ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ

"

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ

ﻱﺍ

"

ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺪـﻧﺍ . ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻱ

ﻭ ﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱ

ﻱﺍ ، ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻚﻳﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ .

ﻢﻫ ﻚﻳﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ،

ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ

ﺛﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻱ

ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ .

ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ

ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱ

ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻱ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ

ﻲـﻣ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

. ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﺑ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻭ ﻒﺻﻭ ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻑﺪـﻫ ،ﻱﺍ

، ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

. ﺖﺳﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ

،ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ :

ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ،

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺍﻮـﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻥﺁ ﻉ

ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ

ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺩﻮـﺷ

. ﺲﭙـﺳ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

. ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ

.

2 - ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻭ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ

ﺎﺑ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻱ

، ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺍ .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ

١ﻱﺍ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺍ

، ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﻮـﺳ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱ ﻦﺘـﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺩﻮـﺷ

. ﻩﺪـﻳﺪﭘ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱ

ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﻗﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ

. ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤـﺼﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺎـﻨﻓ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻥﺎﮔﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻤـﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺭﻭ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺎﺸﺗﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ .

1- Network Externalities_Ǥ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ

ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ، ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﺛﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻱ

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻱﺍ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ،

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺍ

. ﻝﻭﺍ ، ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ،

ﺩﺮـﻓ ﺮـﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﺪﻌﺗ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺩﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ

، ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،

ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ

ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺱﺮﺘـﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ

. ﻡﻭﺩ ، ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ

ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ،

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ

) ﺩﺭﺎﻔﺷﻭﺮﻧﻮﻟﺎﺳ ،

1992 ، ﺹ 2

١(

ﺮﺛﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻣ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍ

ﻂـﺳﺍﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪـﻫﺩ

ﻱ 1980 ﻭ ﺰﺗﺎـﻛ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ

ﻭﺮﻴﭙﺷ )٢

1985 ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ .

ﻭﺮﻴﭙﺷ ﻭ ﺰﺗﺎﻛ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ )

1985 ( ، ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻱﺍ

:

"

ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ، ﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺪﺑﺎ

.

"

ﻲﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

، ﻥﺁ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﻛ

ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،

ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺮﻫ ﺪـﻨﺑﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

، ﺵﺯﺭﺍ

ﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠ ،

ﺶﻴـﺑ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺮـﻳﺯ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺮـﺗ

ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻛﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ .

ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻱ

ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ٣

ﻲﻣ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ

. ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻪﻓﺮﻃﻭﺩ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ . ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ

ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ، ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺲﻜﻓ

، ﻦﻴـﺷﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﺒﺣﺎـﺻ ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺲﻜﻓ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻣ

ﺪﻨﻛ ، ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻚـﻳ ﺎـﺑ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻓﺎﺿﺍ .

ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ

 ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺲﻜﻓ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ، ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓﺮﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ሺ െ ͳሻ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﺮﻓ

ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ،

ﺲـﻜﻓ ﻦﻴـﺷﺎﻣ ﻚـﻳ

ﻲﻓﺎﺿﺍ 2n ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪـﻨﻛ

ﺍﺭ ﺖﻳﻮـﻀﻋ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪـﺑ ﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﻫﺩ

، ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

.

) ،ﺯﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧﺎﻛﺍ 1996

.(

ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻡﺮﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ

ﺖـﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ

ﺭﺎـﻛ

1- Saimer and Shepard.

2- Katz and Shapio.

3- Direct Externalities.

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻭﺭ . ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ،

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﺍﺮﺑﺭﺎـﻛ ﻩﺪـﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻲﻫﺩﺯﺎـﺑ ﻚـﻳ ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ

ﻪـﺟﺍﻮﻣ ،ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﺭﺩ١

ﻲﻣ

2ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) . ﺖﻳﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺯﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧﺎﻛﺍ ،٣

1994 ﺯﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧﺎﻛﺍ ؛ 1996

.(

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ، ﺭﺍﺪـﻳﺮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،

ﻩﺯﺍﺪـﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺪـﻳﺮﺧ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻱ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁﺭﺩ .

ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ،

ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎـﺗ ﻂـﻘﻓ ﺲـﻜﻓ ﻦﻴـﺷﺎﻣ ﻚـﻳ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

، ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺲﻜﻓ ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻣ ﻱ

. ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﺮﺧﺁ ﻱ ، ﻲﻣ ﻞﺣ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺷﺁ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ

، ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻲﻨﺤﻨﻣ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺐﻴﺷ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ،

ﺪـﻳﺮﺧ

ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺎﻣ ﻱﻻﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺮﺧﺁ ﻞﺒﻗ

، ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ

ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ

ﺍﺭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﺁ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ،ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺪﻨﻛ

. ) ﺯﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧﺎﻛﺍ ، 1996 ( . ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻱﺍ

ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻲﻫﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﻮـﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺪﻴـﺳﺭ ﺎـﺗ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ،ﻥﺎﺸﺷﻭﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻪـﺟﺍﻮﻣ ،ﻲـﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻱ

٤ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺍ

، ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﻻﺎـﻛ ﻦﻴـﻟﻭﺍ

ﻩﺩﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺪـﺳﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻱ

، ﻱﺎـﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﻜـﺷﺁ ﺖـﻳﺰﻣ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺐـﻴﻗﺭ

ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ .

ﺭﻮﺗﺭﺁ )٥

1989 ( ، ﻩﺩﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻱ

ﻒـﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ :

"

ﻩﺩﻮﺗ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻱ ﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺮ ﻪﺑ ﻱ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ

ﻢﻬﺳ ، ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗﺩﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺷ

، ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻭ ﺪـﻫﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻭﺭ

ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ،

ﻩﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺯﺎﺑﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ ٦

ﺩﻮﺷ ، ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﺘﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺶﻤﻬـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻭﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ

.

"

ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ،

ﻲﻣ ﻬـﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﻢ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﻪﻛﺪﺳﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻱ

، ﻩﺪـﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻉﻭﺮـﺷ ﻱﺍ

ﺩﺮﻛﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ،

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ .

ﻲﻣﺎـﮕﻨﻫ

ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ،

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺍ

، ﻂﻠـﺴﻣ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺖـﻴﻫﺎﻣ ،ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻛ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻨ ،

ﻲـﻣ ﻞـﻔﻗ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺪـﻨﻛ

، ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ

ﻪﺑ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ

"

ﻱژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻞﻔﻗ

"

ﻲﻣ٧

ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ . ﺭﺩ ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ، ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻱژﻮـﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ ﻞـﻔﻗ

ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،

ﻝﻮـﺒﻗ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﻛ

1- Increasing Returns.

2 - ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞـﺜﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺍ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ،ﻲﻜﻳﺮ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺎﻫﻻﺎﻛ ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖـﺣﺍﺭ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ،ﻱﺍ

ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻨﻜﻧ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ .

3- Economides and White.

4- Critical Mass 5- Arthur.

6- Self - negating 7- Lock in Technology.

ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩ ﺍ ﺪﻧ ، ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

، ﻲﻓﺎـﻛ ﻥﺍﺮﺑﺭﺎـﻛ ﺍﺮـﻳﺯ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ـﺷ ﺪ . ﺭﺩ

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ، ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻞﻛ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ

ﺩﺮﻴﮔ

، ﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪ

.

ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ

) ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻭ١

(٢

، ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺮـﮔﺍ

ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻭ ﺮـﺘﻬﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻱﺮـﺗ

، ﻲـﻣ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ،ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ

. ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻁﺎـﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺎﻫﺪـﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺒﻴﻛ

ﻩﺮﮔ ﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻚـﻳ ،ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪـﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﺪـﺧ ﻙﺭﺍﺪﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻢﻫ ﻞﻤﻜﻣ ﻱﺍ .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﻚـﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻭ ﺰـﻴﻤﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ

ﺎﺟ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻦﻫﺁ ﻩﺍﺭ ،ﻩﺩ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻲﺗﺍﺮﺑﺎﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺯﺍAB ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺰـﻴﻤﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ BA

ﺖﻳﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺯﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧﺎﻛﺍ )

1994 ( ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ، ﻩﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻱ

ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ

ﺯﺍAB

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻧ ﺰﻴﻤﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗBA ﻱ

ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻚـﻳ ﻲـﻣ

ﺪـﻨﻳﻮﮔ .

