ìæ ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ ƶƯŚ Ƴ íî ìæ ç èç æèîæ
ſŹźŝ ƾ ƶƴĩ ƶŝ ŹƺĮƳř ƞƬŤŴƯ ƭŚƣŹř ŢƯƹŚƤƯ
ƽ ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ
Colomerus vitis
(Acari: Eriophyidae)
ŚƯŻōŹŵ ƿ ƵŚĮƄ
ƽŵřƺūŶǀƘſ
ƾƳŚŬƳŚųŶưŰƯƽŹŶų ƹ
ƽźǀƸƓĨŝŚŝ *
ƵŚǀĭƵƹźĭ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵƾĪƃżě
ƽ ƱřŶưƷŚƴǀſƾƬƗƺŝƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩ
ƾĪǀƳƹźŤĪƫřŢƀ욌ŞţŚĪƯƩƺŘƀƯ*
bzahiri@basu.ac.ir
Resistance of different grape cultivars to grape erineum mite, Colomerus vitis (Acari: Eriophyidae), in the laboratory
S. Javadi Khederi, M. Khanjani and B. Zahiri*
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
*Corresponding author, E-mail:bzahiri@basu.ac.ir
ƵŶǀĪģ ƶƴĩ ƽ ƺƯƽŶưƳ
Colomerus vitis Pagenstecher
ƙŚŝƮƸƯšŚƟōŻř
ƱřźƿřśźƛŹƺĮƳřƽŚƷ ŹŵƱōšŹŚƀųƹƵŵƺŝ
ŢſřƶūƺţƪŝŚƣŵŹřƺƯƾųźŝ
ƙŚŝŹŵƶǀƫƹřšřŶƷŚƄƯ
šŹŚƀųƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƱřŶưƷźƸƃƽŚƷ Ʋƿř
ƶƤƐƴƯƭŚƣŹřƭŚưţƽƹŹŢƟō
ŢƀǀƳƱŚƀĪƿ
ŹŵŹƺĮƳřŪƿřŹƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯřŸƫ
ƶŝƶƴĩƲƿřƶŝƱřźƿřśźƛ
ŹŵƵŚǀĭƭƹŚƤƯƭŚƣŹřŵźŝŹŚĩƪǀƀƳŚŤěƲǀǀƘţŹƺƔƴƯ
ƶƯŚƳźŝ ŢƟōƲƿřŢƿźƿŶƯƽŚƷ ƾƏ
ƩŚſ ƽŚƷ ÎÐÖÍ ÎÐÕÕ ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯ
ŢƯƹŚƤƯŚŤſřŹƲƿřŹŵ ÎÍ
ƪƯŚƃŹƺĮƳřƮƣŹ
ƾŝƾƳŚƷŚƃ ƶƳřŵ į ƾŝƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯŶǀƠſ
ƶƳřŵ į źŴƟƽźĮƀƗƾƬǀƬųƶƳżĭżƯźƣ žƫŶǀſƮǀƬƟƹƾţƺƣŚƿƽ
Źŵ Ǝƿřźƃ
ŵŹŵƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻō ƽŚƯ
Î t ÏÒ ƶūŹŵ į
ŽƺǀƀƬſ ƾŞƀƳŢŝƺƏŹ Ò
t ÓÒ ŶƇŹŵ ƵŹƹŵƹ į ƽŹƺƳ ÎÓ ƹƾƿŚƴƃƹŹŢƗŚſ Õ
ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯƾƳřŶƬĭĨƀƿŵƁƹŹƶŝƾĪƿŹŚţŢƗŚſ
ƮƣŹ ƾŝƹƶƳżĭƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƽŚƷ
ƶƳřŵ į ƶŝŶǀƠſ ŚŝŜǀţźţ
ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ÑÒ Í t Ñ ÎÍÍ
ÔÔ Í t Ò ÖÒ ƹ ÓÑ Í t Ñ ÕÔ ƶƴĩ į ƶŝƽŶưƳ ƮĩīźŝźƷƽřŻř
ƹžƫŶǀſƮǀƬƟƾƳŚƷŚƃƭŚƣŹřƹƲƿźţ
ƶŝƾţƺƣŚƿ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯŚŝŜǀţźţ ÏÐ
Î t ÏÍ
ÏÑ Î t Ï ÏÑ ƹ ÎÒ Ï t Ô ÏÑ ƶƴĩ į ƶŝƽŶưƳ ƂǀŝīźŝźƷƽřŻř
ƶƘƟřŵƲƿźţ į ƶƿŸƜţ ƽř
ƶƴĩƶŝŢŞƀƳřŹ
į ŶƳŵřŵƱŚƄƳŵƺųŻřƽŶưƳ
Ƃǀŝ ƮŴţűźƳƲƿźţ
ƶŝƽŹřŸĭ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯŚŝŜǀţźţ ÏÓ
Î t ÐÎ ÎÑÕ ƹ ÏÓ Ï t Ð ÎÏÖ
ƶŝƮŴţ ƶƴĩƽřŻř į ƮĩƹƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƭŚƣŹřŹŵƵŵŚƯ
Ʋƿźţ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯŚŝƱō ÐÔ
Î t ÎÍ ƶŝƮŴţ ƶƴĩƽřŻř į ƮƣŹŹŵƵŵŚƯ
ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯƾƳŚƷŚƃ
ƾƴƘƯšƹŚƠţƩźŤƴĩƹŹŚưǀţŹŵƾƳŚƷŚƃƮƣŹīźŝŮƐſ
ŚŝƽŹřŵ ŤƃřŶƳƮƷ ƴŶ ƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƵŶƷŚƄƯ ŹŵƶĩŶƃ
ƵżǀƳƭƺĪƿźţƮĩřźţƾţƺƣŚƿƹƾƳŚƷŚƃƭŚƣŹř
ƂǀŝƾƿƺƯƭƺĪƿźţƮĩřźţƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƭŚƣŹřŹŵƹƽř
Ţſřźţ ƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ
ƶŝŪƿŚŤƳ ƵŶƯōŢſŵ
ƮƣŹ ƂǀŝƽřŹřŵƾţƺƣŚƿƹƾƳŚƷŚƃƽŚƷ
ƮƣŹƹƲƿźţ ƮĩƽřŹřŵƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƹƶƳżĭƽŚƷ
ƺƐſƲƿźţ ŭ
ƶƴĩƶŝŢƯƹŚƤƯ
į ŶƳŵƺŝƺƯīźŝƽŶưƳ
ƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ
ƶƴƧŹƺĮƳřƭŚƣŹř
į
ƺƯƽŶưƳ Colomerus vitis
ŢƯƹŚƤƯƱřźƿřśźƛ
Abstract
The grape erineum mite (GEM), ColomerusvitisPagenstecher, is a serious pest of grape orchards in western Iran and sometimes causes a considerable damage to the crop. Initial observations in Hamedan region showed that the damage of the pest is not the same on different cultivars. Therefore, the resistance of different vine cultivars to GEM was studied to determine the potential use of resistant cultivars in the pest management programs. The resistance of ten vine cultivars including White Thompson seedless, Red
ŢƟŚƿŹŵ çæ î æèîå ƁźƿŸě
ì î æèîæ
ÔÏ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
Thompson seedless, Fakhri, Yaghuti, Asgari, Muscat Gordo, Khalili, Flame seedless, Gazne and Shahani were studied under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 25 ± 1°C, 65± 5% R.H. and a photoperiod of L16: D8 h using a pot disk method. Muscat Gordo, Gazne and White Thompson seedless cultivars showed the lowest feeding repellency to the GEM with 100.4 ± 0.45, 95.5 ± 0.77 and 87.4 ± 0.64 mites per leaf and the highest feeding repellency was observed in Shahani, Flame seedless and Yaghuti with 20
± 1.23, 24.2 ± 1.24 and 24.7 ± 2.15 mites per leaf, respectively. The highest oviposition rate was observed in Muscat Gordo and Gazne with 148.31 ± 1.26 and 129.3 ± 2.26 eggs per leaves, respectively, and the lowest on Shahani with 10 ± 1.37 eggs per leaves. There was no significant difference between infested and non-infested leaf areas in Shahani. Moreover, Shahani and Yaghuti had the highest bristle-like trichome density, whereas, Muscat Gordo and Gazne had the highest hair-like trichome density.
According to the obtained results, Shahani and Yaghuti had the highest, and Muscat Gordo and Gazne had the lowest resistance level to the GEM.
Key words: vine cultivars, grape erineum mite, Colomerus vitis, western Iran, resistance
ƶƯŶƤƯ
ŹƺĮƳřƶƧŢſřƩŚſŹřżƷŢƠƷŚţƂƃŵƹŶůŹŵƱřźĮƄƷƹĦěŵŹƹōźŝƢŞƏ
Vitis vinifera L.
ŵŹƺƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř į ƽŻŹƹŚƄƧƹŹŚŝƹŹřƺųƱŚƯŻŚſŹŚƯōŽŚſřźŝƹƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣźƄŝ
Żřžě Ƴ ƹƪǀĭŹŚ
ƱƺŤƿŻ
Ƃǀŝ ŢůŚƀƯƲƿźţ ƙŚŝ
įŚƷ ŹƹŹŚŝ ƵƺǀƯ įŚƷ ŢſřƵŵřŵƅŚƈŤųřŵƺųƶŝřŹŚǀƳŵƾŤųŹŵ
(FAO, 2008)
Źŵ Ưǀ ƱŚ ƳŵƽŚƷŹƺƄƧ ǀ
ƶŞţŹŚǀƫŚŤƿřŚ
į ŶǀƫƺţƩƹř
řŹŹƺĮƳř řŵ
ŵŹ ƳŚĜſřƶƀƳřźƟƹ ǀ
Ś
ģ ǀ źƯō Ʋ ƿ ĩźţ ŚĪ ǀ ř ƶ ƿ ŤƳřĥŹō Ʊřź ǀ
ƫřźŤſř Ʋ ǀ
ƃ ƹ Ś ǀƬ ƾ ţźţ ƶŝ ǀ Ŝ Śū Źŵ ƿ ƵŚĮ ŚƷ ƽ ŶƘŝ ƽ Źřźƣ
ƶŤƟźĭ ŶƳř
(FAO, 2008)
ř śźƛ ƿ Ʊřź ƬƇř ƢƏŚƴƯ Żř ƾ
ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ ŹƺĮƳř ŹŚĩ ƹ ŢƄĩ ŵřŶƘţ
ƪŝŚƣ
Ƹūƺţ ƾ ƭŚƣŹřŻř Ưƺŝ ƾ řŹƺĮƳř ƿ Ʊřź řŹŵ ƿ ƶƬưūŻřƶĩŶƴŤƀƷżĩźưŤƯƶƤƐƴƯƲ
į Ʊō ƯŚƷ ƾ ŻřƱřƺţ
ƭŚƣŹř ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ŝ ƪƘƫ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ ŝ Ŷ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į ŞůŚƇ żƯźƣ ƾ
Ơſ ǀ ŞůŚƇ Ŷ ƾ Ź żƯźƣ ƿ Ƃ
ŚŝŚŝ
Ƭų ǀƬ ƾ
ƶƳżĭ
ſŹƺĮƳř ǀ źŴƟƹƵŚ ƽ ŵźŝƭŚƳ
(Karami, 2005)
Ư Źŵ ǀ ŚěŶƴŝ ƱŚ ƿ ĭ ƱŚ ǀ ƵŚ Źřƺų ƽ ƹŹ ƶĩ ƽ ƫŚƘƟ ŹƺĮƳř ǀ
Ư Ţ ƾ Ŷƴƴĩ ƶƴĩ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ
Colomerus vitis Pagenestecher
ƶŝ ƇŚƈŤųřŢƟōƱřƺƴƗ ƾ
ŸƜţŚŝŹƺĮƳř ƿ
ŻŮƐſŻřƶ ƿź
ƿ īźŝƲ
ħźĩŜŞſ
ŵƺƫō ƿ ŶưƳŚ ƽ īźŝŢƄěƱŶƃ
ŚƷ Ư ƾ řŚŝƵřźưƷƹŵƺƃ ƿ
ĭŶƯōźŝŵŚŬ ƾ
ŚƷ ƾƿ ŮƐſŹŵ
ƹŹ ƾƿ īźŝ ƟƹźƬĩŮƐſƂƷŚĩƶŬǀŤƳŹŵƹŚƷ ǀƬ
ƾ ĭ ǀ ƸūƺţƪŝŚƣšŹŚƀųƵŚ ƾ
ųźŝƶŝřŹ ƾ
ƭŚƣŹř
ƯŵŹřƹ ƾ ŵŻŚſ ĪƄţ ǀ īźŝŹŵŶưƳƪ
ƬĪƃŶŝŦƗŚŝŚƷ ƾ
ƃŚů
ǀƶ į ŹŹŵƩLjŤųřƹƮƔƴƯŚƳ ī
Ŷƴŝ ƽ
Ư ƾ ŵƺƃ ŚƸŤƳř ƽ ƶųŚƃźſ ŚƷ ƿ ƾ ƶŝƶƧ ŵšŹŚƀųšŶƃ ƿ
ƵŶ Ƴř ŚƤƯŹŵŶ ƿ ƶųŚƃźſŚŝƶƀ
ŚƷ ƽ ƶĩƮƫŚſ
ŵŚƗŶƃŹ ƽ ƶŤƃřŵ ŶƳř ƶŝ ŹƺƏ Ư ƺưƘ Ʃ ƵŚţƺĩ ŝŢƯŚŴƋŻřƹźţ ǀ
Ƃ źţ ƽ ŢſřŹřŵŹƺųźŝ
Żř ŝǀ Ʋ
ƲŤƟŹ ƿ řŚ ƿ ųŐţŵŚŬ ǀ ſŶƃŹŹŵź ź
ƳŚƯŻľLJƺưƘƯƶųŚƃ ƾ
ơŚƠţř Ư ƾ ƶųŚƃƩƺƏƶĩŶŤƟř
ƮĩŚƷ Żřźţ
ÎÍ Ô ŤƳŚſ ƾ ŶƃŚŝźŤƯ
(Khanjani & Hadad Irani-Nejad, 2009)
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÔÐ
ƶŗřŹř į ƿ ƶƯŚƳźŝĨ į ŶƯ ƿź ƿŤ ƾ ŜſŚƴƯ řźŝ ƽ ƩźŤƴĩ ƶƴĩ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ źƯř ƽ ľLjƯŚƧ ŹƹźƋ ƽ
Ţſř ŚƯř Śŝ ěƹšřźƌƯƶŝƶūƺţ ǀ
ŶƯŚ ŚƷ ƽ ƃŚƳŹřƺĭŚƳ ƾ
ƃƭƺưſŵźŝŹŚĩŻř ǀư
ǀŚ ƾƿ
ƱŚƤƤŰƯƁLjţ
Źŵ ƽŚŤſřŹ ƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř
ŚƷ ƾƿ ƂǀŝƶĩŢſř
ŹŚĭŻŚſƲƿźţ ƽ
ŞƏŚŝřŹ ǀ řŵŢƘ ŶƴƃŚŝƶŤƃ
ŵźŝŹŚƧ
ƭŚƣŹř ŻřƵŚǀĭƭƹŚƤƯ ƁƹŹ
ƽŚƷ ƶƯŚƳźŝƾƬƇř
ŚƷ ƽ ŶƯ ƿź ƿ ƠƬţŢ ǀƤ ƾ ƱŚƸūŹŵšŚƟō Ţſř
Ưƹ ƾ ŶƳřƺţ
ưƸƯƂƤƳ ƾ
ƮſšŚƘƟŵƹŻŵƂƷŚĩŹŵ
ƃŚě ƾ ĭƺƬū
ǀź ƽ ŧŐţŢŰţŻř ǀ
Źřźƣź šřŵƺūƺƯƲŤƟźĭ
ƛǀ ƶƟźƇ ƝŶƷź
ƺū ƾƿ żƷ Źŵ ƿ ƶƴ ŚƷ ƽ ƫƺţ ǀ Ƴ ƹ Ŷ ǀ ř ƩƺƈŰƯ šřŹŵŚƇ ŵƺŞƸŝ ż ƿ
ŚưƳ ŚƠ ƿ Ŷƴ
(Khanjani & Khalghani 2008)
ųźŝ ƾ ƱřźĮƄƷƹĦěŻř
ŤƯƹŚƤƯŭƺƐſ ƾ
ĭƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹř ǀ
ƷŚ ƾ
ƶƴĩ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ
ƽŚƷ
Eriophyidae
ſŹźŝ řŹ ƾ ƵŵƺưƳ ř Źŵ ƶĩ ŶƳř ƿ
ŝ Ʋ ǀ ƾƯ Ʋ šŚƤǀƤŰţ ƶŝ Ʊřƺţ
Ciampolini et al. (1976)
Easterbrook & Fuller (1986)
Easterbrook & Palmer (1996)
Cuthbertson & Murchie (2006)
ƹ
Mohiseni et al. (2011)
ŵƺưƳƵŹŚƃř
Castagnoli et al. (1997)
ƱŚƄƳ Ƙưū ƶĩ ŶƳŵřŵ ǀ
ƶƴĩ Ţ į ŹƺĮƳř ĬƳŻ
Calepitrimerus vitis (Nalepa)
řżƟř Śŝ ƿ Ʈĩřźţ Ƃ
źţ ƿ ƭƺĪ ƺƯ ƾƿ Źŵ ƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹř ŹƺĮƳř
řżƟř ƿ Ƃ Ư ƾ ƿ ŶŝŚ ſŚƀů ǀ ƶưƷŢ į ŹŵŵƺūƺƯŹƺĮƳřƭŚƣŹř
řśźƛ ƿ ƶƴĩƶŝŢŞƀƳƱřź
į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ ƿĪ ųźŝŹŵƹƵŵƺŞƳƱŚƀ ƾ
ŵƺƸƄƯšŹŚƀųƮŗLjƗƭŚƣŹř
Ƴǀ Ţƀ
(Khanjani, 2004)
ŤƯƹŚƤƯŭƺƐſ ƾ
ųźŝ ƾ ƶƴĩƶŝŹƺĮƳřƭŚƣŹř
į ŶưƳ ƽ řźƃŹŵ ƿ řźŰƇƎ ƾƿ
Ǝſƺţ
Gholami et al. (2005)
ŵƹŶůŚţ ƽ ƣŵšŚƗLjƏřŶƴģźƷŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯ ǀ
Ƣ
ŚƯŻō ƿ ƷŚĮƄ ƾ ŻŚſŚŝƶƐŝřŹŹŵ ƹ
ŚƷŹŚĩ ƽ ƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯ ƶŝƪƯřƺƗƹŹƺĮƳřƭŚ
ŵƺūƹ ƵŶƳŹƹō į Ʊō ŚƷ
ƳŽźŤſŵŹŵ ǀ
Ţƀ
Żř ŚŬƳō ƾƿ ŚſŚƴƃ ƶĩ ƾƿ ƟźƘƯ ƹ ƾ ƶŝ ŹƺĮƳř ƭƹŚƤƯ ƖŝŚƴƯ ƶƴĩ
į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ ř Źŵ ƿ ưƷř Ʊřź ǀ Ţ
ƵĦƿƹ ŵŹřŵƽř
ƶƴĩƶŝŹƺĮƳřƾƯƺŝźǀƛƹƾƯƺŝƮƣŹƲƿŶƴģŢƯƹŚƤƯŭƺƐſźƋŚůƢǀƤŰţŹŵ
į
řźƣƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōƎƿřźƃŹŵƺƯƽŶưƳ ŢƟźĭŹ
ƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ
ŚƷ
ƵŵŚƯō ƺƯƭŚƣŹřƽŻŚſ
ƶƴĩƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōŢǀƘưūƁŹƹźěƹ
ƺƯƽŶưƳƽ
ƶŝ śźƛŹŵŹƺĮƳřŪƿřŹƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯƾſŹźŝŹƺƔƴƯ
ƶƴĩƶŝŹƺƄĩ
į ƱŚŤƀƯŻŹŵƺƯƽŶưƳ
ÎÐÕÖ ƶưƬƣ ƽŚƷ ÎÍ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƮƣŹ
ƳŚƷŚƃ ƪƯŚƃ ƾ
ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ ƹŵŹƺĭ šŚĪſƺƯŶ ŝ
ƾ ƶƳřŵ į
ÔÑ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
ƬųƶƳżĭżƯźƣ ǀƬ
ƾ źĮƀƗ
ƽ źŴƟ
ƽ
ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƬƟƹ ǀ ſƮ ǀ ƤŰţżĩźƯŻřžƫŶ ǀ
LjƯŹƺĮƳřšŚƤ ƿ
ƹź
ƙŚŝ įŚƷ ŹŚŬţ ƽ ŝǀ ƸţŹŚŬ ǀ řźŝƹƶ ƽ ƵŶĪƄƳřŵƶŝŢƃŚĩ
į ŻŹƹŚƄĩ ƽ ƬƗƺŝƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƾ
ſǀ ƩŚƤŤƳřŚƴ
ŶƳŶƃƵŵřŵ
ƶưƬƣ řŶŤŝřŚƷ ġŹŚƣŚŝ ƯƺƴŝƂĩ ǀ ƳƺƠƗŶƋƪ ƾ
žĜſƹƵŶƃ řźŝ
ƽ Ź ƿ ƶƄ Źřŵ ŹŵƱŶƃ
ÓÍ ÒÍ ƱřŶƬĭŹŵŹřźĪţ
ŚƷ ƽ ƹŚů ƽ ŹřźƣƶſŚƯ
ŶƴŤƟźĭ ƱřŶƬĭ ŹƭŚĮƴƷŚţŚƷ ƿ
ƶƄ řŻ ƾƿ Źŵ ƿ Ĩ
ſŚƃ ƾ ƶĮƳĨƴų Źřŵ ƽ ŶƳŶƃ źƷ ƿ ƶưƬƣŻřĨ
ŹŻřžěŚƷ ƿ
ƶƄ Źřŵ ƶŝƱŶƃ ƿ řżŬƯƱřŶƬĭĨ ƽ
ƶſ
ĩǀ ƯźĭƺƬ ƾ ƹŚů ƽ ŶƴƠſƺĭŵƺĩƹƶſŚƯƍƺƬŴƯ ƽ
ſƺě ǀ ƩŚƤŤƳřƵŶ ƿ
ŢƟŚ ƱřŶƬĭ ƶŝŚƷ ƮƔƴƯŹƺƏ
ŝōǀ ŹŚ ƽ ƹ Źŵ řźƃ ƿ Ǝ ƿ ƳŚƀĪ ƾ ſŚƃŹŵ ƾ Ĩƴų ƶĮƳ Źřŵ ƽ ŶƳŶƃ řźŝ ƽ ưƏř ǀ ĭŵƺƫōƭŶƗŻřƱŚƴ ƾ
ƶưƬƣ ƶƴĩƶŝŚƷ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƠſƹƺƯīźŝ ǀ
ħŶ ŚƷ ƽ ŰƐſ ƾ ƛƹŹŵƹ ǀ ěƲ ǀ ŚƯŻōƕƹźƃŻřƂ ƿ
Ƃ ƿ ƴƘ ƾ
ŻŚŝ ƖƣƺƯ
ƶƳřƺū ƱŶƃ
ŚƷ ƽ ĭźŝ ƾ ƿ Ĩ ƶƴĩ Śŝ ŹŚŝ Ƃĩ ŤĪƯŚŝō ǀ ġŹŚƣ ƹ Ʋ
Ƃĩ ƫƺƟ ǀ ŹƺĪ Ʈſ ƃŚě ƾ
ŶƳŶƃ źƸƃŹŵ ƿ ƩŚſƵŚƯŹƺ ÎÐÖÍ
īźŝ ŚƷ ƽ ŞůŚƇƮƣŹ ƾ
Ơſ ǀ ōŶ ƶƴĩƶŝƵŵƺƫ
į ŶưƳ ƽ ŹŵƺƯīźŝ
Ŷƴģ ƿ ƶƤƐƴƯŻřŢŝƺƳƲ
į ů ǀ ſƹƵŹŶ ǀ ŪƳƺĭŚ
(34° 48' N, 48° 28' E, 1830 asl)
ƱřŶưƷƱŚŤſźƸƃ
Ɩưū Źƹō ƽ ŚƯŻōƶŝƹ ƿ ŶƳŶƃƪƤŤƴƯƵŚĮƄ
īźŝ ŚƷ ƽ ƯŹĥŹŵƵŵƺƫō ǀ
ŹƺţŚƴ ƽ ŚƯŵŚŝ ƽ Ò Ñ ƶūŹŵ į
ƀƬſ ǀ ŞƀƳŢŝƺƏŹƹŽƺ ƾ
ÖÑ ƶĮƳŶƇŹŵ
Źřŵ ƽ ƱƺƯŻōŹŵŚţŶƳŶƃ
ŝƽŚƷ ŹřźƣƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯƽŶƘ
ŶƳźǀĭ
ƱƺƯŻō ŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳř
ƾŤƳōŢƯƹŚƤƯƾŝŚƿŻŹřƽřźŝ
ƶƴĩƶŝŹƺĮƳřŹƺĩŸƯƭŚƣŹřƽŻƺƳŻ
į ƽƹŚůƱřŶƬĭƵŵƺƯƽŶưƳ
Ƶŵ ƶŝŹřźĪţƵŵŹŵƞƬŤŴƯƮƣŹ
ƵźƿřŵšŹƺƇ
ŻřĨƿźƷƾƿŚƸŤƳřīźŝƹƵŶƃƶŤƃřŸĭƮƷŹŚƴĩŹřƹ
ƶưƬƣ űřŹƺſŻřŚƷ
ŵŚŬƿřƽŚƷ
řĨƿƞĩŹŵƵŶƃ ƶƳřƺŤſ
į ƲţŹŚĩ ŶǀƠſŢſLjě
ĬƳŹ ƶŝűřŹƺſƵŵ
ƾŤƳŚſŪƴěźƐƣ
źŤƯ ŶƳŶƃƵŵřŵŹƺŞƗ
ƪĪƃ Î
ƶŝ ƽŹƺƏ ƎǀŰƯŹŵƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŻřīźŝƵŵƶĩ
Ƶźƿřŵ źƐƣƶŝƽř ÏÓ
ƾŤƳŚſ ƶƬƇŚƟŚŝƹźŤƯ
į ƾŤƳŚſƹŵ ƶƳřƺŤſřƪųřŵźĮƿŶĪƿŻřźŤƯ
ŶƴŤƟźĭŹřźƣ
ƶƳřƺŤſř į ƲţŹŚĩ źƐƣƶŝŢſLjě ƿ
ƹźŤƯĨ ŵƕŚƠţŹř
ƿ ƵŹřƺ į ÎÒ ŤƳŚſ ƾ ŹƺƏƶŝŚţŶƃƶŤųŚſźŤƯ
ƱřŶƬĭƽƹŹƪƯŚƧ
ƶưƬƣƽƹŚůƽŚƷ
ŵźǀĭŹřźƣ
řŵżĩźƯŹŵ ƿ
ƶƬƇŚƟŚŝƹƵź
į ƹŚƀƯ ƽ źƷŻř ÎÍ
īźŝ ÏÍ ƶŝŶưƳ řŻř ƽ źƤţƶĩŹřźĪţźƷ ƿ
ƹŚůƭřŶĩźƷľŚŞ ƽ
ÐÕ Ô t ÎÕÍ ƶƴĩŵŶƗ į ŶưƳ ƽ ŶƳŵƺŝ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÔÒ
ŶƃƵŵřŵŹřźƣ
źƤţƱŻƹ ƿŞ ƾ ĭźŝŶưƳźƷ ƾ
ÔÓ Ï t ÏÏÑ Í ƱōŮƐſƹƭźĭ ÍÐ
Í t Ï ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ
ŵƺŝƖŝźƯ ƶƴĩŵřŶƘţ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝŶưƳźƷŹŵŵƺūƺƯ
de Lillo (2001)
ƁŹŚưƃ
Ŷƿŵźĭ ƹŹžĜſ ƽ ƃƺěƱƺƠƬſŚŝƶƳřƺŤſř ǀ
ŧŐţŻřƖƳŚƯŚţŶƃƵŶ ǀ
ƹŹƶƳřƺŤſřũŹŚųƪƯřƺƗź ƽ
ƶƴĩƹŵƺƃƶƴĩŹŚŤƟŹ
ŚƷ ƽ ŶưƳŹŵŵƺūƺƯ
ŚƷ ŚƸƴţ źŝ Śſř ūźţŽ ǀ ŢưſƶŝŵƺųŮ īźŝ
ŚƷ Ţĩźů
ƹŹƹƵŵƺưƳ ƽ
Ʊō ŚƷ ŶƳƺƃźƤŤƀƯ
ƶƴĩŵřŶƘţ į źƤŤƀƯ ƹŹƵŶƃ ƽ ŢƃŸĭŻřžěīźŝźƷ ÑÕ
źŤſřŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝŢƗŚſ ƿ
Ưƺ ǀ ƁŹŚưƃęƺĪſƹźĪ ƃ
Ŷ ƪĪƃ Î
ƪĪƃ Î ŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻō
(a)
ŹƺŞƗ űřŹƺſŻřŹƺĮƳřƭŚƣŹřīźŝƱŵřŵ
ŚƷ ƽ ƶƳřƺŤſřƞƧ
ƽ
ƲţŹŚƧ Ljě
Ţſ (b)
īźŝ ŚƷ ƽ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƭŚƣŹř ŹƺĮƳř
ŶưƳ ƹ ŚƷ ƽ ƹŚů ƽ żƧźƯ Źŵ ƶƴĩ
Ƶźƿřŵ
Fig. 1. Free choice test: (a) grape leaves passed through the holes on the floor of the cage made of cartonplast; (b) leaves of the different grape cultivars and the infesting erinea placed in the middle of them.
ŵřŻōźǀƛśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻō
ŚŤƳŽŚſřźŝ ƿ
ƳŚƷŚƃƭŚƣŹřŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŻřƪƇŚůŪ ƾ
ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ
ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ ƬƟŶ ǀ Ʈ
ſǀ ƹśŚŴŤƳřƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯžƫŶ ŧŐţ
ǀź Ʊō ŚƷ ŹƹŹŚŝźŝ ƽ ƶƴĩ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ řźƃŹŵ ƿ Ǝ
ŚƯŵ ƾƿ Î t ÏÒ ƶūŹŵ į ƀƬſ ǀ ŞƀƳŢŝƺƏŹŽƺ ƾ
Ò t ÓÒ ƵŹƹŵƹŶƇŹŵ
į ŹƺƳ ƽ ÎÓ ŢƗŚſ
ŚƴƃƹŹ ƾƿ ƹ Õ ŹŚţŢƗŚſ ƿĪ
ƾ ſŹźŝ ƾ Ŷƃ řŹŵ ƿ ƶƘƫŚƐƯƲ
ƹŚůƱřŶƬĭƵŵ ƽ
ƶĩƮƣŹźƷŻřƶưƬƣ
řźƃ ƿ ŶƃŹ Ǝ ƽ ƿ ƳŚƀĪ ƾ ŶƴŤƃřŵ ƩŚƤŤƳř ŶƃŹ ơŚţř ƶŝ ƹ ƵŶƃ śŚŴŤƳř ƿ
ŶƴŤƟŚ źƷ ƿ ƶưƬƣ Żř Ĩ
ŚƷ
(a)
ÔÓ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
ƶŝ ƗƺƴƈƯšŹƺƇ ƾ
ŹřƹŵƎſƺţ ƿ
ŵŹŚĩƺ šŹŚĩ ŚƷ ƽ ƹŚů ƽ ŢƘſƹƶŝŶưƳ ÍÎÏ
Í t Ñ ŤƳŚſ ƾ źŤƯ
źƤţƱŻƹƖŝźƯ ƿŞ
ƾ ÎÏ Í t Ñ ŵřŶƘţƹƭźĭ
ÑÏ Õ t ÕÍÍ ƶƴĩŵŶƗ į ƮŴţƹƵŹƺěƚƫŚŝ
Ƶŵƺƫō
Ŷƃ řźŝ ƽ řŶū ŻŚſ ƽ ĭƺƬūƹƮƣŹźƷ ǀź
ƽ ūŻř Ś ƶŝ Śū ƾƿ ŹƺţŻřƶƴĩ ƽ
ŚƷ ƾƿ ƮĩƂƯŚŝ
Żřźţ ÒÍ
Ưǀ Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƱƹźĪ ƶŝ
ĭƺƬū ŹƺƔƴƯ ǀź
ƽ ř śƺƬƐƯŚƳ šřźŧř Żř ƿ
Źƺţ Ʋ ƽ ƹŹ ŚƷ ƽ ŞƏ ŶƃŹ ǀƘ ƾ
ƕƹźƃŻřžěƶŤƠƷƹŵƭŚƣŹř
ŚƯŻō ƿ ŹƺţƂ ƽ ƹŹ ƽ ƶţƺŝ ŶƃƶŤƃřŵźŝŚƷ
ŻřƵŚƯƹŵŢƃŸĭŻřžě
ĭŵƺƫō ƾ ƗƺƴƈƯ ƾ Ƙưū
ǀ ƶƴĩŢ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƮŴţŵřŶƘţƹ
ŚƷ ƽ ƹŹŵƺūƺƯ ƽ
ŽŚſřźŝƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹř
ƁƹŹ
de Lillo (2001)
ƹ
Monfreda et al. (2008)
ŶƃƁŹŚưƃ
ŜǀſōƾŝŚƿŻŹř
řŹŵ ƿ Ƴ ƶƬůźƯ Ʋ ǀ
ŶƴƳŚưƷ ż śŚŴŤƳř ƱƺƯŻō
ƛǀ ź
ŵřŻō ƳŚƷŚƃ ƮƣŹ Ƃƃ ƾ
ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ
Ŷ
ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƬƟƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƶƳżĭ
ǀ ſƮ ǀ ſŹźŝŵŹƺƯžƫŶ ƾ
ŶƴŤƟźĭŹřźƣ
ƽřźŝ řƿ ƭŚƣŹřŹƺƔƴƯƲ
ŹŵŹƺĩŸƯ
ÏÍ ŹřźĪţ ÎÍ ƹŶƷŚƃ ÎÍ ţǀ ŹŚư řźƃŚŝ ƿ Ǝ ƿ ƶŝƹƶŤƃŚĩƱŚƀĪ
ƗƺƴƈƯšŹƺƇ ƾ
ƛśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŶƴƳŚưƷ ǀ
ŶƳŶƃƵŵƺƫōŵřŻōź
ŹŚƸģŢƃŸĭŻřžě
ĭŵƺƫōŻřƵŚƯ ƾ
ŵŹƺƯƭŚƣŹř
ŚƯŻō ƿ ƶƴĩŚŝŹƺĮƳřƂ
į ŶưƳ ƽ ŻŹŵŶưƳŹƺƸƓƹƺƯ ƿ
ź ƵŻřŶƳřƵŵƺƫōīźŝŮƐſīźŝ ĭ
ǀź ƽ Ŷƃ
ŝŶ ƿ ƶŝŹƺƔƴƯƲ
řŻř ƽ ƵźĭŻřīźŝƂƃŹřźĪţźƷ
ŚƷ ƽ Î
Ò
Ö
ÎÒ
ÎÖ ƹ ÏÒ ŹƺĮƳř ŚƷ ƽ ƹƵŵƺƫō
īźŝŮƐſžĜſƹśŚŴŤƳřŶƷŚƃ ƶŝ
ſƹ ǀ ƶƬ į ƴƬě ƾ ƯźŤƯ ƺĩƩŶ ƿ Ưƹż ƾ ū ƾ ř ƽ ŢƣŵŚŝŢě Î
Í
ŤƳŚſ ƾ ƵŻřŶƳřƖŝźƯźŤƯ ĭ
ǀź ƽ Ŷƃ
īźŝŮƐſŹŵħźĩƕƺƳƹƮĩřźţ
ƳŚƷŚƃƮƣŹƂƃ ƾ
ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ
Ŷ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƬƟƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƶƳżĭ
ǀ ſƮ ǀ ŹŵžƫŶ
ƱřŶƬĭ ŚƷ ƾƿ Źŵ ƟŵŚƈţľLjƯŚĩŭźƏŜƫŚƣŹŵƹŹřźĪţƵŵ ƾ
ƶƳŚŴƬĭŹŵ
į ƵŶĪƄƳřŵ į ŻŹƹŚƄĩ ƽ
ƗƺŝƵŚĮƄƳřŵ Ƭ
ƾ ſǀ ŶƳŶƃƶŤƃŚĩŚƴ
ƹŹŻřžě ƿ
ƶưƬƣƂ ŢưƀƣŻřŚƷ
ŚƷ ƽ Ư ǀƳŚ ƾ ŚƸŤƳřƹ ƾƿ Ʊō ƶſŚƷ
ƮƷīźŝ ƶŝƲſ řŻř ƽ ƶŝŹřźĪţźƷ
ƟŵŚƈţŹƺƏ ƾ
ƕřƺƳřƹƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳř ħźĩ
Ʈĩřźţƹ Ʊō ŢƄěŹŵ
Żīźŝ ƿ źŤſřź ƿ Ưƺ ǀ īŹżŝŚŝęƺĪſƹźĪ
ŚưƳ ƾƿ ÏÒ ſŹźŝŵŹƺƯźŝřźŝ ƾ
ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ
źţ ƿ ƭƺĪ ŚƷ ƽ
ƛǀ ƵŶƛź ř ƽ ĭƹŵŹŵ ƺƯƵƹź ƾƿ Ƴƹ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ ŶƳŶƃƁŹŚưƃ
ƺƯƕřƺƳř ƾƿ Ƴƹ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ ƹƪĪƃƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÔÔ
ŤůřŹƶŝƵŻřŶƳř ƾ
ĪƠţƪŝŚƣ ǀ ŶƳŵƺŝĨ źţ ƿ ƭƺĪ ŚƷ ƽ ƺƯ ƾƿ źƓ ƿ Ƅĩƹƞ ǀ ƵŶ
ƫŚůŹŵ ƾ źţƶĩ ƿ ƭƺĪ ŚƷ ƽ
Ƴǀ Ƶż ř ƽ ŴƋ ǀ
Ʈ ƵŚţƺĩ ħƺƳƹ ţǀ ŶƴŤƀƷż ƘţŢƸū ǀǀ ħźĩƮĩřźţƲ
ŚƷ ƽ ƶưƬƣźƷŻřīźŝƽƹŹ
ƽ
ƶŤƃŚĩ ƵŶƃ
īźŝ ƶſ ř
ŚƸŤƳř Ţưƀƣ Ż ƾƿ
ƶưƬƣ ƶŝ ƟŵŚƈţ ŹƺƏ ƾ
ŚƯŻō ƶŝ ƹ śŚŴŤƳř ƿ
ƵŚĮƄ
ƶƴĩ ſŚƴƃ ƾ ŶƃƪƤŤƴƯ
ħźĩƮĩřźţ
ŚƷ ƽ ƺƯ ƾƿ Ƴƹ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ īźŝŮƐſŶůřƹŹŵ Ư
ǀƬ ƾ ƖŝźƯźŤƯ Żƿ ź
źŤſř ƿƺ Ưǀ īŹżŝ Śŝ ęƺĪſƹźĪ
ŚưƳ ƾƿ ÏÒ ƹ ƁŹŚưƃ źŝřźŝ Ưǀ
ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ĪƠţ ƶŝ ŚƷ ǀ
ħźĩ ƕƺƳ Ĩ
ƿ ŶƳŶƃŢƃřŵŵŚ
ħźĩƮĩřźţ
ưƀƣŹŚƸģŹŵŚƷ Ţ
Ò Í Ư ǀƬ ƾ źŤƯ ƽ īźŞĭŹŻř ŢưƀƣŹŚƸģƹŚƷ
ƯƦƿ ǀƬ ƾ źŤƯ ƽ ƶŝƶĩ ƟŵŚƈţŹƺƏ ƾ
ŝŻř ǀ īźŞĭŹƲ ŶƳŵƺŝƵŶƃśŚŴŤƳřŚƷ
ſŹźŝ ƾ ƯƹŶƃ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ŚƷ
ƶŝ ŶƯōŢſŵ
řźŝ ƽ Ƙţ ǀǀ ħźĩƮĩřźţƲ Ƴǀ
Ƶż ř ƽ ůŚƳŹŵ ǀƶ į ƹřŻ ƿƶ į īźŞĭŹ ŢưƀƣŹŚƸģŚƷ Ò
Í
Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƽ ƶŝ ƟŵŚƈţŹƺƏ ƾ
ƯƹśŚŴŤƳř ǀ
ĮƳŚ ǀ ŢưƀƣƲ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŝƞƬŤŴƯ
řŹŵħźĩƮĩřźţƱřƺƴƗ ƿ
Ʋ
ŶƃƶŤųŚƴƃƶǀůŚƳ
(Loughner et al., 2008)
ƵŵřŵƶƿżŬţ
ŚƷ
Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŝ ƟŵŚƈţľLjƯŚĩŭźƏŜƫŚƣŹŵƵŶƯōŢſŵ ƾ
ŹŚưǀţƂƃƹƵŵŚŝ
ƮƣŹ ƶŝ ŹŵŜǀţźţ
ƱƺƯŻō żŬţŵŹƺƯƱƺƯŻōƹŵźƷŹŵŹřźĪţƵŵƹŵřŻōźǀƛśŚŴŤƳřƹŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřƽŚƷ ƿ
ĭŹřźƣƶ ŶƴŤƟź
Ư ƹ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ƴƘƯ ƝLjŤųř ŵƺūƹ šŹƺƇ Źŵ ŚƷ ƾ
Ŷƴģ ƱƺƯŻō Śŝ Źřŵ
ƶƴƯřŵ ř ƽ Ūƴě ŮƐſ Źŵ ƲĪƳřŵ
Ƶƹźĭ ŶƇŹŵ
Ŷƴŝ ƽ ŶƳŶƃ Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ƶŝ ŻŹř ƱƺƯŻō Źŵ ƵŶƯō Ţſŵ ƿŝŚ
ƾ ſō ǀ ƱƺƯŻō ŜƫŚƣ Źŵ Ŝ
t-student
ţƂƃŚŝ ǀ ŹŚư ƮƣŹ żŬţŵŹƺƯŹřźĪţƵŵƹ ƿ
ŶƴŤƟźĭŹřźƣƶ
ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ ŝǀ źţƲ ƿ ŚŝƭƺĪ
Ƙưū ǀ Ţ ſōƹƶƴĩ ǀ ƁƹŹŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝŜ
Pearson
ŶƃƭŚŬƳř żŬţ ƿƶ ŹŚƯōƽŚƷ ƽ ŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝ
ƭźƳ ŹřżƟř
SPSS ver. 13.0
ƹ
SAS ver. 9.1
ŸěƭŚŬƳř ƿ ŢƟź
(SAS Institute, 2003; SPSS, 2004)
ŪƿŚŤƳ ƂǀŝŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŹŵ
ƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƭŚƣŹřŹŵīźŝźƷƽƹŹƶƴĩŵřŶƘţƲƿźţ
ƹƶƳżĭ ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į ƶŝŶǀƠſ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯŚŝŜǀţźţ ÑÒ
Í t Ñ ÎÍÍ
ÔÔ Í t Ò ÖÒ ƹ ÓÑ Í t Ñ ÕÔ ƹ
Ʈĩ Ʋƿźţ ƶŝ ƾţƺƣŚƿ ƹ žƫŶǀſ ƮǀƬƟ ƾƳŚƷŚƃ ƭŚƣŹř Źŵ ŵřŶƘţ
ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Śŝ Ŝǀţźţ ÏÐ
Î t ÏÍ
ÏÑ Î t Ï ÏÑ ƹ ÎÒ Ï t Ô ÏÑ ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
Ƙưū ǀ ƹŹƶƴĩŢ ƽ
īźŝ ŚƷ ƽ ƭŚƣŹř ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į
żƯźƣ
ÔÕ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
Ƭų ǀƬ ƾ źŴƟ ƽ źĮƀƗ ƹ ƽ ơƺƟ ƭŚƣŹř ƎſřƹŶů
ř ƶĩ ŵƺŝ źĩŸƫř ƿ
ƱƺƯŻō Źŵ ƭŚƣŹřƲ
ŚƷ ƽ ŶƘŝ ƽ
ŶƳŶƃƝŸů
ƩƹŶū Î
ƩƹŶū Î ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ t)
ŚƐų ƽ ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ (
ƶƴĩŵřŶƘţ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƹŹŵƺūƺƯ ƽ
īźŝ æå ƮƣŹ
ŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŹŵŹƺĮƳř
Table 1. Mean (± SE) comparison of mite individuals on the exposed leaves of 10 vine cultivars in free choice test.
Cultivars Mite population per leaf
Muscat Gordo 100.4 ± 0.45a
Fakhri 34.9 ± 0.43ed
White Thompson seedless 87.4 ± 0.64a
Red Thompson seedless 47.1 ± 1.93cd
Gazne 95.5 ± 0.77a
Asgari 68.3 ± 1.72b
Khalili 58.6 ± 1.89bc
Shahani 20 ± 1.23f
Flame seedless 24.2 ± 1.24ef
Yaghuti 24.7 ± 2.15ef
Means in the column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 level (Duncan multiple range test).
Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ŹƹŹŚŝ ƽ ƘưūŶƃŹƹ ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ ƽ ŶưƳ ƽ ƛśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŹŵƺƯ ǀ
ƹŹŵřŻōź ƽ ƭŚƣŹř
ƳŚƷŚƃ ƾ ƬƟ
ǀ ſƮ ǀ
žƫŶ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƹƶƳżĭƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯ
ŝ ƾ ƠſƶƳřŵ ǀ ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţŶ ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ŚŝřŹ
ƿ ŶĪ ƿ ŚưƳƶŝźĮ ƿ
ŶƴŤƃřŸĭƂ
Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ Ư ǀ ƮŴţƱřż ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƯŚŝ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ ÐÔ Î t ÎÍ ƶŝƮŴţŵŶƗ
řŻř ƽ
ƶƴĩ ƽ ƵŵŚƯ ƳŚƷŚƃ ƮƣŹ Źŵ ƾ
Ŷƃ ƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƫŚůŹŵ ƾ ƶĩ Ƃǀŝ ƮŴţ űźƳ Ʋƿźţ
ŹřŸĭ ƽ Ư Śŝ ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ
ÏÓ Î t ÐÎ ÎÑÕ ƹ ÏÓ Ï t Ð ÎÏÖ ƶŝ řŻř ƽ ƶƴĩ ƽ ŢŞŧƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƹƶƳżĭƭŚƣŹřŹŵƵŵŚƯ
ƃ Ŷ ƭŚƣŹř ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƹ ŝ ƾ ƠſƶƳřŵ ǀ ƯźƔƳŻřŶ ǀ
ƮŴţƱřż ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ŶƴŤƃřŶƳƮƷŚŝ
ƩƹŶū Ï ƳżĭƭŚƣŹř ƹƶ ƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯ
ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÑÔ Ð t Ñ ÓÔÑ ƹ ÓÎ Ï t Ö ÑÖÑ Ÿě ƿ řź ƽ
Ƃǀŝ Ʋƿźţ Ƙưū ǀ ƶƴĩŢ į ŶƳŵƺŝƵŹƺěƹƚƫŚŝ
Źŵ ƫŚů ƾ ƳŚƷŚƃƮƣŹƶĩ ƾ
Śŝ ÖÒ Í t Ô ÐÑ Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ
Ƙưū ǀ ŢƃřŵźŝŹŵřŹŢ
ƩƹŶū Ï
żŬţ ƿƶ į Ƶŵřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ŝƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƶƳżĭƭŚƣŹřŹŵīźŝŮƐſ ƾ
ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ ƂǀŝŶ Ʋƿźţ
ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ƾ
ŝřŹŹřŵ ǀ īźŝƲ ŚƷ ƽ ŚưƳƶŝƵŵƺƫōƹŶƷŚƃ ƿ
ŢƃřŸĭƂ
Źŵ ƫŚů ƾ īźŝŭƺƐſƶĩ
ŚƷ ƽ
ƳŚƷŚƃƮƣŹŹŵƵŵƺƫōƹŶƷŚƃ ƾ
ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţ ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ŶƴŤƃřŶƳƮƷŚŝ
ƩƹŶū Ð ŶƇŹŵ īźŝ ŚƷ ƽ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÔÖ
ƹŹƵŵƺƫō ƽ ƬƟƭŚƣŹř ǀ ſƮ ǀ
žƫŶ ŝ ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ
Ŷ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƶŝƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯ
ţźţ ǀ Ŝ ÔÒ
ÔÎ
ÎÔ
ÓÓ ƹ ÕÖ ŵƺŝŶƇŹŵ
ƩƹŶū Ñ
ƩƹŶū Ï ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ t ŚƐų ƽ ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ ƶƴĩƚƫŚŝƹƵŹƺěƮŴţŵřŶƘţ
į ŶưƳ ƽ ƹŹƺƯ ƽ
ƛśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŹŵŹƺĮƳřƮƣŹƂƃ ǀ
ŵřŻōź
Table 2. Mean (± SE) comparison of eggs, nymphs and adults of grape erineum mite on six vine cultivars in no-choice test.
Cultivars Number of mites Number of eggs
Flame seedless 275.1 ± 2.31c 88.2 ± 0.46b
White Thompson seedless 186.8 ± 4.36d 91.9 ± 1.28b
Yaghuti 113.9 ± 2.78e 56.3 ± 2.32c
Shahani 34.7 ± 0.95f 10.0 ± 1.37d
Muscat Gordo 494.9 ± 2.61b 129.3 ± 2.6a
Gazne 674.4 ± 3.47a 148.3 ± 1.26a
Means in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 level (Duncan multiple range test).
ƩƹŶū Ð ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ t ŚƐų ƽ ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřīźŝŮƐſ
Table 3. Mean (± SE) comparison of the leaf area of different vine cultivars.
Cultivars Leaf area
Infested Control
Muscat Gordo 33.40 ± 0.93b 55.98 ± 1.09a
Gazne 35.57 ± 0.97b 68.75 ± 1.56a
Yaghuti 30.98 ± 1.8b 39.06 ± 0.82a
Shahani 29.45 ± 1.29a 31.43 ± 1.16a
Flame seedless 32.32 ± 0.83b 47.35 ± 0.49a
White Thompson seedless 40.33 ± 1.10b 63.62 ± 0.86a
Means in a rows followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 level (t-test).
ƩƹŶū Ñ ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ t ŚƐų ƽ ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ īźŝŶƇŹŵ
ŚƷ ƽ ƶƴĩƶŝƵŵƺƫō
į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ
Table 4. Mean (± SE) comparisonof the percentage of infested leaves by grape erineum mite.
Cultivars Percentage of infested leaves
Yaghuti 17.94 ± 0.59d
Gazne 89.30 ± 0.60a
Muscat Gordo 66.10 ± 0.89c
White Thompson seedless 71.02 ± 0.38bc
Shahani 0.00 ± 0.00e
Flame seedless 75.08 ± 1.38b
Means in the column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 level (Duncan multiple range test).
ÕÍ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
ř Źŵ ƿ ƶƘƫŚƐƯ Ʋ
Ƃǀŝ ħźĩ Ʈĩřźţ Ʋƿźţ
ŚƷ ƽ Ƴǀ Ƶż ŝ ŶƴƳŚƯ ǀ īźŞĭŹ Ʋ
ƳŚƷŚƃ ƭŚƣŹř Źŵ ŚƷ ƾ
ƹ
ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÒÒ Ñ ƹ ÎÓ Ð Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ
Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ ƵżǀƳħźĩƮĩřźţŚƯřŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ŶƴƳŚƯ
ŚſŹŵ ƿ ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţƭŚƣŹřź ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ Śŝ ƿ ŶĪ ƿ ŶƴŤƃřŶƳźĮ
Ƃǀŝ ħźĩƮĩřźţƲƿźţ
ŚƷ ƽ Ƴǀ Ƶż ƹŹŶƴƳŚƯ ƽ
ƣŹřŹŵīźŞĭŹ ƭŚ
ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƳŚƷŚƃƹ ƾ ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÒÐ ÎÐ ƹ ÕÖ Ô Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ ƹ Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ
ƬƟƭŚƣŹřŹŵƮĩřźţ ǀ
ſƮ ǀ ƶŝƶƳżĭƹžƫŶ
ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÍÓÓ Í ƹ ÍÖÖ Í Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ ƵŶƷŚƄƯ
Ŷƃ Ƃǀŝ ƳħźĩƮĩřźţƲƿźţ ǀ
Ƶż řƹŻŹŵŶƴƳŚƯ ƿŚ
ƽ īźŞĭŹ ƭŚƣŹřŹŵŚƷ ƿ
ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƳŚƷŚƃƹ ƾ ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ
ÐÕ ÐÔ ƹ ÔÒ ÐÐ Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ ƹ Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ ƬƟƹƶƳżĭƭŚƣŹřŹŵƮĩřźţ ǀ
ſƮ ǀ ƶŝžƫŶ ţźţ ǀ Ŝ
Śŝ ÔÐ ÎÓ ƹ ÎÒ ÎÖ Źŵ ħźĩ Ưǀ
Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ Ŷƃ ƵŶƷŚƄƯ Ƃǀŝ
ƺƯ ħźĩ Ʈĩřźţ Ʋƿźţ ƾƿ
ŝǀ Ʋ
ƶŝƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƭŚƣŹřŹŵīźŞĭŹ
ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÒÓ Ï ƹ ÑÏ Î Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ
Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ
ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
Źŵ ƫŚů ƾ ŝƶĩ ǀ ŚſƲ ƿ ƴƘƯšƹŚƠţƭŚƣŹřź ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ŢƃřŶƳŵƺūƹ
Ƃǀŝ ħźĩƮĩřźţƲƿźţ
ƺƯ ƾƿ ƹŹ ƽ īźŞĭŹ ƂưƄĩƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƭŚƣŹřŹŵŚƷ ŝ
ƾ ƶƳřŵ į Ơſ ǀ ƶŝŶ ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÓÓ ÎÑ ƹ
ÏÒ Ò Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ źŤƯ ƖŝźƯ ƹ Ʈĩ źţ ƿ Ʋ ƳŚƷŚƃƭŚƣŹřŹŵƮĩřźţ ƾ
ƹ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ƶŝ ţźţ ǀ ŚŝŜ ÍÐ Í ƹ
ÐÐ Í Źŵħźĩ Ưǀ Ƭ ƾ ŤƯ ź ƖŝźƯ ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƩƹŶū Ò
ƩƹŶū Ò ŚƤƯ ƿ ƶƀ į Ư ǀ ĮƳŚ ǀ Ʋ t ŚƐų ƽ ƘƯ ǀ ŹŚ ħźĩƮĩřźţ
ŚƷ ƽ īźŝŢƄě
ƯŹŵ ǀƬ ƾ ƖŝźƯźŤƯ
ŹƺĮƳřƮƣŹƂƃ
Table 5. Mean (± SE) comparison of trichomes density on the underside leaf surface of six grape cultivars(per mm2).
