ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻱ ﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ) ﻪﺘﺴﺴﮔ ﻱ
(ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ :ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻩﺩﺍﺯﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﺰﻳﻭﺮﭘ
*
ﻱﺪﺒﻋ ﻦﺴﺣ ،1
1
ﻱﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺩﻭﺍﺩ ،2
ﻲﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺮﻗﺎﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،3 4
1 ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ . ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﮔﺭﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،
pmohamdzadeh@tabrzu.ac.ir
2 . ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﻛﺩ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﮔﺭﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،
h.abdi@tabrizu.ac.ir
3 ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺸﻧﺍﺩ . ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﮔﺭﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ
، dbehbudi@tabrzu.ac.ir
4 ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ .
،ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﮔﺭﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ beheshti@tabrizu.ac.ir
:ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ 25
/ 01 / 1396 :ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ 05
/ 10 / 1396
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺭﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻮﻛﺭ ﻥﺎﻣﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺭﻮ
، ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻪـﺿﺮﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ،ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ،ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺬﮔ
ﺩ ﻭﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻡ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ .
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﺯﺍ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ 121
ﻙﺮﻬـﺷ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺎـﻌﻓ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺪـﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻩ ﻪﺘـﺴﺴﮔ ﻱﺎـﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﺲﭙـﺳ ﻭ
2ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺯ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻭ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ،3
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱ ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ ،ﻱﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺖـﻌﻔﻨﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﻪـﺑ ﺭﻭﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎـﻫ
، ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
ﻭ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ
، ﻪﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﺪـﻫﺩ
ﻛ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻚﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،(ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ) ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱ
ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
64 / 0 ، 32 / 0 ، 44 / 1 ﻭ 059 / 0 ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ .ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ
ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
، ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺮـﺑ ﺭﺍﺬـﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖـﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ
ﻮﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺖﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ (ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ) ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
.ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻧﺯﺎﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ :JEL ،L26 ،J24 ،C35 ،Z21 A23
ﻩژﺍﻭ :ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻴﻓ ﻱ
،ﻲﻜﻳﺰ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ،ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ
،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﻝﺪﻣ
ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ .*
،ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻱ ﺷ
ﻩﺭﺎﻤ ﻱ :ﺱﺎﻤﺗ 04133306102 2. Logit
3. Probit
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺮﺑ ،ﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﺑ ،
ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﺮـﺸﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ
ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺳ ﺖﺸﭘ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻴﺠﻳﺩ ﺏﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻪﺳ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺮﺘﻨﻳﺍ ،1
2ﺖﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺮـﻣﺍ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ3
ﺮـﺼﻋi
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
،
ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻲـﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ .
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
، ﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﭘﺪـﻤﺣﺍ) ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎـﻳ
،ﻲــﻤﻴﻘﻣ 1389
: 49 ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮــﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ .(
ﺖــﻠﻋ ﻪــﺑ ﻂــﻘﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎــﻛ ﺖــﻴﻤﻫﺍ ،ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻜﭼﻮـﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ﻱ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮـﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻭﺮﺛ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺕ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺱﺮﻜﻨﻳﻭ) ﺪﻧﺍ ،4
2010 ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻜﻳ ﻭ (
ﺪـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺞﻴﺴﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ،ﺯﺮﺘﻴﭘ ﻭ ﭻﻳﺮﺴﻴﻫ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ 1389
: 126 .(
ﻲﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻑﺎﻜﺷ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ ،ﻢﻴـﻫﺩ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻡﺎﺧ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻳﺮﻳﺬﭙ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﺯﺎﮔ ﻭ ﺖﻔﻧ
ﺮـﺼﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻌﻨـﺻ ﻲـﺘﺣ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻨـﺳ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎـﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﺩ ﺮﺼﻋ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺯﺍ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻳﻮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘـﺳﺩ ،ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻲ
ﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﻨﻓ ،ﻲـﻤﻠﻋ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻖـﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩ
1404
، ﻭ ﺭﺎـﻜﺘﺑﺍ ،ﺖـﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰـﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺲﭘ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﺴﻴﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺮﺘـﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬـﮔ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ،ﻕﻼﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺰﻐﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱﺮﺗ
ﻭ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺎـﻴﻨﺑ
ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﺥﺮﻧ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﺑ
ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
، ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺥﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻑﺎﻜـﺷ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻩﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﻴـﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻭ
ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱ ﺘﺴﻫ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨ
1. Digital Revolution 2. Internet Revolution
3. Entrepreneurship Revolution 4. Wennekers et al.
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﺼﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛ
ﺮﺗ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
ﺮـﺑ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻥﺎﺑﺪﻳﺩ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،1
2010 ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻓﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ .(
ﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄ
ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻡﺍﺪـﻛ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﻝﺍﻮﺌـﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
ﺭﺎـﺛﺁ ،ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﻳﺁ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ؟ﺮﻴﺧ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺖـﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺖـﻴﺟﻻ ﻪﺘـﺴﺴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ
ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ2
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻨﻛ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ .ﺪ
ﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ،ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻱﺮـﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎـﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﺢﻳﺮـﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﺳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻡﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
، ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻲﺘﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ .ﺩﺩﺮﮔ
ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻱ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺐﺗﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻚـﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺪـﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﻱﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻣ ﺆ ﻪﻔﻟ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺆ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻘﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻭ3 4ﺖﻳﺎﻧ
، ﻲﺳ ،ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﺷﻮﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮـﺷ ﻭ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ،5
ﺯﺍ6
ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺳ ،ﻦﺳ ﻭ ﻝﺎـﺷﺭﺎﻣ ،ﻲـﺳ ،ﻪـﻓﺮﺣ ﻭ ﺖﻌﻨـﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍﺩﻮﺧ
ﺖﻳﺎﻧ
، ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻳﺎﻧ ،ﻲـﺼﺨﺷ ﻱ
ﻝﺎـﺷﺭﺎﻣ ،ﺶﻟﺎـﭼ ﻞـﻴﻟﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ ،ﺲﻔﻧ
، ﻭ ﻲـﺳ ،ﺕﻼﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ
1.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
2 ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ . ﻱ ﻄﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎ
248 ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
1370 گﺭﺰﺑ ، ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻝﺎﻤﺷ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺰﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﻥﺎﺠﻳﺎﺑﺭﺫﺁ ﻥﺎﻘﻤﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺏﺮﻏ 1395
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ،
ﻩﺩ ﺷﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺭﺍﺰﻫ ﻪﺘ
ﺍ .ﺪﻧ 3. Marshall
4. Knight 5. Say 6. Schumpeter
ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ
، ﻚﺴﻳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍﺩﻮﺧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﺷﺭﺎﻣ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ
،ﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ .ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
ﻲـﻣ ﻕﻮـﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺘﺴﻳﺍ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﺪـﻫﺩ
، ﻲﻟﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ
ﺮﻧﺯﺮﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
، 1
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ،ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳﺯ .ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻚـﻤﻛ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ،ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻜﺷﺭﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻙﺮـﺤﻣ ﻲﻟﺎـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻤﻴﻘﻣ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ
1392 ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﭙﻣﻮﺷ .(
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﺩﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻑﻼﺧ
ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺩ ﻝﺎﺒﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ
، ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻱﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﻟﻮـﭘﺮﻴﻏ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎـﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺕﺮﻬـﺷ ،ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻥﻮﭼ ﺖﺳﻭ) ﻥﻮـﺘﻟﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﻟ ،2
2003 : ﻥﻮـﭼ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﻊﺑﺎـﺗ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ (٩٨
ﻕﻮﺸﻣ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺏﻮـﻠﻄﻣ
ﻲﺘﻧﺎﻫﻮﻣ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻮﺳ ،3
2006 : 43 - 42 .(
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ
ﺍﺯ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ،ﻱﺪﺒﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻠﺳ) ﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ 1393
ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ (
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻝﻻﺪﺘـﺳﺍ ﺰﺘﻟﻮﺷ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻲـﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻦـﺳﺭﻮﻳﺍ) ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ،4
2008 : 11 ﻭ (
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱ
ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﺎـﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻦﻴﻛﺮﻴﻓ) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ،5
2001 ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ .(
ﻲﻳﺎـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ ﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻭ ﺩ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﺘﻔﮔ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺮـﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺆ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺺﻴﺨـﺸﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮـﺑ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ،ﻒﺸﻛ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﻭ
ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﺎـﻫ
ﻥﻮـﺳﺪﻳﻮﻳﺩ) ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ ،6
2003 .(
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻲـﻣ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺎـﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻦﮕﻤﻫﺎـﻧ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﺒﻨﻣ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻲﺗﺎـﻴﺣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
1. Kirzner
2. Westlund and Bolton 3. Mohanty
4. Iversen et al.
5. Firkin 6. Davidson
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﻮـﺳﺪﻳﻮﻳﺩ) ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲـﺘﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﮓﻨﻴﻧﻮﻫ ﻭ ،1
2003 ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .(
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺍﺬﻟ ؛ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺯﺎـﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﮓﻴﻧﻮﻫ)
، 2
2001 (،
ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻬﺟ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺢﻄـﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻦﻣﺭﻮﻠﻴـﺳ ﻭ ﻡﻭﺎﺑ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻣﺎﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،3
2004 ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺮـﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ .(
ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ
،
ﺴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒ
ﻱﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﻴـﺷﻮﻫ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ؛ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ، ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱ
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻱﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻴﻘﻣ) ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ﻲـﻤ
،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ 1392
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ .(
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﺎـﻫ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻭﺎﻴﻟ) ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺶﻟﻭ ﻭ ،4
2005 ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ .(
ﺎـﺑ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺎـﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ
ﻥﺩﺮـﻛ
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻱ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻚـﺴﻳﺭ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺪﻧﻻ) ﺪﻫﺩ
،5
2006 ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﻮـﺒﻤﻛ .(
ﻱ
ﻪـﺑ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻊﻧﺎـﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ـﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺍﺭ ﻊﺑﺎ
، ﻝﺎـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻬـﺴﺗ
.ﺪﻫﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱ
ﻪﻏﺪﻏﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺲﻴـﻧﺩ) ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
،6
2004 ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘـﺳﺩ ﻭ ( ﻱ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪـﺑ ،
ﻥﺎﺒﺣﺎـﺻ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﺭﻮـﻃ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻩﺮـﻬﺑ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮـﺑ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻛ) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﺗﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،7
2003 ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ،(
ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺎﻬﺑﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺮـﻛ ﺮﻴـﺴﻔﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪ
ﻱ
1. Davidson and Honing 2. Honig
3. Baum and Silverman 4.Liao and Welsch 5.Landry et al.
6.Denis 7.Kim et al.
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘـﺳﺩ ﺎـﻣﺍ ؛ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺖﻔﮕﻨﻫ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ ﻲـﻨﻌﻳ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺪـﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﺎﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
، ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖـﺻﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﻭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻦﻴﺷ) ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﺗ ،1
2006 ﻩﺯﻭﺮـﻣﺍ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .(
ﻪـﺻﺮﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺪـﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﺷﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ،ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﻗﺭ ﺪـﻴﻟﻮﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ
ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ .ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻪﻨﻳﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺪـﻧﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺖ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺐـﺴﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ،ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ،ﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮـﻧ ﻱﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻘﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
ﻲﻨﻴﻣ) ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
2ﻲﺗ ، 2005 ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ .(
ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﮓﻨﻴﻟﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺳﺎﻣ ،ﻥﻮﺴﻳﺭﺎﻫ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ ،3
2004 ﺖﻟﻭﺩ .(
ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﺡﺮـﻃ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺎﻄﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺎـﺑ ،ﻲﻜﻧﺎـﺑ ﻡﺍﻭ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻟﺎـﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﻴﻬﺗ ﻲﻟﺎـﻣ ﻚـﺴﻳﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺷ ،ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ . ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪـﻫﺩ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﻲـﻠﻌﻔﻄﻟ ﻭ ﺎـﺟﻮﻛ) ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻲ ،4
2008 .(
ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖـﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺩﺮـﻜﻳﻭﺭ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺩﺮـﻜ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﻲـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻲﻳﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺁ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻙﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻖﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ
5ﻲﺒﻠﻃ ﻚﻣ) ﺪﻨﻠﻠﻛ ،6
1965 ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،(
،ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺩﻮﺑﺁ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻧﺭﻮﻫ) ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ،ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ،7
1971 ﻚـﺴﻳﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ،(
ﺱﻭﺎـﻬﻛﻭﺮﺑ)8
،9
1980 ﺍ ،(
ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳ ،ﺯﺮﺘﻴﭘ ﻭ ﭻﻳﺮﺴﻴﻫ) ﻲﺒﻠﻃ 1389
ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ ،(
ﻱﺍﺮـﻓ)10
،11
1993 ﻞـﻤﺤﺗ ،(
1.Shane 2.Minniti
3.Harrison, Mason and Girling 4.Khoja and Lutafali
5. Need for Achievement 6.Mc Clelland
7.Hornady and Aboud 8. Risk-Taking Propensity 9. Brockhaus
10. Creativity 11.Fry
ﻡﺎﻬﺑﺍ ﺰﮕﻨﻴﻨﺟ)1
،2
1994 ،ﺯﺮﺘﻴﭘ ﻭ ﭻﻳﺮﺴﻴﻫ) ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ،(
1389 ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ( ﺮﮕﻳﺰﻔﻧ) ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ،3
1994 ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻑﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ( ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،
ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﻚـﻳ
ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﻏﺩﺍ ﻢﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ (... ﻭ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ،ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ) ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺰـﮕﻨﻴﻨﺟ) ﺪـﻨﻛ
،4
1994 ﺭﺩ .(
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻱﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﺘﻳﺎﺿﺭﺎﻧ ،ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ،ﻲﻛﺩﻮﻛ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ،ﻦﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺍﺮـﺧﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻐﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻑﺭﻭﺭﺪﻧﺍﻭ) ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ
،5
1989 ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ .(
ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭ 6
ﻲـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻭ ﭻﻳﺮـﺴﻴﻫ)7
،ﺯﺮﺘﻴﭘ 1389 ﺶﻴﭘ ﻭ ( ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ
8
ﺮﭘﻮﻛ ﻭ گﺮﺒﻠﻜﻧﺍﺩ) ،9
1982 ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ( ﺩﺮـﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
ﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘـﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮ
ﺪﺼﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ،ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ10
ﺶﻴﻓ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺰـﻳﺁ ﻭ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻭ11
ﻝﻮﻛﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻭﺮﭘﺎﺷ
، 12
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
، ﻲـﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﻴـﻟﻭﺍ
ﺮﮕﻧ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺩﺮـﻓ ﺕﺎـﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲـﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﺷ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱ
ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻥﺰﻳﺁ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺰﻳﺁ) ،13
1991 ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ .(
ﻱ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻱﺰـﻳﺭ
ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﺫﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ
ﮔﺁ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﺑ
ﻱ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ،ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
، 14
ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻱﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺮﮔﻭﺮﻛ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻧ
،15
2000 ﻪـﻛ ،(
ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺮـﺑ
1. Ambiguity Tolerance 2.Jennings
3.Naffziger et al.
4.Jennings
5.Vanderwerf and Brush 6. Demographics 7. Experiments 8. Background
9.Dunkelberg and Cooper 10. Intention
11. Fishbein and Ajzen 12. Shapero and Sokol 13.Ajzen
14. Self Efficacy 15. Krueger et al.
ﺮﮔﻭﺮﻛ) ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،1
2000 ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ .(
ﻱ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺶـﺨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ -
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻱ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻞﮔﻮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺍﻭﺎﻴﻧ )2
1994 ﺭﺩ ،(
ﺪـﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲـﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﻫ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻱ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻭ ﺎـﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﺭﺎـﻬﭼ ﻦـﻳﺍ .ﺪﻧ
ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺕﺭﺎـﻬﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐـﺷ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﻻﺩﺎـﻌﻣ ﻝﺪـﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺖﻛﺮـﺷ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
ﺮﻨﺘﻟﺯ ﻭ ﺮﻨﮔﺍﻭ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ )3
2008 (،
ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﻩﺰـﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻠﺒﻗ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴـﺳﺭ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧ
ﺼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻴﻤ
،ﺖﻴـﺴﻨﺟ ،ﻦـﺳ) ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ،(ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻱ ﻚـﺴﻳﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ) ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻛ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ (ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﻔﻛ ،ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁ) ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻪــﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﺖﻌﻨــﺻ ﺮﻳﺪــﻣ ﻲﮕﺘــﺴﻳﺎﺷ ،ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘــﺴﻳﺎﺷ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎــﻛ ﻱ
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳ
ﮓـﻨﻴﻠﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻮﻴﻟ ،ﮓﻧﺍﻭ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ (ﻲﺗﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷ ﻥﻮـﺗ
)4
2011 (،
ﺩﺍﺪـﻳﻭﺭ ﻝﺪـﻣ
) ﻝﻮﻛﻮﺳ ﻭ ﻭﺮﻴﭘﺎﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 1982
ﺎـﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻴﭼ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ( ﻳ
ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻛﺎـﺣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧ ﺁ
ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥ
ﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ،ﺖ
، ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧ ﻱ
ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ
ﻪﻨﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻱ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
ﺮﺑ ﺎـﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻦﻴـﭼ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻭﺩ ﺮـﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ
.ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻤﭼﺍﺭ )5
2012 ﺭﺩ ،(
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺰﻧﻭﺪﻧﺍ 2012
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻲـﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ،ﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎـﺧ ﺖـﻴﻨﻣﺍ ،ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ،ﻲﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎـﻛ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱ
ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
1.Krueger
2. Gnyawali and Fogel 3. Wagner and Ziltener 4. Wang, Lu and Millington 5. Rachmania et al.
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺮﻨﺗﻮﮔ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ )1
2012 (،
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ .ﺪﻧ
،ﻱﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺖـﻌﻔﻨﻣ) ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ (ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﺵﺮﮕﻧ) ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﺎـﻫ
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ (ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
469 ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪ
ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ .
ﻲﻣ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﺎـﻣﺍ ﻭ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ .
ﻲﻧﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖـﻴﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘـﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪـﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖـﻴﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ،
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﺑﻮﻴﻜﻳﺁ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻬﺳ )2
2013 (،
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
ـﺑ ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱ
ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻲﮔ -
ﺏﺎﺠﻨﭘ ﺖﻟﺎﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ
ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻛﺎﭘ ﻪ ﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺭﻮـﻃ
ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﻪـﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﺕﻼﻴــﺼﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺕﻼﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﻪــﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﺨــﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
ﻲــﺷﻮﻛ
،
ﻫ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺕﻼﻴـﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄـﺳ ءﺎـﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻕﺎﺘـﺸﻣ ﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﻖـﻓﻮﻣ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴ
،ﻖﻓﻮﻣﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻢﻛ
ﺮﺗ ﺖـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻱﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻳ ﺭﺪﭘ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻛﺎﺷ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪـﻧ
ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻲﻣ
ﻮﺷ ﺖﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻪﻣ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﻑﺭﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺩﻭﺎﭼ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ )3
2013 (،
ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻩﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺩﺎﺘﺸﻫ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ،ﺵﺩﻼﮕﻨﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻩ ﺍ ـﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ .ﺪﻧ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨ ،ﻡﺍﺭﺁ ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳﺯ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺍﻮﻋ ﻞﻣ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻱﺭﻮـﻃ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎـﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻦـﺳ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮ
ﻲﻣ ﺷﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﻭﻮـﻳ ﻲـﺴﻣﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻦﻴﺗﺭﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ،ﻦﻴﻜﻴﻣﺭ .ﺪ
4
1. Goethner et al.
2. Sohail and Iqbal
3. Chowdhury, Alam and Arif
4. Remeikiene, Startine and Dumciuviene
) 2013 (،
ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺵﺯﻮـﻣﺁ ءﺎـﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺘﻴﻟ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ 170
ﻍﺭﺎﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺘـﺷﺭ ﻲﻫﺎﮕـﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﻼﻴﺼﺤﺘﻟﺍ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻚﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪ ﺍ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧ ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺍ
ﻚﺴﻳﺭ ﻥﻮﭼ ﺶﻴـﺑ ،ﻱﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ،ﺖـﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﺵﺮـﮕﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎـﻌﻓ
ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻲـﻨﻴﮕﭼ ﺪـﻧﻭﺯﺭﺩﻮﮔ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ )1
2014 (،
ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﻣ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻥﻼﻳﻮـﮔ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ
2
ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻄﺧ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺷﺭ ﻪ ﺍ
ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ .ﺪـﻧ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱ
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ 150 ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺪﺣﺍﻭ 76
ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ؛ﺪـﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻫﺩ
ﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪ
ﺪـﻌﺑ ،ﻲﻃﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ) ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
(ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
، ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
.ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎـﺳ
ﻲﻧﺎﻣُﺍ )3
2014 ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺯﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ( ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ
ﺮـﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ 89
ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ
، ـﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺕﺎـﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺕﻻﻮـﺼﺤﻣ ﻞـﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﻭ ﻞﻳﺪـﺒﺗ ﻪ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ . ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻱ ﻞـﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻥﺎـﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪـﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﻱ ﻲـﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ﻚـﺴﻳﺭ ،ﺖـﻴﻗﻼﺧ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
،ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ،ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
ﻕﺩﺎﺻ ﻲﻟﻭ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺯ ) ﺝﺎﺘﻧ
1391 (،
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ
ﺎﻫ ﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺮﺴﻠﺑﺎﺑ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﻱ ﻪ ﺍ
ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧ
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻭﺩ ،ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻴﭘ ،ﻦﻣﺪﻳﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﺖـﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺪـﻌﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎـﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺎـﻌﺑﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻱﺮﺘـﺸﻴﺑ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻚـﺴﻳﺭ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖـﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲـﺴﮔﺮﻧ ﺭﻮﭙﻧﺎـﻀﻣﺭ .
) 1394 (،
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ
، ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﺮـﺑ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻱ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ
ﺎـﻫ ﺶـﻧﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻙﺭﺎـﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﻥﺎـﻴﻨﺑ
ﻭ ﻢـﻠﻋ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻩ ﺍ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻧ ﻊـﻤﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭﺁ ﻱﺭ
1. Goudarzvand Chegini and Zamani 2. Guilan
3. Ommani
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ 203 ﺆﻣ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺲﺳ
ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎـﻴﻨﺑ ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻪـﻣﺎﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﻫﺩ /ﺭﺍﺯﺎﺑ ،ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﻳﺯ ،ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻱﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺪ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺎـﺸﻣ ،ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻣ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻪﻧﺍﺭﻭﺎﻨﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺢﻳﺮﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﺩﺮﮔ ﻱ
ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺎﻫ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻱﺭﺎـﻣﺁ
ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻻﺎـﻌﻓ ﻭ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ 1395
ﻲﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻥﻻﺎـﻌﻓ ﺕﺎـﻋﻼﻃﺍ ،ﻲﻓﺩﺎـﺼﺗ ﻱﺮـﻴﮔ 121
ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﺎـﻌﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﺣﺍﻭ
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﺳ ﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻙﺮﻬﺷ ﺱﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻪﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ
ﻱ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻚﺗ ﻚﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻲـﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻛﻮـﻛ ﻝﻮـﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺥﺎـﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎـﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮـﺿ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﺎﭘ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮـﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻞﻧﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ . 67
/ 0 ﺎـﺗ 87 / 0
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩ
ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺍﺰـﺑﺍ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎـﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﮕﻧﺎـﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲـﻣ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻝﺪـﻣ ﺭﺩ .1
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ﺐﻳﺍﺮـﺿ ﻦﻴـﻤﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ؛ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺴﺴﮔ ﺖـﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺘـﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺴﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺷ
ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮ ﺐﻳﺍﺮـﺿ ،ﻲﻟﻮـﻤﻌﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺵﺭﻮﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻲﻨﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺯﺎﺳﺎﻧ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻢﻫ ﺭﺎﮔ
، ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻦﻴـﻤﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ
ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ،ﻱﺭﻮـﺳ) ﺩﻮـﺷ
1392 ﺹ ، 835 ﺭﺩ .(
ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻲﻄﺧ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻄﺧ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﺗ (ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ)y
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻫ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ،2
2008 .(
) 1
K K (
P(y 1X) E(y 1X) E E EX 0 1 1X E... X
ﺍ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﻲﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻄﺧ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﺗy
XE
ﺖﺴﻴﻧ
، ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻞﻴﻫ) ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻚﻴﺘﺴﺠﻟ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ 2008
.(
) 2
X (
P(y X) (X )
e E / E
1 1
1
1 ﺶﺳﺮﭘ . ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻱﺎﻫ Linan and Chen, 2009 Gifford and Mancuso,
،1984 Sherer et al., 1982 ﻭ
Goethner et al, 2012 .ﺖﺳﺍ
2. Hill et al.
ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻧﺯ
ﺖﺳﺍﺭ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻱ ﺮﺘﻣﺍﺭﺎﭘ ﻦﻴﻤﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ًﺎﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻝﺪﻣ .ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻪﻛ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻦﻳﺮﺗ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﻣﺮﻧ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ،1
2003 .(
) 3
X u (
P(y X) (X ) e du
E
f ) E
³
S 21 1 2
1 2
ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ
، ﺎـﻣﺍ
ﺗ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﺮﻴﺴﻔ ﻱ
ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻭﺪﻘﻣ2
ﻝﺪﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻄﺧﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺘـﺴﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﺘﺑﺎـﺛ ﺭﺍﺪـﻘﻣ ﻲـﺋﺰﺟ ﺕﺍﺮـﺛﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ :ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻝﻭﺍﺪﺘﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺳ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺮﻛ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ،ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻤﻧ ﺮﻳﺩﺎـﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎـﻬﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺲﭙـﺳ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﻮ
ﻱ ) ﻥﺁ ﻂـﺳﻮﺘﻣ (AME
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎـﻬﻧ ﺮـﺛﺍ ،3
) ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮــﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ (MEM
ﺎﻫﺭﻮــﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻩﺪــﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺮﻳﺩﺎــﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎــﻬﻧ ﺮــﺛﺍ ﻭ4
) (MER
ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﻴﺑﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺟﻻ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .5
ﺶﻴﭘ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﻴﭘ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸ
ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺎﻳ6
ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱ
4 ﻲـﻣ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻦﻳﺮﮔ) ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ،7
2012 .(
( )4
^ `
i j j
prob(y j x)
x x
x
w w I Pª¬ 1E I Pº¼ ª¬ 2E º¼ uE
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻱ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺍﻮﻋ ،ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﻪـﺑ ﺵﺮـﮕﻧ ،ﻲـﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ) ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻞﻣ
(ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ) ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
(ﻱﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱ ﻪـﺑ
ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺶﻴـﻓ) ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻥﺰـﻳﺁ ﻭ ،8
2010 (،
،ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
1.Train
2.Marginal Effects 3. Average Marginal Effect 4. Marginal Effect at Mean
5. Marginal Effect at Representative Value 6. Marginal Effect
7.Greene
8.Fishbein and Ajzen
ﻪﺑ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ) ﻞﮔﻮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺍﻭﺎﻴﻧ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ 1994
) ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺮﻨﺗﻮﮔ ،(
2012 ﻭ ﻢﻟﺎـﻋ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺩﻭﺎﭼ ﻭ (
) ﻑﺭﺎﻋ 2013 (،
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻞﻜﺷ 1 ﺪﻣ . ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻝ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺆ ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻘﻓ
.ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻄﺧ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ) 5 (
EN f (HC,SC, EB, PC, AT,SV,SE,GS)
ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ :ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻮﻧ ﻱﺩﺭﻭﺎﺘﺳﺩ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ :EN
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺯ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻩﺍﺭ ﺵﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﻴـﺴﺑ ﺵﻼـﺗ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﻩﺮﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﺖـﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻝﻼﻘﺘـﺳﺍ ،ﻲـﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﻳﺎـﺿﺭ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺣﻭﺭ ،ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ،ﺯﺮﺘﻴﭘ ﻭ ﭻﻳﺮﺴﻴﻫ) ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ 1389
ﻥﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .(
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
) ﻮـﺳﺎﻜﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻮـﻔﻴﮔ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 1984
ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ( ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ .ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱ
، ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺯﺎـﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮـﺻ ﺭﺩ 230
ﻭ 280
ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 195
ﻭ 229 ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 180
ﻭ 194 ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻪﺘﻔﻬﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 165
ﻭ 179 ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻩﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ 150
ﻭ 164 ﺎﻛ ﺯﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮـﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭ
150 ﺯﻭﺭ ﺮﮔﺭﺎـﻛ
،ﻲﻤﻴﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﻮﭘﺪﻤﺣﺍ) ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﺰﻣ 1389
(،
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
:ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ :ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱ
ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﻳﺮﻓﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ
ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﺖﻌﻔﻨﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻱ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ
