" 2 . 3. 456 :
# 89:
+;
- ( : <
9 < = *> ?*.
&
1;)A 8 =B ;A
;)<5A 5 C &
2&
3;)A D: E 5 9 ; % &
45
#9=*: <
F * : ! " # $ %
&' () : 26 / 5 / 94 (0 : 25 / 9 / 94
123 :
4 567 )
( 8 59
&: ;<
5 4 2 6=
;
>
" ?@
( ) ')
! !;
&( )
!
@ ( ) ) . 4 ( B C
D = 4
&5 : 8
! ( 8 E F )
G57 H
;I 8 % ) G(
J 8) ') D =
:23
! 5K :23 3
;I8 . L55M N;8 4 # $ L(
! ;(
( B " 54 B
G57 ) 567 123
& ; B .
L( ) :
>5% O8!P )
1392 ( 12
! N;8 4 I M J 5 ? > 4 J B
; ; # $ ) ! U I V% ;@
.
& 4 ) 3 ?5 J 8 M@ 6 8 J)! ) 4 .
W 4 C X( W: ;@
"
L8Y 4 J 5Z Z G57 ) 123 [( :!
;( ?
"
; ) 8 M@ 6 ? ) .
U M 4 ;5 ) J 5 ? )
J (0 ) (
8
&' ( . ! \( & GME 8 M@ 6
!) ]4 $
"
J 7 W5 7
"
; ; W5 7 .
:
"
4 @
"
"
^2% _>@
"
"
2 ?8 _>@ ! @
"
"
4 O ! [ ` % )
"
< L5 a
4 # $ . ) G57 ! ( B :
;I " MH ! ) 123 &( ) ! ;F .
bI ) BI8 J 8) ') ! 4
G57 ! > & 4 c 4 ! ;( ? dI ) Z ) H & 4 & ; B L ') L54 c 4 .
! 2 . &456 : & "
<
&
&# G < &!"
H;> )H
"
123 J 8 # % &
) ') e M ) '
! 8
;I% [59I ( ! O( 3 C M: ) ) .
9
;I L54 6= !) e M ) ) ') J 8 # 4 %
! 6=
WF ! ) J IM 4 6= ! 4 4 I M !
1 -
( ( B " F5F7 5?% J B
2 -
J) J %
J) " F5F7 % ) 5
(
3 - J) ; ) ^ I ) % 5 ; 8 ( " F5F7 %
4 (
4 -
J) J %
! " # $ % ) 5
(
5 -
( ( B " F5F7 5?% J) J B
g M ) N e ! 1 F@ &( )
; 4 ) 1 .(
;( !;4
) ! 123 &bH ) ) bH W4 : [b :23 J 8
;II% >( J! ) ') 8 .
! ) 5 % ( 8 < (
) J) W4 : 5K OF :23 J 8 )
J 5 [5?6 ) 8
' ( b J 8) ') !
< ;II% >(
J ! [ W567
& O ) 2 .(
567 123 4 ?8 M# K W567 4 !
N;8 P(!
& % ;5 567 123 .
)
J 8 hE ! ) 5 4 123
!
i )
?8 ) i &5 i
; 4 ) 3 .(
7 i 5 ( G5 i
J
i i
i 4 ; i 6= ! j!) I i
&5
(i X i
9 ) i ' i i
; .
@ ) i &#
57 L( C ;(
i G i i
B 4 !2 i
5# ' i
&
J 8
? i
?8 i
$57 i 4 i ! M?8 ]( J
J a L54 ! &%)
; 4
! 4 ( B
J 8 ! L( J;5 % ( I L(
G57 J 8
;I 8 ) 4 .(
&5 : 4 D = C 4 ( B ! 8
) % ;I 8 H G57 ) ( 8 E F 8
3 :23 5K ! :23 D = J 8) ') ;I8
Z % & 567 123 ) 9I J < L5IZ ) ) 3 " ;: ! C ? ' ; 59 ( 8 ) J IM 4
d > ; 6= 2 4 5 &: ;<
;I ;3 ! ! U J 8) ') B ( " ?@ ! &( ) ! ( 4 8 B ( @ !
; ) 2 .(
# $ ) ) ?8 ! _' @ J
X 3 ) J ' @ ! k
; 2 %
") b ! O L 4 ! 123 4
J ' @ ' @ J 8 ) ; !
L5Il?8 ! I J L(
&( ) ) L(
" J 7 4 " 5< 63 L( % ;( ?