Cultivars Blade Vein Number of
bristle on the domatia
Bristle Hair Bristle Hair
Gazne 0.05 ± 0.02c 1.42 ± 0.22b 0.10 ± 0.05c 4.10 ± 0.20c 16.73 ± 0.30e Muscat Gordo 0.22 ± 0.09c 2.65 ± 0.31a 0.65 ± 0.20c 14.663 ± 0.43a 20.82 ± 0.38d Flame seedless 0.05 ± 0.02c 0.3 ± 0.06c 0.06 ± 0.04c 0.84 ± 0.11d 19.15 ± 0.64d Wh. Th. seed.* 0.1 ± 0.04c 0.31 ± 0.02c 0.30 ± 0.14c 5.25 ± 0.51b 24.30 ± 0.69c Shahani 4.55 ± 0.29a 0.01 ± 0.01c 7.89 ± 0.37b 0.03 ± 0.03e 33.75 ± 0.54b Yaghuti 3.16 ± 0.47b 0.11 ± 0.03c 13.53 ± 0.49a 0.29 ± 0.09de 37.38 ± 0.25a Means in each column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 level (Duncan multiple range test).
* White Thompson seedless.
Ưǀ źţƱŚ ƿ ƳƭƺĪ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ ƹŹƹīźŝŮƐſŹŵ ƽ
ƘưūŚŝīźŞĭŹ ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ į ưƳ Ŷ ƽ ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ
ƠƴƯ ƾ ŮƐſŹŵ Î ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯŶƇŹŵ
Źŵ ƫŚů ƾ ĮŤƀŞưƷƶƧ ƾ
Ư ǀ źţƱŚ ƿ ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ ƹīźŝŮƐſŹŵ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÕÎ
ƹŹ ƽ ŮƐſŹŵīźŞĭŹ Î
ŵƺŝŢŞŨƯŶƇŹŵ
ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
Ưǀ źţƱŚ ƿ ƳƭƺĪ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ řƹŻŹŵŵƺūƺƯ ƿŚ
ƽ
īźŞĭŹ ƘưūƹŚƷ ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƠƴƯƍŚŞţŹř ƾ
ŮƐſŹŵ Î ŢƃřŵŵƺūƹŶƇŹŵ
Ưǀ īźŝŮƐſƱŚ
źţƹ ƿ ƳƭƺĪ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ ƴƘƯƹŢŞŨƯƍŚŞţŹř ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ŮƐſŹŵ Î
ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯŶƇŹŵ
Źŵ ƫŚů ƾ Ưƶĩ ǀ ƱŚ
źţŚŝīźŝŮƐſ ƿ
ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ ƠƴƯƍŚŞţŹř ƾ
ƺŝ ŵ ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
Ưǀ źţƱŚ ƿ ƳƭƺĪ ǀ Ƶż ř ƽ ƍŚŞţŹřīźŝƱŻƹŚŝ
ƠƴƯ ƾ Ưƹ ǀ źţƱŚ ƿ ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ ƴƘƯƹŢŞŨƯƍŚŞţŹřīźŝƱŻƹƹ ƾ
Źřŵ ƽ ŮƐſŹŵ Î
šŚŞŧřƶŝŶƇŹŵ
ŶǀſŹ ƩƹŶū Ó
ū ƩƹŶ Ó ĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾ Ư ǀ źţƱŚ ƿ ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ Ƴƹ ǀ Ƶż ƘưūŚŝŶƴƳŚƯ ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƶƴĩ į
ƹŹLJƚƫŚŝ
ƵŹƺě ſōƹ ǀ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŜ
īźŝŮƐſƹƱŻƹ
Źŵ řźƃ ƿ ŚƯŻōƎ ƿ ƷŚĮƄ ƾ
Table 6. Correlation between erineum mite population (adult, larva and nymph) with hair- and bristle-like trichomes, and with the injury of different vine cultivars (leaf area and weight) under laboratory conditions.
Blade Vein Number of bristle
on the domatia
Bristle Hair Bristle Hair
Mite population -0.73** 0.76** -0.65** 0.56** -0.81**
Leaf area 0.79** -0.58** 0.71** -0.51** 0.78**
Leaf weight -0.54** 0.74** -0.55** 0.89** -0.48**
** Significant diferences at 0.01 level (Pearson’s test).
ŦŰŝ ƶŝƁƹŹ ŹŚĩ ƕƺƳŚŝŜſŚƴŤƯƶƴĩƾƳŚŝżǀƯŮǀūźţƲǀǀƘţŢƸūŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřƱƺƯŻōŹŵƶŤƟŹ
ŚţƹƵŵƺŝŢƟō
ƴģƱƺƴĩ ƶƴƧŵřŻōśŚŴŤƳřŹŚŤƟŹƾŝŚƿŻŹřƽřźŝƾƃƹŹƲǀ
į ƶŤƟźƳŹŚĩƶŝŶǀƟƺƿŹř
Ţſř ƶƴĩ ŶǀƟƺƿŹřƽŚƷ
ƶŝ ƶƳƺĭƵĦƿƹ
ƩŚĭƽŚƷ řŻ
ƱŚŝżǀƯƩƺƬſƶŝŻŚǀƳŵƺųƾĭŶƳŻƶƯřŵřƽřźŝ
ƶŝƹƶŤƃřŵƵŶƳŻƾƷŚǀĭ
ƶƯřŵřƶŝŹŵŚƣƽŹŚŞūřƪĮƳřƱřƺƴƗ
ƽ ŶƴŤƀǀƳƵŶƳŻźǀƛƎǀŰƯƽƹŹƾĭŶƳŻ
ƂǀŝƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ
źţ ƁƹŹ ƽŹŚŤƟŹƲǀƴģƾŝŚƿŻŹřƽřźŝƾĭźŝƦƀƿŵŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƶƬưūŻřŵƺūƺƯƽŚƷ
ƾƣŚŝƭżƬŤƀƯŹŚŤƟŹƲƿřƢǀƣŵƾŝŚƿŻŹřƹƵŵƺŞƳŜſŚƴƯ
ƶƿŚěƽƹŹīźŝƱŶƳŚƯ
į ŢſřƽŹŵŚƯ
Źŵ
ƶƳƺĭŵřźƟřŻřƾŤŝŚŧŵřŶƘţľŚŞƫŚƛŹŚŤƟŹƲƿřƾŝŚƿŻŹř
ƽ ƶŝƹƵŶƃƁŹŚưƃźƔƳŵŹƺƯ
ƮƣŹźƷƽřŻř
ƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř
ŶƳƺƃ ƶŝƂƿŚƯŻōƲƿřŹŵŚƯř
ƾƬưƗƪǀƫŵ
ŶưƳŻřƁƹŹƲƿřƱŵƺŞƳ
ƶƴĩƽƹŚůƽŚƷ
ƱŚưƷƹŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯŹŵƶĩŹƺƏ
řźŝƁLjţźŨĩřŶůŶƃƵŹŚƃřŚƷ ƽ
ƵŚŞŤƃřƂƷŚĩ
ÕÏ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƅ ƾ ŶǀſŹƭŚŬƳřƶŝ
ŵƝźƏŻř ƿ
ƶŨūźĮ į Ź ƿ řż ƿ ƶƴĩƲ ſŹźŝŚƷ ƾ ŻŚſ ƹ ŹŚĩ ŚƷ ƽ ƶƘƟřŵ ř ƽ
ĭǀ ƯŹřƺƃŵřŹƵŚ ƾ
ŵŻŚſ ŚƯŻō ƿ Ƃ įŚƷ ţŚƯŶƤƯ ƾ ŤĩźůƕŚƘƃƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƾ
řƿ ŚƌƟŹŵƶƴĩƲ ƽ
ƶƳřƺŤſřƶŤƀŝ
į ƮĩŜţřźƯƶŝŢſLjěƲţŹŚĩ
ŞƏŶůŻřźţ ǀƘ
ƾ ưƷƶŝƹƵŵƺŝ ǀ
ƫŵƲ ǀ ŜſŚƴƯƕŚƘƃƪ
ƶƴƯřŵŽŚſřźŝ
į Ťĩźů ƾ ƶŨūƹ į ŶƃśŚŴŤƳřƶƴĩ
řŹŵ ƿ ƯƶĩŶƃƆŴƄƯƶƘƫŚƐƯƲ ǀ
ƮŴţƱřż ŹřŸĭ ƽ ƘưūŹřźƤŤſřƹ ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ į ŶưƳ ƽ ŢŰţ
ŧŐţ ǀ ƘưūƹƵŵƺŝšƹŚƠŤƯƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřź ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƘưūƶŝŢŞƀƳ ǀ
ƫƹřŢ ǀƶ į ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƵŶƃ
ƹŹ ƽ Ʈĩ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƭŚƣŹř
ř ƶĩ Ţſř źţ ƿ
ŤƳ Ʋ ǀ Ư ƶŬ ƾ ĩŚů ŶƳřƺţ ƾ
řźƃ Żř ƿ ƗƺƴƈƯ Ǝ ƾ
źŝ ƮĩŚů
ŚƯŻō ƿ ŧŐţƶĩŶƃŚŝƂ ǀ
ŝƺƬƐƯŚƳź ƾ ĭŶƳŻźŝ ƾ ƶƴĩ į ŶưƳ ƽ ŢſřƶŤƃřŵ
ƂǀŝŹřźƤŤſř
ŵřŶƘţƲƿźţ
ƶƴĩ į Ƴ Ŷư ƽ ƹŹ ƽ ƮĩƹƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯƭŚƣŹř
źţ ƿ ƹŹŵřŶƘţƲ ƽ
ƳŚƷŚƃƭŚƣŹř ƾ
ƹ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ
ƶŝ Ţſř ƲĪưƯ ŵřŻō śŚŴŤƳř ƱƺƯŻō Źŵ
ƫŵǀ ŤƳō ŹŚĩƹŻŚſ ŵƺūƹ ƪ ƾ
ŻƺƳŻ ƽ ƿ Ŷŝ Ś Ư ǀ ƳŚŝż ƾ
(Kógan & Ortman, 1978)
ƳŚƷŚƃƭŚƣŹřŹŵ ƾ
ƹ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ŶƃŚŝ ƁŹřżĭ ŚƷ ƽ Ż ƿ ŵŚ ƽ ŚŝƶƐŝřŹŹŵ
ſŚƀů ǀ Ư Ţ ǀ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ ƱŚŝż ƮŴţ
ŹřŸĭ ƽ Ɯţ ƹ ǀǀ Ƙưū šřź ǀ
ƶƴĩ Ţ ŚƷ ƽ Źř ƿ Ɵƺ ǀ šLJƺƈŰƯ Źŵ Ŷ
ŢſřƵŶƃƶŗřŹřƞƬŤŴƯ
Ciampolini et al. (1976)
ƹ
Easterbrook & Fuller (1986)
ţ Őŧǀ ƹŵź
Źřƹ ƿ ƶŤ į ſǀ ƱōƲſƹŜ
ƹŹřŹŚƷ ƽ řżƟř ƿ ƘưūƂ ǀ ƶƴĩŢ į ſĬƳŻ ǀ Ŝ
Aculus schlechtendali
(Nalepa)
ſŹźŝ ƾ řƶŝƹŶƳŵƺưƳ ƿ
ŤƳƲ ǀ ƶŬ ſŹ ǀ ƹƶĩŶƳŶ ƿ
ĭĦ ƾ ŚƷ ƽ ĥƺƫƺƟŹƺƯ ƿ ƯĨ ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ƽ ŵŹƺƯ
ſŹźŝ ƾ ƹŹ ƽ Ɯţ ǀǀ Ƙưū ź ǀ ŧŐţ ŢƟō Ţ ǀ
Ţſř ŹřŸĭź
Cuthbertson & Murchie (2006)
ƁŹřżĭ
ƬƯŹŚŝŶƴƳŚƯŽŚƀůƭŚƣŹřŢƄĩƕƹźƃŚŝƶĩŶƳŵźĩ ƾ
ƶƤƐƴƯŹŵ į ƘưūŚěƹŹř ǀ
ƶƴĩŢ į ĬƳŻ
ſǀ ƶŝŜ řżƟřšŶƃ ƿ
ěƂ ǀ ŵźĩřŶ
ƳřƹřźƟšŚƘƫŚƐƯƩŚůƶŝŚţ ƾ
ħźĩšřźŧřŚŝƶƐŝřŹŹŵ
ŚƷ ƽ ĭ ǀ ƷŚ ƾ ƹŹ ƽ Ŷƴŝ Śě ƿ ƭŚŬƳřŢƟōƱŚ
ŢſřƵŶƃ
řƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ ƿ
ƹƹŵħźĩƮĩřźţƹƕƺƳƶĪƴ ƿ
ĭĦ ƾ ƶƘƟřŵƮƸƯ į ƳŚĪƯ ǀĪ ƾ ŶƴŤƀƷƱŚƷŚǀĭ
ƤŰţŹŵřŸƫ ǀ
ħźĩźƋŚůƢ
ŚƷ ƽ ſŹźŝŵŹƺƯƮĩřźţƹƕƺƳźƔƳŻřīźŝŮƐſ ƾ
ŶƴŤƟźĭŹřźƣ
Źŵ
ƤŰţ ǀ řżƟřŚŝźƋŚůƢ ƿ
ƺƯħźĩƮƧřźţƂ ƾƿ
ŽŚƀůƭŚƣŹřŹŵ
ƶƳżĭƹƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯ
Ƙưū ǀ Ţ
ƶƴƧ ƶŝ řżƟřšŶƃ ƿ
ěƂ ǀ řƽLJŚŝƮĩřźţŢſřƲĪưƯƶĩŵźĩřŶ ƿ
źţƕƺƳƲ ƿ
ŝŢƷŚŞƃƭƺĪ ǀ
Ƃ źţ ƽ řŹ
Ƴƶŝ ǀ ĥƺƫƺĩřĢ ƿ ƹĨ ƿ ƵĦ į Ʋƿř ƶƴĩ ŶƴƳŚƯ ŶưƳ ŶƿŚưƳŵŚŬƿř
ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
Ʈĩ źţ ƿ ƺƯħźĩƮĩřźţƲ ƾƿ
ƳŚƷŚƃƭƹŚƤƯƭŚƣŹřŹŵ ƾ
ƹ ƿ ţƺƣŚ ƾ ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
Castagnoli et al. (1997)
ƶƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ ř ƽ ſŹźŝƶŝ ƾ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÕÐ
ƶƴĩƮĩřźţ į ƹŹŹƺĮƳřĬƳŻ ƽ
LJŚŝƮĩřźţŚŝŹƺĮƳřƮƣŹƹŵ ƽ
źţ ƿ ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ ƳŚĩ ǀ LJƺ Ʈĩřźţƹ
Śě ǀƿ źţƲ ƿ ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ ŬƳŚſ ǀ Žƺ ŤƳŹŵƶĩŶƴŤųřŵźě ǀ
ƶŬ į řƿ ƳŚĩƮƣŹƶƘƫŚƐƯƲ ǀ
ŻřLJƺ ŢǀƘưū
Ƃǀŝ ŵƺŝ ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ ƽźţ LJŚŝ
ƺƯ ƥźƧ ƮƧřźţ Ʊŵƺŝ ƾƿ
šŹŶƣ Żř Ţſř ƲĪưƯ ƲǀƴĤưƷ ƪĪƃ
ƶƴĩƽźĭƺŬŤƀū
ƽŚƷ ƪǀŞƣŻřźĭŹŚĪƃ
Phytoseid
ƹ
Tydeid
ƹŹLJƾŤůƹ
ƶƄě ƲƿřźĭŹŚĪƃƽŚƷ
ƱŚĪƯƲƿřŻřƶƴĩƲƿřƹŶƷŚĪŝŢƟō
ƶŝŚƷ ŶƿŚưƳƵŵŚƠŤſřƵŚĮƷŚƴěĨƿƱřƺƴƗ
Krips et al. (1999)
ƹ
Michalska (2003)
ƶƴĩƶƧŶƳŵřŵƱŚƄƳ
ŚƷ ƽ Źř ƿ Ɵƺ ǀ ƀƣŻřŶ Ţư ŚƷ ƾƿ ĭŻř ǀ řŹřŵƶĩƱŚƷŚ ƽ
Ʈĩřźţ
LJŚŝ ƽ źţ ƿ ƺƯƭƺĪ ƾƿ ƶŝŢſř ƱŚƴưƃŵƪŝŚƤƯŹŵƵŚĮƷŚƴěƱřƺƴƗ ƶƴĩƶƬưūŻřƾƘǀŞƏ
ƽŚƷ
Phytoseid
ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ư ƾ ŚƴŝƹŶƴƴĩ źŝ ƾƐǀŰƯƲǀƴģŵƺųƪƯŚĪţƩƺƏŹŵƶƴĩƲƿřƶƧŢƠĭƱřƺŤŝŶƿŚƃƲƿř
řŹ
řźŝ ƽ ŞƏƱŚƴưƃŵŻřżƿźĭ ǀƘ
ƾ ŢſřƵŵźĩśŚŴŤƳř
ŹŵƲƿř ƫŚů ƾ řżƟřŚŝƶĩŢſř ƿ
źţƂ ƿ ƭƺĪ
Ƴǀ Ƶż ĭŶƴƳŚƯ ǀ ƮĩƵŚ ūźţŵŹƺƯźţ ǀ
ƶƴĩŮ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƯŹřźƣ ƾ ĭǀ ŵź řźŝŚƴŝ ƿ Ʋ Ư ƾ ŤƳƱřƺţ ǀ ƶƧŢƟźĭƶŬ
ƳƥźƧƕƺƳħźĩƮĩřźţźŝƵƹLjƗ ǀ
ƶŝż ƱřƺƴƗ ƿ řŹŵƮƸƯƪƯŚƗĨ ƿ
ŤƳōŢƯƹŚƤƯŵŚŬ ƾ
ŹƺĮƳřƽŻƺƳŻ
ƶƴĩźŝřźŝŹŵ
į ƂƤƳƽŚƠƿřƺƯƽŶưƳ Ư
ƾ Ŷƴĩ LJŚŝ ţƱŵƺŝ ƵżǀƳƥźƧƮƧřź
ŢưƀƣŹŵŶƴƳŚƯ
ƽŚƷ
ƶƐŝřŹƵŚǀĭŢǀſŚƀůŚŝŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřīźŝƞƬŤŴƯ
į ƕƺƳƲƿřƂƿřżƟřŚŝƹŢƃřŵžĪƗ
ƶƴĩźŝřźŝŹŵŹƺĮƳřŢƯƹŚƤƯƾţƺƣŚƿƹƾƳŚƷŚƃƪǀŞƣŻřƾƯŚƣŹřŹŵƥźƧ
į ƂƿřżƟřƽŶưƳ Ư
ƾ ŢƟŚƿ
Ʈĩ ƵżǀƳħźĩƮĩřźţƲƿźţ
ŽŚƀůƭŚƣŹřŹŵŶƴƳŚƯ
ƹŵŹƺĭšŚĪſƺƯ ƶƳżĭƹ
ŢſřƵŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
ƶŝ źƔƳ Ư ƾ ħźĩŵƺŞƳŚŝƭŚƣŹřƲƿřŹŵƶĩŶſŹ Ƴ
Ƶżǀ ƶŝƶƴĩƽř ƾŤůřŹ Źŵ īźŝŢƄě źƤŤƀƯ
ƹƵŶƃ
ƂǀŝšŹŚƀųľŚŞƣŚƘŤƯ
ŢſřƵŵƺưƳŵŚŬƿřřŹƽźţ
ƶƘƫŚƐƯ į ƶųźģƞƬŤŴƯƪůřźƯ
į Ż ƿ Ťƀ ƾ řƿ ƶŝƶƴĩƲ ƫŵ ǀ ĭŶƳŻƕƺƳƪ ƾ
Ʊō ƶŝƹƵŵƺŝŹřƺƃŵ
ŤůřŹ ƾ ſŹźŝƪŝŚƣ ƾ
Ƴǀ Ţƀ
Ż ƶƴĩřźƿ į ŶưƳ ƽ řźŝ ƽ ŰƯƶŝŵƺųƺưƳƹŶƃŹ ǀ
ŤůřƵŶƳŻƎ ǀ
řŵũŚ ŵŹ
ƹŹƱōƁŹƹźěƽřźŝƂƃƺƧƹ ƽ
ŰƯ ǀ Ǝ ŚƷ ƽ ƛ ǀ ŞƣŻřƵŶƳŻź ǀ
ŵƪ ƿ ĭźŝĨƀ ƾ ŢǀƤƟƺƯ żǀƯō ƵŵƺŞƳ
Ţſř ƵŶƳŻšŹƺƇŹŵƱƺģ
ĭŢƟŚŝƱŵƺŞƳ ǀ
ƷŚ ƾ řŶưƳ ƿ ŵŚŬ Ƴ ƳƹƵŶƄ ǀ ĥƺƫƺĩřĢ ƿ
ŢƟōƵĦƿƹĨ
ƶŝ ŵƺūƹ ưƳ ƾ ōƿ Ŷ LJŵƶŝ ƿ ƤŰţŹŵơƺƟƪ ǀ
ŚůƢ ŵƁƹŹŻřźƋ ƿ
ƳřŶƬĭĨƀ ƾ
ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƶģźĭř
řƿ řźŝƁƹŹƲ ƽ
ſŹźŝ ƾ ƶųźģ į Ż ƿ Ťƀ ƾ ƮĩšŚƟō ƶŝŚƯřŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƶūƺţŵŹƺƯźţ
źƔƳ
Ư ƾ źŤƸŝŶſŹ ƿ ƱƺƯŻōŹŵƁƹŹƲ
ŶƃŚŝŵřŻōźǀƛśŚŴŤƳřƽŚƷ
ÕÑ ū
įŹŶųįŵřƺ
ƱřŹŚƨưƷƹ ŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřŢƯƹŚƤƯİſŹźŝ
욌ƘƫŚƐƯ ǀ
Ƅ ǀ ƯŢŝŚŧƲ ƾ
ƘưūŶƃŹƶƧŶƴƴĩ ǀ
ƶƳŢƟōŢ
ƵŵŚƯŹřŶƤƯƶŝŚƸƴţ
į řŸƛ ƾƿ ƶĪƬŝ ƶŝ
Ơǀĩ ƵŵŚƯ Ţǀ į ŵŹřŵ ƾĮŤƀŝ żǀƳ ƾƿřŸƛ
(Eischen & Dietz, 1987; Hagley & Barber, 1992)
ƮƷźŝ Ƃƴĩ ƱŚŝżǀƯƽŚƷ
ƱŚƄƳƶƴĩ
ƵŶƴƷŵ į ŹŚĩƹŻŚſŵƺūƹ
ƾŤƳōŢƯƹŚƤƯƽŚƷ
ƾŤƳōƹŻƺƳŻ
ŢſřŻƺǀŝ
ƶƬưūŻřƢƤŰƯƲƿŶƴģ
Bergh & Weiss (1993)
ƱŚŝżǀƯźǀŧŐţƾſŹźŝƶŝ
ƮŴţƽƹŹƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƷ
ƽŹřŸĭ
ŵ ƹ ƵŹƹ į ƶƴĩ ƾĭŹƺě
į ƾŝLjĭ ĬƳŻ
Epitrimerus pyri (Nalepa)
ŶƴŤųřŵźě ƶƘƫŚƐƯ Źŵ
źǀųř ƽ
ƱŚŝżǀƯƲǀŝŹŵƶĩŶƃƆŴƄƯ
ƾŝLjĭƽŚƷ
Pyrus communis Line
ƹ
Pyrus calleryana Chanticleer
ƶŝ ƂǀŝƽřŹřŵŜǀţźţ
ƮĩƹƲƿźţ
ƖƿźſƹƮŴţŵřŶƘţƲƿźţ
ƵŹƹŵƲƿźţŶƴĩƹƲƿźţ
į ƾĭŹƺě ŶƴŤƀƷ
ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
ŝŹŵ ǀ ƯƲ ǀ ƱŚŝż ŚƷ ƽ ƛ ǀ ŝLjĭź ƾ ř
ƿ ƹŹřŹŵƺųƪƀƳƶƴĩƲ ƽ
ſǀ ŚƯřŵźĩƪƯŚĩƶŝƹŜ
ƹŹ ƽ ƮŴţƺƫōŵŹŻ
ŹřŸĭ ƽ ŢƟźĮƳšŹƺƇ
ŚŤƳ ƿ řŻřƪƇŚůŪ ƿ
ŽŚƀůƭŚƣŹřīźŝƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƢǀƤŰţƲ ŹƺĮƳř
ŧŐţŢŰţ ǀ ŸƜţź ƿƶ į
ƶƴĩ į ŶưƳ ƽ ƺƯ ƬĪƃŶŝƹŮƐſƂƷŚĩŹŚģŵ ƾ
ŶƳŶƃ ƪƨƃ Ï ŽŚſřźŝ ƿ ƋźƟĨ ǀƶ
ƶƴĩ ŚƷ ƽ
Źř ƿ Ɵƺ ǀ řźŝřŹŵƺųơřżŝřŶŤŝřŶ ƽ
ƪů ƹŹƾŰƐſƭƺƯƱŵźĩ ƽ
Źīźŝ ƿ ƹźƟŚŝžĜſƹƶŤŴ
Ʊŵźŝ
ŚŤſř ƿ ŢƬ ŚƷ ƽ ŸƜţ ƿƶ ř ƽ ĭ ƶŝ ŵƺų ǀ
ŸƜţ ƵŚ ƿ ƾƯ ƕƹźƃ řŹ ƶ
ŶƴƿŚưƳ
(Thomsen, 1988)
ƴĤưƷ ǀ Ʋ
ƬŞƣšŚƘƫŚƐƯ ƾ
ƶƴĩƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ
ŚƷ ƽ Źř ƿ Ɵƺ ǀ ƳŚƷŵšŚƘƐƣřŶŤŝřŶ ƾ
ŵżƳƩƺƬſƶŝřŹŵƺų ƿ
ƵŵźĩĨ ƹ
űřŹƺſŚŝžĜſ
ŸƜţƶŝƕƹźƃƩƺƬſƱŵźĩ ƿ
ƶ Ư ƾ řƶĩŶƴƴĩ ƿ źƟƲ ōƿ ĭŹŵŶƴ ǀ ƭƹŚƤƯƹŽŚƀůƱŚƷŚ
šƹŚƠŤƯ Ư ƾ ŶƃŚŝ
(Keifer, 1959; Hislop & Jeppson 1976; Nuzzaci, 1976)
źƟ ōƿ ŹŵŶưƳŵŚŬƿřŶƴ
řŚŝřŶŤŝřŽŚƀůƭŚƣŹř ƿ
ŸƜţƩŚƳŚĩŵŚŬ ƿƶ
ƳŚƷŵšŚƘƐƣƎſƺţƽř ƾ
ƹƵŶƃƕƹźƃƶƴĩ ƿ
źſĨ ƽ
Ɯţ ǀǀ Şƣ Żř šřź ǀ
řżƟř ƪ ƿ ŸƜţ ƩŚƳŚĩ ƢưƗ Ƃ ƿƶ
ř ƽ Ɯţ ǀǀ ŵ šřź ƿ ƵŹřƺ į ƫƺƬſ ƾ řżƟř ƿ ƶŤƀƷ Ƃ į
ƫƺƬſ ƾ źŴţ
ƿ ĬƳŹŜ ƶƳřŵ ŚƷ ƽ ƫƺƬſ ƾ řżƟř
ƿ ſƮĩřźţƂ ǀ
ŶƴģƹƮſLjěƺŤ
Ţưƀƣ ƵźƠůƱŶƃ
į
ŸƜţ ƿƶ ř ƽ ƭŚŬƳř Ư ƾ Ÿě ƿ ŵź
(Westphal, 1982)
ƶƘƫŚƐƯ į
Walling (2000)
řƶƧŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƿ
Ʋ źƟ ōƿ ŚƷŶƴ
ƭŚƣŹřŹŵ ƭƹŚƤƯ ƾƏ ưƳ ƾ ƶƿŸƜţƩŚƳŚĩŵŚŬƿřŻřžěƹŵƺƃ
ŜƿźŴţƵŶƿŵŜǀſōƩƺƬſƶƴĩƎſƺţƽř
Ư ƾ ơƺƟ Ƃƴĩřƹ Żƹźŝ Śŝ ƹ ŵƺƃ
ƵŚǀĭ ŽŚƀů
źƟ Żř ō ƶŝ ƽźǀĭƺƬū ŶưƳ ŵŚŬƿř Ŷƴƿ
ƪưƗ Ư ƾ Ŷƿō
) Davis (2010
ƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƫŚƘƟ
ƶƴĩŢǀ į ƾŝLjĭƾƫŚĭ
(Pagenstecher) Eriophyes pyri
ƽżƿźŞţƹ
ƽƹŹ Ư ƱŚŝżǀ īźŝŮƐſƂƷŚĩŦƗŚŝƹƵŶƃīźŝƽƹŹƾƬĪƃŶŝŵŚŬƿřŦƗŚŝŵƺųƽŚƷ Ư
ƾ ŵƺƃ
ƲǀƴĤưƷ
Hluchý & Pospåŝil (1992)
ƶƴĩŢǀƘưūƲǀŝƶĩŶƳŵřŵƱŚƄƳ
į īźŝŮƐſƂƷŚĩƹƽŶưƳ
ƶƯŚƳ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƽ
ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ èç
ç
ÎÐîæ
ÕÒ
ƪĪƃ Ï ƾƷŚĮƄƿŚƯŻōƎƿřźƃŹŵŹƺĮƳřƞƬŤŴƯƭŚƣŹřƽƹŹƺƯƽŶưƳƶƴĩšŹŚƀųƮŗLjƗ
(a)
ĭšŚĪſƺƯƮƣŹ
ƹŵŹƺ (b)
ƶƳżĭƮƣŹ (c)
ƾŝƮƣŹ ŶǀƠſƶƳřŵ
Fig. 2. Damage symptoms of grape erineum mite on different vine cultivars under laboratory conditions: (a) Muscat Gordo cultivar, (b) Gazne cultivar, (c) White Thompson seedless cultivar.
ƍŚŞţŹřŹƺĮƳřƮƣŹƹŵ
ƤŤƀƯ ǀ ŵŹřŵŵƺūƹƮ
řżƟřƹŮƐſƂƷŚĩ ƿ
īźŝƱŻƹƂ Ư
ƾ ƃŚƳŶƳřƺţ ƾ Żř
źƟ ōƿ ƷŶƴ ǀ ƟƹźţźĜ ƾ Ʒƹ ǀ ŻLjěźĜ ƽ ŶƃŚŝ źƔƳƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ ƿƶ
į
Wcislo (1977)
ƩƺƬſŹŵƩLjŤųř
ŚƷ ƽ
ƟƹżƯ ǀƬ ƾ ěřƹ ǀ ƯŹŶ ƾ ƶƬůźƯŹŵīźŝ
į ƀƤţ ǀ ƯƮ ǀ ŻƺŤ ƽ řŦƗŚŝ ƿ ƬĪƃŶŝŵŚŬ ƾ
ƹīźŝŮƐſƂƷŚĩ