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺶﺨﭘ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﻳﺩﺍﺭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻚـﻳ ﻱﺎـﻫ

) . ،ﺩﺮﮕﻧﺎـﻬﺟ

1386 ، 188 ( ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺖـﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ،ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻚﻳ )

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺍ

( ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) . ،ﻙﺮﻴﺑ 2008 ﺹ ، 7 ( ୧ ൌ ୧൫୧ǡ σ ୨൯

ப୙_౟

ப୙_ౠ൐ Ͳ݅ ് ݆

_୧ﻪﻛ ﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ

‹ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ σ _୨

ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

3 - ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻫﺩ ﻂـﺳﺍﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻱ 1980 ﻭ ﺰﺗﺎـﻛ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ

ﻭﺮﻴﭙﺷ ) 1985 ( ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ، .

ﻥﺍﻮـﺳ ﻭ ﻙﺮـﻴﺑ )

2005 ( ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ، ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ

"

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

"

ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ

1- One – Way.

2- Two – Way.

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻥﺁ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮـﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ

ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻲﻓﺮﺼﻣ ﺕﺎ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎـﻨﺒﻣﺮﺑ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

) ﻪﻣﺎﻨـﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ (

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﮕﻨﻴﺗﺎﻧ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ .

ﻖـﻘﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

، ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﻣﺍ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ، ﻪﺑ ﻪﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﻎـﻠﺒﻣ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺩﻮﺷ ، ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﺑﺎـﺸﻣ ﻱﺭﻮـﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺪـﻳﺮﺧ ﺎـﺑ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ

ﺖﺳﻭﺩ ـﻨﻨﻛ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮـﻠﺟ ﻲﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﻎـﻠﺒﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺖـﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪ

. ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎـﻤﻫ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻱﻮﻗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﺖـﺳﺍﺮﺗ .

ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ،ﻥﺍﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻙﺮﻴﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﺖـﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

ﺎـﻫ ) ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ـﻫ ﻱﺎ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺍ

( ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ

.

١ﻙﺮﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺳ ﻭ )٢

2006 ( ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ، ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱ

"

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦـﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

"

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﺛﺍ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻭ ﺶـﻘﻧ ، ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺘـﺴﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍ

. ﻭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﺛﺍ ﺯﺍ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻭﺩ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ

ﻩﺩﺯ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﮔ

ﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﻴ ﺩﻮﺷ : ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻜﻳ

ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ، ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﺖـﻟﻻﺩ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﺍ

ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺘـﺴﻠﮕﻧﺍﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ

. ﻡﻭﺩ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺪﻴـﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻱﺍ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﺗ

.

ﻙﺮﻴﺑ ) 2008 ( ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ، ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ

"

ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺎﻫ - ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ

"

ﻪﺑ ،

ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮـﭘ

. ،ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ

ﺕﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻭﺍ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ .

ﻧ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻜﻳﺩﺰ

ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﺭﺩ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ،

ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ

1- Birke.

2- Swann.

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻱﺍ ﻱﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺷﺎﻧ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ .

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱ

ﻥﺍﻮـﺳ ﻭ ﻙﺮـﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ )

2005 ( ﻢﻴـﻛ ﻭ

ﻥﺍﻮﻛﻭ )١

2003 ( ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﺗﺍﻭﻭﺮﻫﻭ ﺞﻠﺠﻳﻮﺳ ، )٢

2007 ( ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱ

ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻧﻮﻠﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻥﺁ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻲﻃﺮـﺷ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲﻧﻮﻠـﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﮔﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ

ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ،

ﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﺪـﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻱ

ﻱﺍ

ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪـﺟ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﻨﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺼﻘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﺪـﻧﻭﺭ . ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻟﺪـﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ

ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺍﺭ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ

ﻥﺁ ﻱ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ،ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦـﻔﻠﺗ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻝﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ .

ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻦـﻔﻠﺗ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ

ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻲﻣ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎـﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮـﻧ ،ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺪﻫﺩ

. ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻂـﻘﻓ ،ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ

. ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻲﻣ ،ﻲﻧﻮﻠﺳﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ .

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻱﺍ

، ﻥﺎـﻤﻟﺁ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛﺭﺩ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ .

ﻡﺎـﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻧﺎـﻤﻟﺁ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻜـﺳﻮﺒﻳﺯﺮﮔ ﻭ ﻮﻠﮕﻧﺎـﮔﻭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ

٣

) 2007 ( ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻤﻟﺁﺭﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ، ﻩﺭﻭﺩ

ﻪـﻳﻮﻧﺍژ ﻱ ﻱ

1998 ﻦـﺋﻭژ ﺎـﺗ

2003 ﻩﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻧﺍ

. ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻃ ﺭﺩ ،

ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﻲﺋﺎﻤﻧ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ

700 ﻲﻟﺎﺣﺭﺩ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﻛ

ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺎﻫ 41

ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﺪـﻧﺍ

.

ﻥﺁ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﻛﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻭ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﻊﻳﺮـﺳ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺍ

ﺪـﻧ . ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻱ

ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺎـﻫ

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻛﺪﻫﺩ ﺵﺮﺘـﺴﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻱﺍ

1- Kim & Kwon.

2- Svigelj and Hrovatin.

3- Doganoglu and Grzbowski.

ﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘ

. ﻥﺁ ﻢﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﺶـﺸﻛ ﻱ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ

ﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ ، ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪـﻳﻮﻧﺍژ ﻱ

ﻱ 1998 - ﻦـﺋﻭژ

2003 ، ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻚﻳ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ

ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ T-Mobile

ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ

48 / 4 ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﺵﻭﺮــﻓ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎــﻛ ﺪــﺻﺭﺩ 22

/ 2 ﺵﻭﺮــﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰــﻓﺍ ﺪــﺻﺭﺩ ʹ

ﻭ

E-Plus^١ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ

. ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻚﻳ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ T-Mobile

ﻪـﺑ ﺮـﺠﻨﻣ ،

52 / 0 ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﻮـﺷ . ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭﺩ ﻱ

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ T-Mobile

ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺵﻭﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍ ،ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،

ﻱ ﺩﺮﮕﻧﺎـﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﺸﻣ )

1381 ( ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﺎـﺑ

"

ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ

ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ (ICT)

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ

ﻱﺍ "

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻥﺁ ،ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻧﺍ

ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻪﻛ ،ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ

"

ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ

"

ﺎﻳ

"

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ

"

ﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻻﺎـﻛ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺍ

. ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻲـﺘﻗﻭ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺍ .

ﭻﻴـﻫ ﺮـﮔﺍ ﻱﻻﺎـﻛ ﺲـﻛ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﺁ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺎﮔ

ﭻﻴﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎـﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﺲـﻛ

ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ

ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﻥﺁ .

ﺮﮔﺍ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻱ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻥﺁ ﻲﺑ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻩﺎﮔ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ

ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺮـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺮﺗ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﺗ

. ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺮﺛﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺭﻮﺧﺯﺎﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺪ . ﻢﻫ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻪﻛﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﻭﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ،ﻱﺍ

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺾﻴﻌﺒﺗ ﻱﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﮔﺪﺷ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

.

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺒﻋ ﻱﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻱ

ﻱﺭﺎـﺨﺘﻓﺍ )

1386 ( ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ، ﺍ

ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﺎـﺑ ﻱ

"

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍﺮﺑ ﺪـﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ

ﻱﺍ

"

ﺭﺩ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻪـﺑ ،

ﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻪ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺍ

ﺪﻧﺍ . ﺡﺮـﻃ ،ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ

ﻩﺎــﻓﺭ ﻪﻓﺎــﺿﺍ ،ﻲــﺘﻧﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ﻱﺎــﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﺩﺎــﺠﻳﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎــﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﻪــﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪــﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻱ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺍ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ . ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎـﻧﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﺘﻳﺎﻜﺷ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ،ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻨﻣ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪـﻧﺮﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ـﺸﻳﺎﺒﻗﺭ ،ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﻜﺷ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﺍﺮـﭼ ،ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻥﺎ

1 ʹ - െ Ž—•ǡ െ ‘„‹Ž‡ﻭ

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

.

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺍﺰﻓ ﻲﻫﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻩﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺗ

ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺮﮔﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ،ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﻭﺎﻴﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺒﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﻓﺎﻳ )

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺍ

( ﻦﻴﻳﺎـﭘ ﺍﺭ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺮﮔﺭﺎـﺼﺤﻧﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺮﺑ

. ﻥﺁ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭼ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎـﻛ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﺸﻧﻭﺮﻓ ،ﺩﻮﺷ .

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻱ

ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻖﻳﻮـﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺮـﮔﺍ ﺖـﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻟﻭ ،ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻀﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻫ

ﺕﺪـﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺎ

ﻲﻣ ﻊﻔﻧ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺮﺑ

ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ .

ﻢﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﻳ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

ﻥﺁ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻣﺎﻗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻴﻧ ﺮﺴﻴﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺴ

ﻦﻳﺍ

ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﮔﺯﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ .

ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﻮـﺳ ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ،ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻱ

ﻱ

"

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪـﻣ ؛ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻱﺍ

"

ﺩﺮﮕﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺯﺍ )

1386 ( ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ ﻪـﻛ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ

ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ،ﻥﺁ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻭ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﺷ ﻞﻔﻗ

ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ . ﻢﻫ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺚﺤﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻛ

. ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻱﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻛ

.

4 - ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ

4 - 1 - ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ

ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﻮﻠﺑﺎـﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ١

ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ

، ﻲـﻣ ﻝﺎـﺒﻧﺩ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﺍﺬﻟ ﺩﻮـﺷ

: ﻪـﻛ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭ

؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻱﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ 2

ﻪﻛ ﺁ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﺎـﻳ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺪـﺘﺑﺍﺭﺩ ؟ﻪـﻧ ﺎـﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺺﻟﺎﺧ ﻱﺍ

ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ

ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ

ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻪـﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ

ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖـﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮـﺧ ﺎـﻫ

1- Panel Data.

2 - ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻪﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣ ،ﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .

ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻱ

ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ

ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ

ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱ ﻙﺮﻴﺑ

ﻥﺍﻮﺳ ﻭ ) 2006 ( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ :

_୲ൌ Ž‘‰ ቄ^୴୭୪_୴୭୪^౥౜౜

౥౤ቅ^{ୟୡ୲୳ୟ୪}െ Ž‘‰ ቄ^୴୭୪_୴୭୪^౥౜౜

౥౤ቅ^{ୣ୶୮ୣୡ୲ୣୢ}ൌ Ƚ െ Ⱦ_ଵŽ‘‰ ቄ^୮_୮^౥౜౜

౥౤ቅ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ Q

ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

1ﻱﺍ ﻪـﺑ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ

2ﻱﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ

୮_౥౜౜

୮_౥౤

، ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﺖـﻤﻴﻗ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﺑ ﻥﻭﺮﻴ ﻜﺒﺷ ﻪ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

، ﺎـﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ

ﻤﻫ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺮ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍ .

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻣﺍﺭﺎـﭘ ﻕﻮـﻓ ﻱ Ⱦ_ଵ

ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻚـﻳ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺶﺸﻛ ،

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻎـﻠﺒﻣ ﻪﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻱﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ

. ﺪـﻳﺆﻣ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻝﺪـﻣ

ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ

. ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻲﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ

ﻪـﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻢﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺩ . ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻪﺳ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ) :

ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ،

ﻞﺴﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ ، ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺗ

‹ ൌ ͳǡʹǡ͵ (،

ﻱﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﻢﻬـﺳ

ﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺮﻫ

_୧ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻲﻣ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺎـﻫ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ

™୧୨ﻪﻛ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ

‹ ﻱ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﺑ Œ ﻱ

ﺖـﺳﺍ .3

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ ) ﺕﺪـﻣ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺐـﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻪـﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ (:

˜‘Ž_୭୬^{ୟୡ୲୳ୟ୪}ሺΨሻ ൌ σ ™^ଷ_{୧ୀଵ ୧୧}

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ ) ﺩ ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ ﻪﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺭ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ :(

˜‘Ž_୭୤୤^{ୟୡ୲୳ୟ୪}ሺΨሻ ൌ σ σ ™^ଷ୨ୀଵ _୧୨ ୨ஷ୧ ଷ୧ୀଵ

1- Off – net Calls.

2- On – net Calls

3 - ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱ

ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻳﺎـﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺗ ﻭ ﻞﺴﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻤﻧ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻢﻴﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻚﻳ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻱ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻛ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮ

ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻢﻴﻧﺯ .

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎﻫ

:

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﺑ :

3 2

1

W₁₃ W₁₂

W₁₁ 1

ﺎﻤﺗ ﺱ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱ

: 2 ^{W21 W22 W23}

W₃₃ W₃₂

W₃₁ 3

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ :

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﺑ :

3 2

1

m₁m₃ m₁m₂

m₁m₁ 1

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻱ

: 2 ^{m2m1 m2m2 m2m3}

m₃m₃ m₃m₂

m₃m₁ 3

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ

˜‘Ž_୭୬^{ୣ୶୮ୣୡ୲ୣୢ}ሺΨሻ ൌ σ ^ଷ_{୧ୀଵ ୧}୧

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ

˜‘Ž_୭୤୤^{ୣ୶୮ୣୡ୲ୣୢ}ሺΨሻ ൌ σ σ ^ଷ_{୨ୀଵ ୧}

୨ஷ୧

ଷ୧ୀଵ ୨

ﺗﺭﺍ ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒ ﻖﺑﺎـﻄﻣ ﻱﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲـﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻱﺎـﻫ

ﻥﺍﻮـﺳ ﻭ ﻙﺮـﻴﺑ )

2006 (

ﻪﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣﺭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻱ ﺩﻮﺷ

:

Ž‘‰ ቄ^୴୭୪_୴୭୪^౥౜౜

౥౤ቅ^{ୟୡ୲୳ୟ୪}െ Ž‘‰ ቄ^୴୭୪_୴୭୪^౥౜౜

౥౤ቅ^{ୣ୶୮ୣୡ୲ୣୢ} ൌ Ƚ െ Ⱦ_ଵŽ‘‰ ቄ^୮_୮^౥౜౜

౥౤ቅ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﺿﺎﻘﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻱ

. ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ

ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺎﻳ )

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ،

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ (

،ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺍﺮـﻳﺯ

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻤﻧ ﺕﺪﻣ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻱ

ﻲـﻤﻧ ﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻭﺩ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚـﻳ ﭻﻴـﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﻮ ﺪـﻨﻛ

. ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﺘﻣﺍﺭﺎﭘ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱ Ⱦଵ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺶﺸﻛ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻚﻳ ،

ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻓﺎـﺿﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻫﺩ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻎﻠﺒﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻱﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ .

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﭻﻴﻫﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺍ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ،

ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ

୮_౥౜౜

୮౥౤

ﻪﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺖﺳﺍﺭ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻭ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺮـﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻱ

ߙ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻲـﻣ .

ﻲـﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻂـﻘﻓ ﺮـﮔﺍ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺍ ،

ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻭﺭ

ߙ ﺮﻔـﺻ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ߙ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻲـﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺗ ﺏﺎـﻴﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺘﺣ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮـﺑ ﺖـﻟﻻﺩ ،ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ

ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻱﺍ ، ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ

ﻱﺍ

ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ .

4 - 2 - ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍﺭﺩ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ :

ﺕﺎـﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﺕﺪـﻣ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪـﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃﻭﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺰﻳﺭ ﺩﺎﻨﺳﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺍ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻱ

ﻊﻤﺟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ .

ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻚﻳ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱ ﻪﻫﺎﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻱ

) ﺎـﺗ ﺭﺫﺁ ﻱﺍﺪـﺘﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ

ﻦﻤﻬﺑ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ 1388

( ﻲﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ

37 ﻲﻓﺩﺎـﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺮـﻔﻧ

ﻊﻤﺟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ .

ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺰﻳﺭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ

ﻪﻤﻫ ﺘﺸﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻱ ﻖـﻘﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﺒﻧ ﺭﻭﺪـﻘﻣ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﻥﺎﻛﺮ

ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،

ﻥﺍﻮﺳﻭ ﻙﺮﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ،

ﺬﺧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺒﺠﻣ

ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﻥﺎـﺒﻠﻃﻭﺍﺩ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪـﺣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺐﻠﻃﻭﺍﺩ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ .

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮـﻴﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ

ﺖﻳﺎـﺳ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃﺯﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ .

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻪﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﻱ ﻢﻴـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺍ

ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﺎﺟ

، ﺯﻭﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ،

ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﺪـﺼﻘﻣﻭ ﺱﺎـﻤﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

ﺎﻫ ﻚﻴﻓﺍﺮﺗ ﻢﻛ ﻱ )

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ 21

ﺎﺗ 8 ﺮﻌﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺢﺒﺻ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﻳ

( ﻢﻛ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ ﺎـﻫ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻑﺮـﺼﻣ ﺝﻭﺍ ﻱ .

ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺝﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ )

ﻚﻴﭘ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ (

ﺯﺍ 8 ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺢﺒﺻ 21

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺐﺷ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .

ﺕﺎﻋﺎـﺳ

ﻚﻴﻓﺍﺮﺗ ﻢﻛ )

ﺝﻭﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ (

ﺯﺍ 21 ﺎﺗ 8 ﻲـﻣ ﻪﺒﻨـﺸﺠﻨﭘ ﺎـﺗ ﻪﺒﻨـﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫﺯﻭﺭ ﺢﺒـﺻ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ

.

ﺏﻮـﺴﺤﻣ ﻚـﻴﻓﺍﺮﺗ ﻢﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ ءﺰﺟ ٌﻼﻛ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺕﻼﻴﻄﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻤﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﻭﺭ ﻲـﻣ

ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ

1. ﺯﺍ

ﻥﺁ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺟ ،

ﻪﻜﺒـﺷ ﻥﻭﺮـﻴﺑ ﺕﺎـﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮـﻧ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﺯﺎـﻴﻧ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻪﻓﺮﻌﺗ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺭﻮﺘﺳﺩ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺖـﺑﺎﺛ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻱ

،ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻱ ﻢﻴـﺴﻘﺗ ﻖﺑﺎـﻄﻣ

ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺮـﻳﺯ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ ﺎـﻫ

ﻣ ﺰﻳﺭ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜ

. ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻱ

1 - ﺶﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗ

™™™Ǥ …‹Ǥ ‹”

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ .

ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﻤﺗ ،

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ .

ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﻱ

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺮﺿ ﺎﻫ

୮_౥౜౜

୮_౥౤

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ .

ﻪﻧﺎﺒـﺷ ﻚـﻳ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﻪﺑ ﺯﻭﺭ 5 ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ) :

ﻒﻟﺍ ( . ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ 8

ﻲﻟﺍ ﺢﺒﺻ 16

) ﻱﺭﺎـﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ (

، ) ﺏ ( .

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ 16

ﻲﻟﺍ 21 ، ) ﺝ ( . ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ 21

ﻲـﻟﺍ 24 ، ) ﺩ ( . ﺖﻋﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ 24

ﻲـﻟﺍ 6 ﺢﺒـﺻ ) ﻩ ( . ﺯﺍ

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ 6 ﻲﻟﺍ 8 ﺢﺒﺻ .

ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁﺮﻳﺯ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .

ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﻢﻬـﺳ ﻱﺪـﻌﺑ ﻱ )

ﺐﻳﺮـﺿ

ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ( ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓﺭﺎﺒﺧﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ

ﻩﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻪـﺑ١

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺕﺍﺮﺑﺎﺨﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺎﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ

1382 ﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻱ ﺭﺎـﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻩﺍﺮـﻤﻫ ﻦـﻔﻠﺗ ﺕﺎﻣﺪﺧ

ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻭ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ 82 ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺑﺎـﺨﻣ ﻱﺯﺎـﺳﺩﺍﺯﺁ

ﺭﺍﺯﺎـﺑ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻚـﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻭ

ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ

. ﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﺑﺎﺨﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﻱ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻪـﻧﺍﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻄﻋﺍ ﻭ

ﻱ

ﺲﻜﻤﻳﺍﻭ ﻭ

ﻡﻮﺳ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ

، ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻀﻓ 87

ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺪـﺷ ﻩ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪ 66

ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ، ﻞـﺴﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ 31

ﻭ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﺎـﻴﻟﺎﺗ

3 ﻬـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﻢ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ

2 .

ﻝﻭﺪﺟ 1 - ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻟﺎﻜﻣ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻢﺘﻳﺭﺎﮕﻟ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺍ

ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻱ

ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ

ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻱ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ Ž‘‰ሺܲ୭୤୤

୭୬ሻ

1 1 0/1753

8 /

0 2 0/1402

4 /

0 3 0/0701

2 /

0 4 0/0351

6 /

0 5 0/1052

ﺬﺧﺄﻣ : ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻭ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

1- ™™™Ǥ ‹”ƒ‹…–‡™•Ǥ ‹”Ǥ

2 - ﻩﺎﻣ ﺩﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﺎﺗ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ 1388

ﻦﻴﺑﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ 760

ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺒﺗﺭ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﻪ

ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻢﺠﻨﭘ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻴﺑ ﻱ

ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ 2006 ﺎﺗ 2009 ﻦﻴﺑ 20 ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﭘﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﻴﻧﺩ .