ﻦﻴﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺩﺍﺪﺣ ﻱﺪﻬﻣ ∗
ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ،ﻢﻗ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ
) ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ 12 / 10 / 88 :ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ؛ 25
/ 2 / 89 (
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺐـﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎـﻛ ﺎـﻫ
ـﺳﺍ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ .ﺖ
ﻼﻣﺎـﻛ ﺯﻮـﻨﻫ ﻪـﭼﺮﮔﺍ ،ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﺘﻳﻮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
.ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺪـﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻫ .ﺩﺯﺎـﺳ ﺩﻭ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﻝﻮـﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻫﺎـﻔﻣ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﺏﺬـﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
.ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ
:ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻥﺎﮔژﺍﻭ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ،ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
∗ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ :ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ 6166246 0251 Email: mhaddady@ut.ac.ir
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
"
ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ
"
ﻩﺪـﻧﻭﺮﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤـﺷ ﻪـﺑ
02 /1 / 2202015 ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻢﻗ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺖﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻝﺎﺳ ،ﻢﺘﻔﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻬﺑ ،ﻢﻫﺩﺰﻧﺎﺷ 1389
ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ 157 ـ 184
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺯﺍ ﻲ ﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺮﺸﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ـﻌﻤﺟ ﻲ ﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺯﺎـﻏﺁ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ
، ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲ
ﻞﻜـﺷ
ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ :ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ،
ﻡﻮﻗ ، ﺒﻗ ﻴ ﻪﻠ ، ...
ﺭﻮﺸﻛ . ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳ ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺸﺗ ﻥﺎ ﻴ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻞ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ ﻭﺭ ـﻳ ﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺩﺍﺪ ﻲ ﺮـﺸﺑ
ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺍﻳ ﺎﺟ ﻦ ﻳ ﺰﮕ ﻳ ﺎـﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺕﺭﺪـﻗ
ﺩﺮﻓ
، ﻣﺎﮔ ﻲ ﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻃﺎﻗ ﻱ
ﻥﺪﻤﺗ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻱ ﺩﺮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ـﻳ
ﭘ ﺪ ﻴ ﺭﺎـﺗ ﺖﻓﺮـﺸ ﻳ
ﺨ ﻲ
ﻤﻬﻣ ﻲ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺪﻨ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺍﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﻦ ﻲ
، ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﻟﺎـﻋ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﭘ ﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ـﻴ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﺍﺪ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺭ ﻳ ﻪﺸ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻲ ، ﺳ ﻴ ﺳﺎ ﻲ ، ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ، ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲ ـﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻴ
ﭻ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ
ﺷﻮﭘ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻲ
ﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ . ﺍ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ـﻳ ﻦ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪـﺑ
ﺩﻳ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺮﮕ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﻲ ـﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ـﻳ
ﺖ
ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﺪﺑ ﻳ ﺗﺮﺗ ﻦ ﻴ ﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﺐ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺖ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ـﻜ ﻲ ﻪـﺼﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻢـﻬﻣ
ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲـﻣ
ﺩﻮـﺷ . ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﻲ ـﻠﻣ ﻲ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻲ
ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻩﺯﻮـﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻚ ﻲـﻣ
ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ
ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﻲـﻣ
ﮔ ـﻴ ﺩﺮ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﭼﺮﮔﺍ .
ﻲـﻣ ﺕﺍﺯﺎـﺠﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ .ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ
ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺍﺬـﻟ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻲ ﻪـﺑ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻩﺎﮔ ﻩﻮﻠﺟ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻱ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﻲ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻛ ﺭﺎﻨ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻬﻧ .
ﻤﻫ ﺒ ﮕﺘﺴ ﻲ ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻧ ﻭ ﻴ ﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫﺯﺎ ﻲ
ﻜﺸﺗ ﻴ ـﻨﭼ ﻞ ﻴ ﺗﺎـﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ
،
ﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻴﺎ
ﻳ ﻲ ﺪـﺸﻧ ﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﺺﺨـﺸﻣ ،
ﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺬـﻟ ﻳ ﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ﺪـﻨ ﻲ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ، ﻮـﺴﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮـﺸﺑ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،ﺮﺗ ﻳ ﻨﻌ ﻲ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻕﻮﺳ .
ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫ
ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻩﺪـﻋ ﺪـﻨﭼﺮﻫ .ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻉﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺪـﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻱﺍ ﭼ
ـﻴ ﺰ ﻱ
ﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﺕﺪﺣﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﻲ
ﻮـﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻱ ﻮﻫ ﻭ ـﻳ ﻛﺎـﺣ ﻞﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﺖ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﺍ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟ ﻧ ـﻴ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺎ ﺖـﻳﻮﻫ ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ
ﺎـﻫ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻳ ﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻴ
ﺳﺎ .ﻲ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻆﻓﺎﺣ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ،
ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲـﻣ
ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
ﺸﺨﺑ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺪ ﻱ
ﻁﻮﻘـﺳ ﻊﻧﺎـﻣ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻢـﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ
ﺷﺎﭘ ﻴ ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻨﺑ ﻴ ﻥﺎ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ ،ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﻦﻫﺫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳﺭ ـﻳ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺎ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪـﺑ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﻣ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
ﺎـﻫ ﻟﺎـﻋ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻴ ﺁ ؟ﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺰـﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ـﻴ
ﺖ
ﻨﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻴ ﻥﺎ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
، ﺬﭘ ﺏﺎﺗ ﻳ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺵﺮ ﻲ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻲ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ
ﺁﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺎ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ؟ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ـﻳ
ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﺼﻗ ﻳ ﻢ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺴ ﻲ
ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺶـﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻈﻧﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻕﻮـﻓ
ﻫﺩ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻴﻢ .
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﻠﻣ ﻲ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ـﻳ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻡﺍﺮـﺘﺣﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻚ .
ﻜـﺷ ﻲ
ﻧﻴ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺩﺮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻞﺻﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺏﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺬﭘ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺩﺎﻘﻌﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻳ
ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮ
ﺮﻗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻳ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻦ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ . ﻩﺩﺎﻣ 10 ﻧﺪﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺭ ﻳ ﺸﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺸ ﺄ ﺍ ﻳ ﺖﻟﺎـﺻﺍ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﺍﺭ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺮـﻓ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻔﻟﺍ) ، 1384
، ﺹ 80 ( . ﺬﭘ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﺵﺮ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻱ ﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ
ﻔﻧ ﻲ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﻧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ﻴ ﺖﺴ ، ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ
ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺎﺘﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ـﻠﻤﻋ ﺞ ﻲ ، ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺮـﺘﺣﺍ
ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﻲ ﺬﭘ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺎﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﻘﻠﺗ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻚ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ .
ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻲ
ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻲ ﻠﺻﺍ ﻲ ﻨﺑ ﻴ ﺩﺎ ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ
، ﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻲ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﻮـﻣ
ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻉﺎﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻳ
ﺖ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﺎـﻀﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ
ﺕﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ
،ﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ـﺳﺎ ﻲ ﻭ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻫﺩ .
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲ
ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻴﻤ
ﻲ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ـﻳ
ﻥﺁ ﻒ ـﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻅﺎـﺤﻟ ﻪـﺑ ﻲ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻑﺎـﺻﻭﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﻣ ﻭ ﻞﻬﺳ .
ﺭﺍﻮﺷﺩ ﻱ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﺍ ﻒ ﻳ ﻪﺘـﺷﻮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﺗ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺐﺒـﺳ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﺴﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻴ ﺭﺎ ﻱ ﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺎﻫﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻒ ﻱ
ﺹﺎـﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻳ
ﺪـﺑﺎ . ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻑﻼﺘـﺧﺍ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎ ، ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻒ ﻲ
ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺮﺜﻛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦ ﻢﻬﻣ
ﺮـﺗ ﺍ ـﻳ ﻦ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪـﻛ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ ﺎﺑ ، ﺳ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺎ ، ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻲ
ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﺪﻤﺗ ـﻳ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻱﺍ
ﻪـﺑ
ﺩ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺮﮕ ـﻳ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻩﺪ ﻲ
ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﻡﺎـﻬﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ
ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺍﻮﺷﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻒ ﻗﺩﺎﺻ)
ﻲ ، 1384
، ﺹ 91 ( .
ﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﺮﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻣﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻑﺩﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ
ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻠﻴـﺳﻭ ﻪـﺑ
ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺖـﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺾﻘﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻥﺁ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺎـﺑ
ﻲ ﭼ ﺍﺭ ـﻴ ﺰ ﻱ ﺾـﻘﻧ ﺰـﺟ
ﺮﻣﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻤﻟﺍ) ﻲ ، 1372 ، ﺹ 129 ﺪﺑﺍ ؛ ﻟﺍ ﻲ ، 1383 ، ﺹ 3 ( . ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ـﻳ
ﺩ ﻦ ـﻳ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ،
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻱ ﺳﻭ ﻴﻌ ﻲ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺽﺮـﻏ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺿﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻲ
ﻭ ﻦﻴﻣﺄﺗ ﺮﺟ ﻦﺴﺣ ـﻳ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﺭﻮـﻣﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻲ
ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﺮﻣﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ ﺒﻌﺗ ﻴﺮ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ .ﺍ ﻳ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦ ﻲ
ـﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻢـﻫ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻱ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ـﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﻱ ﺮﺗﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﺎﻗ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ﻳ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻢـﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺮـﻣﺍ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻱ
ﻧﺍﺪـﺑ ﻴ ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﻢ
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻱ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻦ ﻲ ﻌـﺿﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻴ
ﻠﻫﺍ ﻭ ﺖ ـﻴ ﺙﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺖ ...
ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻭ ﺖـﺷﺍﺩ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻩﺎﮔﺪ ﺍ ـﻳ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻦ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎـﻫ
ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻱ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻥﺪﻤﺗ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻲ
ﻳ ﮕﺘـﺴﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻚ ﻲ
ﻩﺎـﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺎـﻫ
ﻱ ﺪـﻧﺭﺎﭼﺎﻧ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻥﺁ
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱ
ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺭﺎﻤـﺸﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ،
ﻞـﺣ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻖﺑﺎـﻄﻣ ﺭﻮـﺑﺰﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻪـﭼﺮﮔﺍ
ﺣﻼﺻ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻴ
ﺳﺎﻤﻟﺍ )ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺖ ﻲ
، 1372 ، ﺹ 131 ( .
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺳﺭ
، ﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻳ ﻒ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻳ ﭼ ﻚ ـﻴ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺕﺪـﺣﻭ ﺰ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻟﺎﻋ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻴ ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .
ﺎﺒﻧ ـﻳ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺮـﻛ ﺭﻮـﺼﺗ ﺪ ﻲ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻴ ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻢ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ .
ﺯﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮ ﻱ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﺩﺎﻨﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺷ
، ﺩﻮـﺼﻘﻣ
ﺍﻳ ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ ﻥﻮـﭼ ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﻱﺍ ﻟﺎـﻋ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻲ
ﺮـﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪـﻣﺯﻼﻣ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ
ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻬﺘﻨﻣ ﻲ ﺤﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻲ ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﺮـﻣﺍ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺭﺩ
ﺤﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻫﺎﻜﺑ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻴ
ﺎـﻣ ﻦ ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ ﻊﻧ ﻱ ﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻲ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
، ﻳ ﻧ ﻥﺎﺴﻜ ﻴ ﺖﺴ . ﺍﺬﻟ ﻲﻣ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻪـﺟﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻚ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺯﻮﺗﺎﻛ )ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ، 1374 ، ﺹ 161 (.
ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ
ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻧ ﻥﺍ ﻴ ﺟﺮـﺗ ﺰ ﻴ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺢ ﺪـﻧﺍ ﺍ ـﻳ ﺮﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺡﻼﻄـﺻﺍ ﻦ ـﻳ
ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻟﺎـﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮـﻜﻧ ﻒ
ﺿﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔﺍﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ) 975
ﻧﺪﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺍﻳ (ﻥﺍﺮ ﻲﻣ ، ـﺿﺎﻗ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﺨـﺸﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺩﺎـﺼﻣ ﺺ ﻳ
ﻖ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻠﻛ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻉﻮﺒﺘﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻴﺪ
ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻳ ﺬﭙﺑ ﺪ ﻳﺮ ﻳ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻢ ـﻳ
ﻪـﺑ ﻩﺭﺎـﺑ ﻦ
ﺎﺟ ﻱ ﺴﻔﺗ ﻴ ﺼﺨﺷ ﺮ ﻲ ﻠﺳ ﻭ ﻴ ﻪﻘ ﻱﺍ ﺎﺑﻳ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪ ﻳ ﻪـﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻪﺸ
ﻗﺩﺎﺻ )ﺪﻨﻛ ،ﻲ 1384 ﺹ ، 92 ( .
ﺒﺴﻧ ﻲ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
ﺎﻫ ﻟﺎﻋ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻆﻔﺣﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺪﭘ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ
ـﻳ ﺭﺍﺪ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ . ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮـﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ، ﺎـﻫ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ
ﻟﺎﻋ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻭﺭ ﻦ
، ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ـﺳﺎ ،ﻲ ـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ ﺒﻫﺬـﻣ ﻭ ﻲ ﻪـﻛ
ﺟ ﺮﻫ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎ
ﻲ ﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ـﻴ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺰ ﻱﺍ
ﺩ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﻳ
ﻐﺘﻣ ﺮـﮕ ـﻴ ﺮ ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺪﺑ ﻳﻬ ﻲ ﻧ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﺮﻣﺍ ﺰ ﻱ ﻧ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻴ ﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺴ ﻳ ﻐﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻢ ﻴﻴ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻝﻮـﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺮ .
ﺍﺮﺷ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻳ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻂ ،
ﻣﻴ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻳ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻚ ﻲ
ـﻗﺮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺎـﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻞـﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﻭ ﻱ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻲ
ﻳ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻚ ﻲ
ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻲـﻠﻳﻭ ﺶﻠﻛﺭﺍ)
،1
2008 ﺹ ، 24 .(
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻲ
ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻦ ﻲ
، ﻡﺍﺪـﻗﺍ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎـﭼ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮـﺸﻛﺮﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻳ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ .ﺍ
ﻳ ﻮـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻖﺣ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻊـﺟﺍﺮﻣ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻧﻴ ﻤﺳﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺰ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖ .
ﺩﻳ ﺮﺘﺴﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﻮ ﻱ
ـﻀﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻴﻪ
ﻱﺍ ﺑ ﺎـﺑ ـﻴ ﺍ ﻥﺎ ـﻳ ﻪـﻛ ﻦ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲ ﻣﺯﺮﺳ ﻴﻨ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ، ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ
ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻮـﻀﻋ ﻴﻟﻭﺆـﺴﻣ
ﺖ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ
ﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻒ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺧ
، ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻳ ﺩ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﻦ ـﻳ
ﺪـﺼﺗ ﻥﺍﻮ ﻳ ﻖ ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﻪـﻛ
ﻛ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸ ﻱ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻲﻣ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻴ ﻐﺗ ﺰ ﻴﻴ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮ .2
ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻏ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻴ ﻪﻨـﺴﺣ ﻕﻼﺧﺍ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻥﻭﺪﻣ ﺮ ،
ﻧ ﺕﺩﺎـﻋ ﻭ ﻑﺮـﻋ ـﻴ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺰ
ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺎﺳﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳ
ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻱ ﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ
، ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ .
ﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﻳ ﺮﺗﻻﺎـﺑ ﻪـﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻦ ﻳ
ـﻠﺠﺗ ﻞـﺤﻣ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻢـﻈﻧ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ
ﻭ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻛ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﺮﻔ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ، ﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ـﻳ
ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻭﺮـﻤﻠﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻦ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﻫﺎﮕ ﻲ ـﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻱ
ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ، ﺶﻴﺑ ﻳﺮﺗ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺚـﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻦ ﻲ
ـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ـﻳ ﻩﺯﻮـﺣ ﻦ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﻳﺮﺟ
ﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻳ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺖ ﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﺗﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻢﻫ ﻲ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺳ ﻭ ﻴ ـﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ ، ﺯ ـﻳ ـﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻆﻓﺎـﺣ ﺍﺮ ﻲ
ﻭ
ﻨﺑﻴ ﻥﺎ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺗﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺮﻫ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻲ
ﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲ ﺯ ﻳ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﺍﺮ ﻲـﻣ
ﺹﺎﺨـﺷﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻪـﺑ
ﻣﻴ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻞ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻝﻼﺧﺍ ﻔﺴﻠﻓ)
ﻲ ، 1379 ، ﺹ 285 ( .
ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺎـﻫﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻱ
ـﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺎـﻐﻣ ﻳ ﺎـﺑ ﺮ
ﻞﻃﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻣ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻱ ﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻲ
ـﻳ ﻡﺎـﻜﺣﺍ ﺎ
1. Orakhelashvili.
2. Case41/74, Yvonne van Duyn v.Home Office[1974] ECR, 01337 at 01351.
ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺭﺩﺎﺻ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ ) ﺱﺭﻮﻓﻻ ، 1379 ، ﺹ 53 .(
ﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻩ ﺎﻫ ﻧﻴ ﺰ ﻝﻭﺆـﺴﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﺕﺭﺎـﻈﻧ
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻱ ﺮﻣﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻫ ﻻﻮﺻﺍ ﻴ ﻠﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﭻ ﻲ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲـﻤﻧ ﺪـﻨﻛ ، ﻂـﻘﻓ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻉﻮﺒﺘﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ . ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﻦ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻧ ﻭ ـﻴ ﺍ ﺰ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﻫ ﻴ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﭻ ﻱﺍ
ﺗﺍﺫ ﻲ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ، ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﻢﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
، ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ .
ﻲﻟﺍﺆﺳ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ ﺎ
ﻳ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻚ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﻣ
ﻢﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻳ
ﺪﻨ . ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻱ ﺒـﺷ ﻴ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻪ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻲ ـﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ،
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺣ ـﻳ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﺖ
ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ،
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻭ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
ﻫﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ
؟ﺪ
ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺮﮕ
، ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ 1648
ﻟﺎﻔﺘـﺳﻭ ﺢﻠـﺻ ﺯﺍ ﺲـﭘ ﻲ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ
، ﺁﻳ ﺎ ﻲﻣ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺁ ؟ﺩﺮـﻛ ـﻳ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺎ ، ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎـﺳ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦ ﻱﺍ
؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻧﺍﺩ
ﻥﺎ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪـﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺪـﻧﺍ ﻢـﻛ ، ﺮـﺗ
ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﻨﺷﻭﺭ ﻒ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻦ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺭﻮﺧ . ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺳﺭ ـﻳ
ﺍ ﺪ ﻳ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻥﺎـﻨ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﺑ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻳﻬ ﻲ ﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎ ﻪﻳﺍﺭﺍ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ ﻒ . ﻩﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻮـﻘﺣ ﻪـﻛ ﻕ ـﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻧﻴ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺰ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻳ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺎ ﻲ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺏﻮـﺴﺤﻣ ﻱ
ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻴ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﺖ ﻲ ﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻳ ﺶﺨﺑ ﺮ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ . ﺩ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﺍ ﺪ ﻳ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻥﺎـﺸ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ، ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻱ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻜـﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﻞ ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ ﻚﻴﻨﻴﺟ) ،1
1985 ،
ﺹ 315 .(
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺩﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻳﺪ
، ﻠﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛﻭﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻲ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻲ
1. Jaenicke.
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ . ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻣﺎﻧ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ـﻴ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺪ ﺎـﻫ ، ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻟﺎـﻋ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻲ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺞ ﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪـﻓﺮﻃ ﻪـﻛ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺑﻴ ﻥﺎ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ » ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺐﻛﺮﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻲ ﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﻜﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﻞ ﻲﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻳ
ﺪـﻜ ﻳ ﺮﮕ
ﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺰﻠﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻋ
ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪ ﻲـﻣ
ﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎـﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ
ﻧ ﻙﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ـﻴ ﻬـﺳ ﺰ ﻴ ﻢ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ « ﺑ)ﻴ ﻠﻴ ﺲ ، 1383 ، ﺹ 95 ( . ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻥﺩﺮـﻛ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦ ﻞﻳﺎـﺴﻣ
ـﻗﻼﺧﺍ ـ ﻲ ﺭﺎـﺠﻨﻫ ﻱ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻨﭽﻧﺁ ) ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﻢﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ (ﺪـﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺬـﭘ
ﻳ ﻧ ﺮ ﻴ ﺖـﺴ ، ﺯ ـﻳ ﺖـﺷﺮﺳ ﺍﺮ
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻨﭼ ﻴ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﻦ ﻱﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﻫﺩ
1ﻥﺍﺩ) ، 1998 ﺹ ، 9 .(
ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻚ ﻋ ﻪ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺎﭘ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻳ ﻧ ﻪ ﻴ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎ .ﺁ
ـﻳ ﺮـﺸﺑ ﺎ ﻳ ﺖ
ﻭ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻻﺍﻭ ﻱ ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲ ﻤﻧ ﻲ ـﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ـﻘﻠﺗ ﻲ ؟ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻊـﺿﻭ ﻦﻴـﺑ
ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﻮـﻣﺍ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻭ ـﻴ
ﺭﺎ
ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ،ﻟ ﻴ ﺮﺸﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻜ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻲ ﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱ
ﻗﻮـﻘﺣﺍﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺮـﺸﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﺴﻧﺍ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﻭ ﺍﺭ ﻳ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺮـﺑ ﻡﺎـﮔ ﺖ .
ﺪـﺑ ﻳ ﻦ
ﺑ ﻥﺮـﻗ ﺖﺼﺷ ﻪﻫﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻴ
ـﻣ ﻢﺘـﺴ ﻴ ﺩﻼ ﻱ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﺘـﺷﺬﮔ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻑﻼـﺧ ﺮـﺑ
ﻠﻜﺷ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ
ﻧﻴ ﺎﻓﻭ ﻞﺻﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴ ﻱ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻬﻋ ﻪﺑ .
ﺍﻮـﺘﺤﻣ ﻝﺎـﺣ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﺗ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻛﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻲ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺪﺟ ﻢ ـﻳ ﺪ ﻱ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺩ
ﻤﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﻩ
،ﻲ ﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻴﻔ
ﻲ ﻧﻴ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺪـﺷﺭ ﺰ
ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻔﺴﻠﻓ) ،ﻲ 1381 ﺹ ، 20 ( .
ﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱ ﺩ ﻳ ﺮﮕ
، ﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﻲ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻩﺪـﻨﻛﺍﺮﭘ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺠـﺴﻧﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺖ ﻳ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻴ ﺍﺰﻓ ﺯﺎ ﻳ ﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨ ﻳ ﺪ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﻢـﺠﺣ ﻪـﺑ
ﺍﺰﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭ ﻳﺪ ﻱ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺱﻮـﺴﺤﻣ ﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ،
ﻥﺎـﺸﻧ ﻲـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻫﺩ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻞـﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﺮ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ ﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ ﺘﺳ ﻭ ﮓﻨﺟ ﻴ
ﺎﻤﺗ ﺰ ﻳ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺶﻣﺍﺭﺁ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻭ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻭﺰﻓﺍﺯﻭﺭ ﻞ ﻳ
ﻦ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﭘﻴ ﺍﺪ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﺎﻫ ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﺎﻣ ﻱ ﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻱ ﻙﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ، ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ
ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻱ ﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻱ ﻟﺎﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻴ ﺏﻮـﺴﺤﻣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪ ﻲـﻣ
ـﺳ)ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻩﺩﺍﺯ ﻒ ، 1370 ،
ﺹ 276 ( ، ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻮﺗﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ـﺑ ﻴ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻦ
1. Dunne.
ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻋﻮﻧ ﻲ ﻮﺴﻤﻫ ﻲﻳ ﺪﻌﺗ ﻳ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻞ .
ﺍ ﻥﻮـﻨﻛﺍ ﻢـﻫ ـﻳ
ـﺑ ﻝﻮـﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻦ ﻪ
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻱﺍ ﺳﺭ ﻴ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻔﻗﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ ﻳ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻭ
ﻲ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﺫ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻊﻔﻧ
، ﺯ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻳ
ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺮ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺰ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ .ﺍ
ـﻳ ﻦ
ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﺮﺛﺄﺗ ﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻳ
ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺮ ﻳ ﻭ ﻚ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ
، ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ
ﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻳﺰ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻌﻤﺟ) ﻲ ﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴ ، 1378 ﺹ ، 173 ( .
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﻭ
ﻠﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺲﺑ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ .
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻳ ﻦ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ ـﺧﺮﺑ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻤﻫﺍ ﺯﺍ ـﻴ ﻭ ﺖ
ﺎﺟ ﻳ ﺮﺗﺮﺑ ﻩﺎﮕ ﻱ ﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻨ
. ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻞﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻣ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍﺩ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺍﺮﺷ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻳﻄ ﻲ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻐﺗ ﻭ ﺾـﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﻡﺍﺮـﺘﺣﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﺪ ـﻴﻴ
ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺮ ﻱ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻟﺎﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺎﻤﺣ ﻳ ﺖ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
، ﺭﺍﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺪﻨ . ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻭﺎـﺣ ﻱ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﻭ
ﻟﺎﻋ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻲ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻳ
ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻚ ﻱ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺮـﮕ
،
ﻠﺠﺗ ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻢﻟﺎﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻲ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ
"
ﺕﺍﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻝﺎـﺒﻗ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﮕﻤﻫ
"
ﺷﺎﻧ 1
ﻲ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺑﻴ ﻨﻴ ﻢ .
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﻲ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﺑ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
،ﻲ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻲ
ﺎﻬﻧ ﻥﺎﺷﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻭ ﻳ
ﺬﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺮﺑ ًﺎﺘ ﻳ
ﻂـﻘﻓ ﺵﺮ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ
ﺎـﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ
، ﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺍ ﻪﺟﻭ ﭻ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺪﻜ ﻳ ﻧ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺮﮕ ﻴ
ﻮـﭘﻭﺩ ﺭﻮـﺴﻓﺮﭘ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴ ﻲﻳ
ﺍ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﻳ ﺪﭘ ﻚ ﻳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺳ ﻩﺪ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻳ
ﻗﺩ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ﺎ ـﻴ
ﻖ ﻭﺎـﺴﺗ ﺮـﺗ ﻱ ﻭﺎـﺴﺗ : ﻱ ﻣ ـﻴ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻥﺎ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ
،ﻲ ﻭﺎﺴﺗ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ ﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛﺭﺩﺎﺻ ـﻳ
ﻭﺎـﺴﺗ ﻭ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻣ ـﻴ ـﻨﻣ ﻥﺎ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻊﺑﺎ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻲﻳﻮﭘﻭﺩ) ،2
1995 ، ﺻ ﺺ 14 ﻭ 15 ( . ﻟﺩ ﻴ ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻞ ﻲ ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺍﻳ ـﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
،
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ
، ﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻥﺎ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺷﺎﻧ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ .ﺍ ـﻳ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻦ ﺍﺮﮔ
3 ﻲـﻳ ًﺎـﻨﺌﻤﻄﻣ
ﻳﻜ ﻲ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ـﺳﻼﻛ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻴ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻚ . ﺍﺮﮔ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﻲـﻳ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺃﺭ ﺩ ـﻳ ﻥﺍﻮ
ﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻲ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺮﺘﺴﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻀﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺱﻮﺗﻮﻟ ﻪ 1927 ﻠﺠﺘﻣ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻳ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﻪـﺑ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺍ ﻱ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻥﺎﻌﺑﺎﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺝﺍﻭﺭ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ .
ﺍ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻳ
ﻦ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ) ﺍﺮﮔ ﻲﻳ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ( ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻌﻤﺟ ﻲ ﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻱ ﻥﺪـﺷ
1. Obligations Erga Omnes.
2. Dupuy.
3. Voluntarism.
ﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻲ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﺎـﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺄـﺗ
ﺰﻤﻫ ﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ ﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳ .ﻧ ـﻴ ﺯﺎ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﺭﺎـﻜﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ
ﻬﺟﻮـﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﺩﺍﺪـﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ
ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ
، ﺎﺟ ﻲﻳ ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻪﻛ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﺭﺎﻜﺷﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺸ ﻱ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺷ
، ﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﻱ ـﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮـﺷ . ﺮـﮔﺍ ﺍﺬـﻟ
ﭘﻴ ﺖﻓﺮﺸ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ـﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
، ﺩﺮﺗ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ـﻳ ـﺑ ﺪ ﻪ ـﺳﻭ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻪﻄـﺳﺍﻭ ﻴ
ﺯﺍ ﻊ
ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻲ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻭ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﻥﺯﺍﻮـﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﺑﻴ ﺰﻤﻫ ﻦ ﻳ ﺘﺴ ﻲ ﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻱ ﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻊﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺯﺍﺮﺗ ﻪﻔﻛ ﻱ
ﻐﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮ .
ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺮﮕ ،
» ﻠﻛ ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﻴ ﺪ ﻱ ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ـﻳ
ﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﻪـﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻚ
ﻣ ﻙﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻪﺠ ﻳ ﻫﺭ ﻚ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﻓﺎ ﻱ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﻧ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ـﻴ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺯﺎ . ﺍ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﻫﺭ ﻴ ﺖﻓﺎ
، ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺎـﺟ ﻪـﺑ) ﻞـﻛﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﻪـﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺍ ﻱ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﺩﺮـﻓ ﻱ ﺮـﺑ ﺮـﺳ (
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ
، ﻏ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻴ
ﻗﺩﺮ ـﻴ ﻖ
، ﺍ ـﻳ ﻩﺪ ـﻳ ﻚ ﮕﺘـﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻲ
ﻤﻋ ﺕﺪـﺣﻭ ﻭ ـﻴ
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻖ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻳ ﻣ ﺩﺎ ﻲ ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ـﻣ ﺮـﺳ ﺖـﺸﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺩﺭﺍﺬـﮔ . « ﻮﻠﻳﺭﺎـﻛ)
ﻭﺪﻴﺴﻟﺎﺳ ،1
1997 ﺹ ، 588 .(
ﺍﻳ ﺄﺗ ﻦ ﻴﻳ ﺭﺪﺗ ﺪ ﻳ ﺠ ﻲ ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻭ ﻪ ﻳ ﻧﻻﻮـﻃ ﻡﺍﺪـﻗﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﻲ
ـﺑﻴ ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ
،ﻲ ـﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻦ
ﻏ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻴ ﻣﺯ ﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮ ﻴ
ﺒـﺴﻧ ﻪـﻨ ﻲ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻲـﻳ ﻫﺎـﻔﻣ ﺭﻮـﻬﻇ ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻴ
ﻭ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻢ
"
ﻝﺎـﺒﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺪـﻬﻌﺗ
ﻥﺎﮕﻤﻫ
"
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺿﻮﺗ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻴ
ﻣ ﺢ ﻲ ﺪﻫﺩ .ﺍ ﻳ ﺍ ﻝﻮـﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻦ ـﻳ
ژﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪ ﻳﻜ ﻲ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﺎﻜﺣ ﻳ ﺖ ﻐﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﻴ
ﻫﺎﻣ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺮ ﻴ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺖ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻲ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺯ ﻳ ﺑ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﻄﻠﺳ ﺮ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﻭﺍﺪﺘﻣ ﻥﻭﺰﻓﺍﺯﻭﺭ
، ﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻈﻌﺗ ﺮﺳ ﻞ ﻴ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻭﺮﻓ ﻢ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻱ ﺧ ﻪـﺑ ـﻴ ﻛﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﺮ ﻲ ﻪـﻛ
ﻣ ﺐﻠﻃ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ .ﺍ ﻳ ﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻦ ﻳ ﻮﻟﻮﺋﺪ ژﻳ ﻜ ﻲ ﻮﻘﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺏﺬـﺟ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺫﻮـﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲ
ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
، ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻳ ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﭘ ﻪـﻛ ﻴ ﻥﻮـﻣﺍﺮ ـﻳ ﻚ
ﺯﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻳ
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺶ ـﻳ
ﻘﺣ ﻚ ﻴ ﺖـﻘ
ﻏﻴ ﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮ ﻲ
ﺁﻳ ﺪ .
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻴ
ـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻚ ﻲـﻣ ﻲ
ﺎـﻤﻧ ﻳﻴ ﺲﭙـﺳ ﻭ ﻢ
1.Carrillo Salcedo.
ﻪﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ
"
ﻥﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻝﺎﺒﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ
"
ﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻴ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻢ .
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻡﺎﻋ
ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺮﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻫﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮـﺤﺗ ـﻴ
ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺖ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
، ﺬـﭘ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ ﻳ ﺵﺮ
ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻲ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ) ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ( ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺭﻮـﻬﻇ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺘﻧ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻴ ﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﺠ ﻴ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻢ ﻲ
ﺭﺎﺗ ﻭ ﻳ ﺨ ﻲ ـﺑ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻴ ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ
ﻤﻋ ﻴ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻖ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﺩﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺩﺎ ﻴ ﻥﺎ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎـﻫ ﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻌـﺿﻭ ﺖـﻘ ﻴﺘ
ﻲ ﺍﺭ
ﺍﻳ ﺰﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻳ
ﺘﺴ ﻲ ﻋﻮﻧ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻲ ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ـﺑﻴ ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ﻊـﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺾﺤﻣ ﺖﻋﺎﻃﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲ
ﺪﺒﻠﻃ
، ﻏﻴ ﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﻣﺮ ﻲ ﺩﻮـﺷ . ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﺎﻤﺣ ﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺖ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻌﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﻛ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻤﻫﺍ ﻴﺘ ﻲ ﻨﺑ ﻴ ﺩﺎ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻦ .
ﭘﻴ ﺸ ﻴ ﺭﺎﺗ ﻪﻨ ﻳ ﺨ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻧﺍﺩ ﻴ ﻬﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻢ ﻴ
ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻪ ﻴ ﻭ ﻥﻮ ﻳ ﺕﺍﺪـﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ـﻳ
ـﻀﻗ ﻚ ﻴ ﻧ ﻪ ـﻴ ﺭﺩ ﺰ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺒﻧ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ .
ـﻀﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﭼ ﺮـﮔﺍ ﻲ
ﺎـﻀﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻳﺎ،
ﺩ ﺕﺎـﻀﻗ ـﻳ ـﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﻮ ﻲ
ﺮﺘﺴﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺩ ﻭ ﻳ ﺑ ﻥﺍﻮ ﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺮﺘـﺴﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻱ ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﻪـﺑ ﺪـﺤﺘﻣ ﻞـﻠﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎـﺳ
ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ
1ﺪﻧﺍ .ﺍ ﻳ ـﻤﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺯﺍﺮـﺑﺍ ﻒﻟﺎـﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺎﮔﺍﺪﺟ ﺕﺍﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻬﻇﺍ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻭﺭ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ـﻳ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻪ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ﻪـﻫﺩ ﻪﺑ 1930 ﺖـﺳﺍ
، ﺍ ـﻳ ﻩﺪ
ﺭﺎﺒﺟﺍ ًﺎﻘﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ
ﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ
ـﺑ ﺕﺍﺪـﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﺎ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﻥﺮـﻗ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ
ـﺑﻴ ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ .
ﻨﺑ ﺍﺬـﻟ ﻴ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺬـﮕﻧﺎ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
، ﻭﻳ ﺭﻮﺘ ـﻳ ﺎ،
ﺯﺭﺍﻮـﺳ
، ــﻠﺘﻨﺟ
،ﻲ
ﺳﻭﺮﮔ ﻴ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺮﺑ ﺱﻮ ﻴ
ﺮـﻣﺍ ﺖ ﻱ ﺒﻃ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ
ـﻌ ﻲ ﻛﺄﺗ ـﻴ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺪ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺮـﺗﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺪـﻧﺍ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ . ﻛﺄﺗ ﻞﺗﺍﻭ ﻴ ﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﺒﻃ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻴﻌ
ﻲ ﻳ ﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﺎ ﻱ
ﺖـﻠﻣ ﻣﺎﻧ ﺎـﻫ ـﻴ ﻩﺪ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻏ ﺪﺷ ﻴ ﺷﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺰﻟﺰﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﻲ
ﻏ ﻭ ﺍﺮﺟﻻﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺏﺎـﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﺖـﻠﻣ ﻭ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ
ﻖ ﺖﻘﻓﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻳ ﻐﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﺸ ﻴﻴ
ﻤﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮ ﻲ
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ـﻳ
ﻦ ﺕﺍﺪـﻬﻌﺗ
ﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺍﻮﺧ ﻳ
ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻖ ﻳ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻳ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺎ ﻳ ﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﻫﺭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺖ ﻳ
ﺪﻨ ﻱﺯﺪﻴﺴﻜﻟﺍ ) ،2
1981 ﺹ ، 229 ( .
ﺯﻮﭘ ﻳ ﻮﺘ ﻳ ﺖﺴ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻥﺮﻗ 19 ﻭ 20 ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ﺍ ﻱ ﻃﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺮﺗ) ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻳ ﻭ ﻞـﭙ ﻳﻠﻴ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ (ﮓـﻨ ﻱ
1.Padilla Nervo-1969, Tanaka-1969,1966, Schucking-1934, Ammouno -1970 2. Alexidze.
ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺍﻳ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﺠ ﻳ
ﺬﭙﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﻚ ﻳ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮ ﻴ
ﺮﻣﺍ ﺖ ﻱ ﻪـﺑ ﻖـﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ
ﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﻤﻟﺍ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻞﻠ ﻲ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻥﺪﻤﺘﻣ ـﻳ
ﺎ
ﺎﺳ ﻳ ﺣ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺮ ﻴﺗﺎ
ﻲ ﻢﻬﻣ
، ﺘﺣ ﻲ ﻗﻼﺧﺍ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ . ـﻫ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻴ
ﺲـﻛ ﭻ
ﺼﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻞ ﻳ ﻤﻧ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻦ ﻲ ﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻳ
ﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻦ ـﻴ
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻡﻮـﻬﻔﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﺱﺎ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻮﻣ
ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ .
ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻲ
ﻪﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ
، ﺳﻮﺳ ﺏﻼـﻘﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲـﭘ ﻴﻟﺎ
ﻴ ﺘـﺴ ﻲ ﺮـﺒﺘﻛﺍ
1917 ﻧﻴ ﭘ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺰ ﻴ
ﺍﺪ ﻳ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺶ . ﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻲ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺍ
ﻱ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻥﺩﺮـﻛ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﻪﻫﺩ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ 1960
ﺍﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦ
ﺮﺟ ﻳ ﻠﺻﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻲ ﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻳ ﻦ ﺑﺮﻏ ﻲ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ .
ﻧﺍﺩ ـﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻴ ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻭﺭﻮـﺷ ﻱ ﻧ ـﻴ ﺭﺩ ﺰ
ﻩﺪـﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻞﻃﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺍ
ﻱ ـﻨﭼ ﺎـﺑ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻴ
ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻝﻮـﺻﺍ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﻭﺎﺴﺗ ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻱ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ﻛﺄﺗ ﻴ ﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ . ﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻳ ﻭﺭﻮﺷ ﻦ ﻱ
، ﻩﺭﺎـﺷﺍ ﻥﻭﺪـﺑ ﻪـﭼ ﺮـﮔﺍ
ﻋﻭﺮﺸﻣ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﺗﺍﺪـﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﺖ ﻲ
ـﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻝﻮـﺻﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ
، ﻣ ﺩﺭ ﻲ ﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ) ،ﻱﺯﺪﻴـﺴﻜﻟﺍ 1981
ﺹ ، 229 ( . ﺟ ﻪـﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻮـﻗ ﺶﺒـﻨ ﻱ ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻪـﻨ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ
ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻴ ﻦ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻪﺑ
ﻤﻛ ﻴ ـﺴ ﻴ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻥﻮ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻣﺯﺎـﺳ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻞـﻠﻣ ﻥﺎ
ـﭘ ﺡﺮـﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻴ
ﻮـﻧ ﺶ ﻳ ﻝﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺪـﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺩﺍﻮـﻣ ﺲ 1953
ﺪـﺷ ﺯﺎـﻏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺖـﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻥﻮﻴﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ 1969
ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ
ﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺮﺘﻛ ﻳ ﻭ ﻦ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭﺭ ﻳ ﺩﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ﻪ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ
ﺎـﻫ ـﺑ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻴ
ﻦ ـﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﻱ
ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻳ
ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺖ ﺑ ﻪ
ﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻛ
، ﺄﺗ ﻴﻳ ـﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﺪـﻨﻛ . ﺍﺬـﻟ
ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺬﭙﺑ ﻢ ﻳﺮ ﻳ ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻢ ﻴ
ﺕﺍﺪﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻥﻮ 1969
ﻭﺪـﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻳ
ﺍ ﻦ ـﻳ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮـﻜﻧ ﺩﺎـﻬﻧ ﻦ .
ﺎﻀﻗ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﻳﺎ
ﻲﻳ ﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻴ
ﻤﻧ ﺰ ﻲ ﻟﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻴﻠ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﺮﺑ .
ﻡﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﻭﺁ
ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ـﻳ
ﺯﺍ ﺖ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎـﻫ ﻌﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞـﻛ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻤﻫﺍ ﻴ ﻨﺑ ﺖ ﻴ ﺩﺎ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻦ . ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻌﻄﻗ ﻲ ﻭ ﻝﻭﺪﻋ ﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊـﻔﻧ ﺮ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱ
ﻤﻀﺗ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﻴ
ﻣ ﻦ ﻲ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻖﻠﻄﻣ .ﺍ
ـﻳ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮـﻣﺍ ﻦ
ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺎـﻋ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻱ
ـﻳ ﻏ ﺎ ﻴ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁﺮ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ .
ﻣﻮـﻤﻋ ﻊـﻔﻧ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﻅﺎـﺤﻟ ﻪـﺑ ﻲ
،
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻌﻄﻗ
ﻲ ﻭ ﻳ ﮔﮋ ﻲ ﻄﺨﺗ ﻲ ﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺮ . ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻖﻄﻨﻣ ـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲ ﻦﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ـﻳ
ﺮـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻔﺗ ﺎ
ﺎﺘــﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎــﺳﺎﻧ ﻝﺎــﻤﻋﺍ ﻱ
ﻤــﻀﺗ ﻴ ﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﻦ ــﻳ ﺖ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎــﻫ ــﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻊﻓﺎــﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﺖــﻌﻧﺎﻤﻣ ﻭ ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻝﻼﺤﻤﺿﺍ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻣﺎﺿ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻳﻭ ﺶﻠﻛﺭﺍ) 1384
ﺹ ، 61 ( .
ﻛﺭﻭﺩ ﺪﻟﺎﻧﻭﺭ ﺭﻮﺴﻓﺮﭘ ﻴ
ﻧ ﻦ ﻴ ﺰ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ـﻣ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻢـﻬﻣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻲ
ﺪـﻧﺍﺩ
، ﻭ ﻪـﺘﻔﮔ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ
»ﻳ ﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻲ
ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺾﺤﻣ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻚ
، ﻳ ـﺘﺣ ﺎ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﺳ ﻚ ﻴ ﺍﺪـﺘﺑﺍ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻢﺘـﺴ ﻲﻳ
ﺎـﻤﺘﻣ ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻳ
ﺰ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ . ﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚ ﻲ
ﻟﻮﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻲ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺍ ﻱ ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﻥﺁ ـﻴ
ﺖ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﻂـﻘﻓ ﻪـﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ـﻴ
ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺖ ﻱ ﻭ ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ـﻳ
ﻪﺤﻟﺎـﺼﻣ ﺎ ﺍ ﻱ ﺳ ﻴ ـﺳﺎ ﻲ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﺠﻨﮔ ﺪﻧﺍ
. ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻳ ﺎﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﻮﻀﻋ ﺮﻫ ﻦ ﻳﺮ
ﻳ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻦ ﻱ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﻟﺎـﻜﺗ ﻭﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘـﺴﻫ ﻴﻔ
ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ
ﺷﺎﻧ (ﻝﻮﺻﺍ) ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻢﻫ . ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ﺍ ـﻳ ﺣ ﻦ ﺬـﭘ ﻪـﺑ ﻁﻮـﻨﻣ ﺕﺍﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻕﻮـﻘ ﻳ
ﺵﺮ
ﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻲ ﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻱ
ﻧ ﻭﺍ ﻴ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ
، ﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻳ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻦ ﻳ
ﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦ ﻴ ﺭﺎـﺗ ﺖ ﻳ ﺨ ﻲ ـﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ـﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
ﺘﺧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻭﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻛ ﻴ
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺭﺎ ﻳ
ﺩﻮـﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺎـﺑ ًﻼﻣﺎـﻛ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻦ
،
ﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻭﺍ ﻲ
ﺩﺮﻛ .
« ﻦﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ) ،1
1986 ﺹ ، 221 .(
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻨﭼ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻦ ﻴ ﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻡﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺎـﺿﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻧ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﻭﺁ
ﻳ ﺖ
) ﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ( ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .
ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺮﮕ
، ﺗﺍﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻲ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﺖﻟﻭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻡﺯﺍﻮﻟ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱ
ﻮﻀﻋ ﻳ ﻣ ﺖ ﻲ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻳ ﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻚ ـﻴ
ﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﻚ ﻳ ﭘ ﺮ ﻴ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﻦﺘـﺳﻮ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﻲ
ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻦ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺩﺮﺗ ﻳﺪ ﻱ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻧ ـﻴ ﺎـﺳ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺰ ﻳ
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺮ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﻲ
ﻲﻤﻧ ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺩ .
ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻳ
ﺮـﮕ
، ﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ـﻳ
ﻪ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻭ ﺮﺻﺎﻌﻣ ـﻳ
ﺣ ﻪ ـﻴ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺎ ﻲﻔـﺴﻠﻓ)
، 1379
، ﺹ 299 (،
ﻡﺎـﻈﻧ ﺮـﻫ ﻪـﻛ ﺍﺮـﭼ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﻧ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺯﺎ . ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺍ ﻪـﻤﻫ ﻦ ـﻳ ﻦ ﻝﺍﺆـﺳ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﻲـﻣ ﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﻮـﺷ ـﻳ
ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺎ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻲ
ﻞﻣﺎﻜﺗ ﺪﺣ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺗ ﻳ
ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎ ﻱﺍ
ﻥﺎـﻣﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ
؟ﺪﻫﺩ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ
ﺴﺑ ﻴ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﺎ
، ﺯﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻧﻮﻨﻛ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣﺎﻧ ﻲ
ﻩﺮـﻣﺁ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ
ﺘﻗﻭ ﻲ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻱ ﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ
، ﺒﻟﺎﻗ ﻲ ﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﺎﺟ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻱ
ﺪﻫﺩ .
ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻌﻣ ﺖﻗﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮﻣﺁ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ـﺗﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻊـﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ
ﻆﻓﺎﺣ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻠﻣ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﻲ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ .ﺍ ـﻳ ﻦ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺎـﻫ ﻭ ﺢﻟﺎـﺼﻣ
ﻠﻗﺍ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻉﺎﺿﻭﺍ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻴ
ـﻤ
،ﻲ ﺭﺎـﺗ ﻳ ﺨ
،ﻲ ﺳ ﻴ ـﺳﺎ ﻲ ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ ﻱ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮـﻫ ﺭﺩ
1.Dowrkin