' ( B )! ) :23 G57 '
; 4 ) 5 (.
4 H!
L(
;8 ( B ) ( 8) ')
i
% i i
& 5 4 C )
3 ( ! ) ') ?H
123 7 J 8 .
7 J 8) ') & (
57 "; 4 % i
8 ( G i 5 ( ! i
= ) J i
I% W i ;
B( 4 BI ` K ! i
: I i 54 ^ ! m i
L i !
B i .
3 i 8 12 i I J i i ) ` 57
i G
i ( i X
@ ) i ) C i ;
; 4 OI ! ) ')
2% ) 4 ') !
i ) % i 57 J!) ; i
(); G i \
5n i ) 0 ) 6 .(
Gallo
) 2012 ( i ( i
; : ') i J 8)
) J;H W X( 7
&
. ') i J 8)
3 i 3 ;I ;I(
i 4 ^) ^2% ) C2 i
>
i ! i
i O
@ 4 i 4 i
! 4 ( ( 2 ?8 8
^) ^2% I8 ! p i
< ; i : ! &: ; i
J);
4 i 5 ( G57 D5 a c i
BI ! J i
3 4 i ) &
7 i ) % W ) ;I(
) 7 .(
! 123 &5?8 H! 4 (
! I% J 5 ) :23 W
J) % ! J 8 G57 4 H 4 !
J 8 B H
I5 L( ) 8!P " 54 B ! ;( % [5 ?
Z B 123 ) ) G57 ) ( B
&
. ) % & # $ >5% " # $
; 4 8 D %
. 4 # $ L( B5 ) N;8
( B " 54 B L55M ) C 1392 G57 ) 567 123
; B .
8!P i E @ O i ]5F7 X(
(!) 4
%
>5 U
J 7 W5 7 i
&
.
? i J 5 N;8 4 I M
4i ! B
i (i r$F (
i
i i i I M i 4 i
% J i
# $ ) &
i
i "
i
; . 5i
!)! )
# $ 4 i B i J i
! 4 ( r$F W( ?
O8!P ) &%) 4 4
&
.
57 i 8!P G i I O i 4 ` i
>5% O8!P i
57 i ! : !
5Me ! ( B ^) ^2% I (
; )
J
' 9 )
; . s 8 J)! ) 4 ?5 J 8 M@ 6
) 3
;I 4 . L55M J 4 4 "t
B ;(
(
( B 123
; >
. W: ;@
! C
p M@ 6 ? ) i
8
; j $ : :!
123 [(
? L8Y 4 Z ( B
;(
5 : u % ;5( 4 )
@ ) ( B ;( % ^ 4 % ;5 I
$ !
J) ) 3 4 ! & ? C M: ) ( B 123
&( ) G57 ) ) 567 123
;I%
. M@ 6
4 ;5 ) 8 U M
% I 4 8 J;(;H ?a
4 E 8 i ' i
&' ( . ^ L5?8 4 12
L
B i ( i 5 ) i 4 ; 8
i J i ) J)
;I ' ) : M@ 6 !
? 12 5# J 4 M@ 6
; >
. 8 M@ 6 ";
30 60 ` @ 4 F5:
W( ? 4 5v ;II% &%)
. ? 8 M@ 6 GME
!
; \( & ? % 4 ? % \w
; ! ( B ) !
W5 7 ' ) :
;I .
W5M: ( B 3 I &5 ?H " 6=
L !
\IH
;( J)! r?H & 5# XZ X( ]( e 5 .
! ( !)
% >5% O8!P J 8 x ! ! 8) 5 4 8 ( ( 5 ! &5# MF 5
; ; 3 L
&' ") <
. &5# MF
I 4 i 4 : i 4 (0 W ) 5 ! 8
!
r?H J)!
& F5F@ J 8 .
&5# MF O( ' &bH > ( J 8 !) U 8
;
&
: ]5F7 ) ]5> >
) ]5>
( ]5>
! ; J 8 ) ) 4 4 5 )
" ' O( '
8 M@ 6 (
4 ) 3 4 ! ( 8 L5 J 4 8
& ; > 54 ) M 4 .
4 L( y J 4 >
9 ) ?8 5? "
& )!
G 8
i
&%)
;II%
i
<
i
! " @2 i
bI 5 "
i z 7# J
; . % >I ) W5 7 ! ( v ;8 J 4 B H
! J a " 9 ) I8 ' J 8 ;( 9
$F
' 5 ) ; ) ) : [8 W4 F
;(
) 9 ! 8 .(
4i 5 4 : J i M &
i ) 8 i
"; t e J 5 )
a@
i ' % ) i 57 ) i
? ! G i 8 4 ^ i
>
i
;(
. : 4 i M ) J) i I M g i
? 4 i 4 i &%
< ;II%
i 3 &5>5% 4 J 8 ` % J 4 ?b W k
; 4 . ! ]5? J 8 J)! r?H J 4 ? ;8
& J)! E IK .
# $ ) J E @ 8 J)! r?H
) bZ
;5 B ) 4 .
) % J ; 4 ) % ?58 > ]F7
; & 4 M@ 6 ]5F7
; 4 G57 ) ) )
' J ]5? L55M ) : J 54 J B H [8
.
4 % ]5? D5< ? [8 ' ]( e C F &5 4 : ) ;';8 J 5 ? ^ 5 &
. L( )
") <
;I8 3 ) : ;I 3 ( 4
) ; 3 4
! > ( 4 J 5 B5 4 F5F7 )
]F7 " 9 4 (
;I4 ( &
. ) E @ O8!P 3 % \( & 4
4 G
8 M@ 6 G3 L(
; [8 ' j e ? )!
4
% ! 8 i 8;
i i i
;I 4 . ; L5Il?8
4 ]5F7 J 8 !) W56> ! &: 4 # $ ) ') ) %
54 i i 4 i 3 % J i Ii
; i ;I( ' J 5 5 4 ) :
5F7 i E @ ] i I 4 i
; . 4 !2 L(
4 I M J 5 ?
8 i
# $ L( ) N;
i
>
i
; . 4 : i
! " Mn &5 &5 4 :
;5(
4 I( # $ L( ) i
% &
8!P i
% ? i
@ i F7 W i ) ]5
< 4 i ")
!) i L k
% J) e 4 ;( ? FF7 (
5 4 ) : 5 L J 5 5
8 i
4i
;I . 4 J 8) 8 & L 0 ) 5 3 )
8 M@ 6
! 5 L( < ) J 8 & (
&
. )
J)! O8!P ;I( ' ( H 8 ' ( ) 8
W O8!P ) 123 C < ?
&( E) 8
i
>@
i _
I?
i
2e 4 7
i ) J 5 ) I% ]@ "
=#
; &( ) .
12
; % &% # $ L( ) J B .
L(
; 9
>
! I L5 5 58
/ 19 C 4 . " 6=
5 ?H i I &
3 H ) X( 8 i
( C!;
i ; )! X
&
.
F 9E 1 :
= K %E - 3L ( 89==A KA;
M
( 89==A KA;
M
? #9< N8 F
3.
K O
("
# % 1 20
2
^) '
# % ; 1 21 3
^) '
# % ("
2 20
2
"
# % ; 2 21
3
"
# % ("
3 19
1
"
# % ("
4 19
1
"
# % ("
5 20
2
"
# % ("
6 18
5
/ 0 L?%
# % ; 3 18
5
/ 0 L?%
# % ; 4 20
2
^) '
% ;
# 5 18
5
/ 0
^) '
# % ; 6 21
1
^) '
5 7 i 6 W i M@
i L( 5 ! D5e & 8
) H! J 8 G57 ) :23 D5e L( %
J 8) ') ?8 ( &( ) ; 4 ! U! W % &( ) [ 3 J 8 G57 ) 7 .
\
58 > ; |=
[ 350 } = 8 M@ 6 5#! ;%
Z \ ! ;(
i ) 4 ;I i ^ 4 ! J <23 )!
b4 i
; J;I4 FMe " M I ! "
. ! 54 )! 4 \w
( F J ") < 4 8 !) J I " FMe L5 a
( I 5#!
! a L( \w i
4 L5 4 < ?a
FMe
;( J;I4 .
P: ( %Q :
"
2 . ) ( + ( C< R
"
"
) > = J 8 ?B ( 4 ) ?a L( ( B
; ) : 5 > ! D5<
. > ; ) L( ?H
" 8 M [ Z ;5 \(); I8 ) W( 4 I8 ;5 i i ();
i M7< \ i
8 &
H 4 J 8 3 !
% 2 ! i
4 i ( H ) i 4 i 5K i ^) ^2%
; 4 .
S< 6
# % 1 : B 5? _>@ 8 @ r: a 4
) 05? @ 4 ...
8 l4 ( ! L5?8
OI% ! "; 4 5 J 4 W( 4 4 & ^2%
&@ ) ;
...
L58 !) B W? L(
% F 3 4 ...
;4 ^2% N @ (
5 ...
O
# % 3 : ( & 5 k 3 54 L' r: a 4
4 8 l4 ^2% % 5? W5# & 5 ;5> ^2%
[b J 5 ( GF' ! 5 H LI 4 @ 5 ( 5 % ? % X( W: ;@ ?b 4 @ &
?b ?8 ;4
O
# % 4 : ...
G57 k 3 J 8 ) ')
$57 ) ` I ) 3 4 L ! 4 2
" %) ; @ J) ) % 4 2 ( ^2% 5K 4
8 ....
H i I8 i 3 i
! ! ^2% } i
"
:i \(); r i
9 4 i i
? @ % ( ) i
( 4 i ;
: H ) i
4 ) i 3 ! 5 i
7 12 i
G5
5 k 7 ....
O
# % 5 : ...
J 5Z ( 5 3 4 :!
;4 L( ;I=5 ;I 4 8 l4 5 M .
5 @ 4 ...
%Q ( :
"
U U5A ( V/>
"
D = L( &( ) ; ( ! &( ) W ?a L(
^2% ) :23
^) J 8 ?B ( 54 ! ; 4
[8 4 @ I ( X( ) ? < ?a 4 ) . ?a L(
) 3 4 ) ;8
0 ( 4 ( B G57 ) " 5:23 3 4 L
r( E O ! [ ` % ) [8 ) ( ]@
;II%
.
S< 6
# % 2 : ....
E ( 4 8 l4 8 r: a 4 !
> % ! 6 = h5E ( 2M: 2V ;5 5 # J 8 N @ 9 4 LI 5 ~5 C ! 8 8 l4 %
;( ' 4 ! 5 5 ! ^2% ! &:! % ;I 8 J
? ^) ) 05?
...
O
# % 1 : 3 i 7 12 i
G5 i
I( I (
% [%!) ;4 ) ') i
( I i
! I8 i i
• k 3 J 4 M
i LI% r( E ! k 3 3
. J 8 ;I3
4 i
;I 8) % i H J i l4 J 8) ') D XM J 8 3
....
) L5( !) ^2% J) H ( 2< bI(
O
%
# 5 : (i
....( ) 4 i i 4 ^ i n i )!
4i i ! i 5 ) % i 0 i &
i
!) i
! i )
% i (2 i !) ; i €
% i 53 i ( i L
% i
% ) i :!
i i ' 5?b i 3 ; ; i
?8 ! 54 O i
I3 i
;(;
i [8 4 ) ! Z &' ^ [8 ;
&') ) O `# $
S< 6
%
# 4 : B i i ( 4 ^2%
i ; i 4
4 ) % .
8 4 i ( ) i M# & 5 ^2% H
;I=5 [8 3 5 € H 8 r: a 4 3 5E ) I ( ! 5F4 ; !;I3 J 4 I( J) $I( 4
4 I58 (! [5I% = !) % 3
4 % ...
( %Q :
"
5 % ( V/> ;)>
"
4 " M@ 6 ) ) ' ( !) L( 54 ?a L(
• 6 3 3 .
) 123 5 ! D5< ( B
( ) 4 G57
;I 2 ?8 4 @ ! &
.
Z ' L5 a :
; J) ) ! &: ;< &( )
"! a: % &M5K % 2 H 4 3 ! = ?
; 4 5K ! H 4 .
S< 6
%
# 6 : a 4 i l4 i M3 8 i ( LI 5 I5Z
G4 !) 5 ?8 4 5 5 J 5Z % 4 ;I 5 ) )
# L? 5F4 4 ; ; J ! 8! 8 l4 & 5 [
?8 k ( ; i
I 5 i ; . ( i N @ 4 3 8 l4
O# M: ?8 ) 5 @ ?8 4 5? % O5 % ~58 ) ...
O
# % 2 : I( I ( X5 % G57 L ; 123
; 4 5 4 k 3 I 5? 2 &b4 4 ( 4
4 & ! ?8 4 ) 4 3 53 ? H G4 !) 123 k @ !) 2% [8 I 4 4 4 k 3 O$4 !) 5 4 ) 9I 4 !) Z ?8 % & 5 L( !;4 % @ I @ 4 4 &56= 4 M &5' y 4
) !
S< 6
# % 4 : ( (t 4 ( 4 ) % G57 J
N @ 8 4 ? % ! I 5? " H 4 ) ?8 I5(
M5 ! 4 5 I5M4 ( 4 .
6= ) % L 9 4
% 8
i
3 4
i
I 4 "! a: % ;( M e 4
l4 J 4 ;( 4 e 4 3 4 \% 8 < 63 ; ' 4 H 8 ...
6 S<
# % 2 4 3 ) ') 53 ^2% J (
:5K! ) 8 I5 ?8 ( : @ ?8 J 4 ) F ! & C M % L( !;4 # ' I8 ') % d5 4 ) O>5y! 8) % 53 ) & ! !) 5F4 4 % X?% 4
) 3 4 54 4 O J) % 8 ;5 B #! & 5 & 4 OI7#
S< 6
# % 5 : &( ) !) 3 k 2< a 4
8 a 4 \ 4 ! C! ; ;F 3 I( LI 5?
% @ ! 3 k L( LI 5 &( ) 53
! 4 i 2% [8 ! i
8 i 5F4 3 ) 5
L !;5? 4 .
CW ( %Q :
"
9 456 ; 8 :
"
) ( B " 54 B ; } = 3 ?a ) ) # $ ) ; 123 J 5 (
& 4 .
` %
) 123 &( ) 4 4 4 J M ) ) O ! [ ) % & O ` % L( % ; ) 54 ! ;I 8
5 ") < ;( 4 &( b N < L ' p); bI
. !2
4 i Y i ) i ( ) % ; i
% ) L i
` i ! [
i 5 O i ( 4 i ( ; i :23 L i ( ) i &
i . !)
i ' J 8 ( i
?H i 5 3 ) i : ) i " 2e )
]5') ; ) : F ) J 4 ) ( ( 4 ? ) 4 ! 4 `5:) J 5 (
....
?a L(
& ; } = .
O
# % 6 : ) 3 4 3 123 4 ! k 3
IH 4 J;H I 5 ) : 4 g M ) &@ ) i
4 M i
4 3 53 i
) &@ ) ) ? 9 8
2% ) % ) 04 5F4 ) 5 3 i
I% X?% 8 2 ?8 4
;4 ( 4 &b4 &I !;4 4 3
i 3 4 k 3 12 i
) ') 5 L58 2V I 5? )
M7< L7#
i
% ( O % &
i 5 ;4 );FI( J =4 J)
3 i 5 ` i i 4 4 i 8 i &56= 4 3 [
5 i 8 J;
i 8 & 4 F N e 4 [ 8 a 4 ( 5? L5
5? ! H i 9 4 ) % L( ; i
i 57 i G i
53
5:23 4
S< 6
# % 1 : I( !
...i Z 4 i 5:) [ i [8 4 `
3 4 LI i
4 :) i I% &
i ( 8) ') I ? Z b4 L
@ 4! J) =# c 4 M ;(;I % L 4 ( ! H L 4 `3 [ % 4 [I 5 ;5 4 3 k %
;4 53 L(
. 55 O5 W :! 53 7 •()
p) ) W % 5F4 t 4 [( 4 3 [58 =5 Z [5I
O
# % 2 : ( i l4 i i C M Z 4 3 8
5F7 J ) % i
i 5 F ii 2e ) ) i
) ( "
(i I
Z 4 3 i i
= i 6 i ( "
i : ! ( B i
i &
i i 3 ) % i
i 3 ^) i
i . a 4 t @ i
8
<
i 2 i a@ ^2%
i ) i ' ) ; i i : GF i 55 r i L
7 i 5 i
; i 5 ii
! 5 9 i ; . 4 3 i i
I(
i
% % i e 3 4 !) i
5K i i
? &M i i
? ; i 8 i [
% i 5? [ iI i L . ....
i a 4 ) i = 4 ! 5Z ?8 8
F' ;I ' i 3 J 4 G i
!)0 i
! i ; i M i C
i ' i ( L i L ..
S< 6
%
# 6 : ....
i i
% i ) J 53
@ i () i ( 4 ! [ i 3 ^) ; i
4 !2 ;
") b 4 J) ‚ J 5 ( &( ) 4 123 !
t @ ) &5?8 53 ) ?54 J 4 L5# 4 123 ( i G57 !) ( B 123 @ ( B X @ ) ?54 4 5 ) $Z I% &( ) 5? ^2%
I% &( ) : F@ ! ) 04
...
F 9E 2 : 9 R ;L) ? Q ? Q # " #
? Q ? Q
-
\(); I8 ;5 " 8 M [ Z -
;5 \(); I8 ) W( 4 > ; - H 4 J 8 3 ! 8 &M7<
- ^2% 5K 4 ( H ) 4 % 2
^) -
^2% }! 3 I8 H - H ;5 L 3 ; &
- 8 L 3 4 !)! I
X( ?a :
"
G57 ) F ! 4 b })
"
-
^) ^2% " Z - B( ; ! 2 ?8 4 &M7<
K - X7a ! ;I 4 J 8 ;I3
- L ;4 ! [#
- ƒI8 ' ! N 4 ` I O L
-
^2% 4 ! > 4 - ( 1 F@ &( )
! ?a :
"
^) ^2% _>@
"
- J) ) ! &: ;< &( )
- H 4 3 ! = ? ;
-
% 2 -
% &M5K - H 4 "! a:
- I% (
- ƒI8 ' ! N 4 ` I ) 3 4
- J); :
-
( ( B % r( E
) ? ?a
:
"
2 ?8 _>@ ! @
"
- : ) 5 3 ) ? " 2e )
( 4
-
; ) : F ) J 4 ) (
- 4 `5:) J 5 ( ) 4 ]5')
- 4 J 5 ( ) &%) ! ) J) (
(; ( ) bZ ) ? ?a
:
"
) ; 123 J 5 (
"
#$
a ?H ) ( B " 54 B ; d I L5
# $ J E @
"
b }) 4
F !
"
&
.
J 8 G57 ) ) 3 4 ) % ; % 54
;I8 I 4 ! @
J
? &( ) ( B .
ƒI8 ' 4 I( b
@
H! O5 O54 2 „) 4 L( ) 4 I( ) 4 G ! 5
& ; ! ' ) >
.
; ! ;3 [( % : ? k % )
t 4 ) O M@ <
( 4 &M ) 5 ! ) : " FMe (
;I% 4 L5IZ ' :»
% % i( i4 M 5 J
;I
? % % 4 ;I? ' <u;I 8 4 4 ;I
% ;I 8
;II% p) ) ! ! L( [59 "! >
.«
).
10 (
L5Il?8 ' J 4 ) 5 ! 4 # B J ) )
;H !
?( ! [
;I% ) L5IZ :
» ? % 4 ; ! ;3
I 8 ;I? % ) % ! ; )! 54 ?i( i%
` @ 4 ;
; ;I 4 " H) .«
) 11 (.
?a ?B ( )
"
) ; 123 J 5 (
"
! &%)
8 ; F [b ( B 9 ) ) J) ?
&
. "; J) ?8 4 :23 J 8 ) % ( B L54 ) ;5% 4 ! & ) ( J) ( !
% B( ; 5 567 123 ! [b U E L(
. L5Il?8
J a' X( ) k $ ) ') H 4 ! &5?% @ ?
4 9 ) J 8 ) ! " 5:23 I( '
& [% @ G(
@
^
;b J;I4 J &( E) !
;II%
) 12 .(
) 4 k $ J a' B( 4 B5 ) J 8
( ( B L54 J) ?8 ! &%) B( ! :23 J 5
1 ) ; 123 ! J 5 ( &? 4 ) .
O8!P ) ;II% &% " 54 B 54 3 4 ) 7 ) ') I 4 ;5 " 8 M ) : 7a
& ;( %Y J 8 G57 ) .
" # $ ) % & ;
4 J 8 ) ( ( ! @
O( i3 ) ') ) 8 % & L( 4 &M7
&i ; 8 M ) Z [ i4 ! M i J!) 2V
; 4 ; ` '23 ) % [ % L( !;4 J;I ! 4
;I%
M4 ) % 4 5 k " ) M ( 2 e 3 4 ;( 4 !
J i4 % ( 8
& ; W?7 i ! ) i L(
) ) & @ IZ [8 ! ;I% [ iZ .
[8
4 ) M $ ^2% ) L5IZ ( |: ") <
h5E & ) ) `5 L( ;( M [ &i
;I% 4 ( O5 )
13 .(
"
^2% _>@
"
( ( L5 a
;( W< @
G57 ) 123 b> 4 &M ( B
; 4 .
# $ ) ) ?8 ! J) M( H J
) 1389 ( ? )
;( 1 ' 62
7 ) ') I 4 ;5 ;<)
I
& ; 3 .
L( s;I ( # $ L( 8!P
& a J 8 G57 ) [# G4 !) !
G57 ) 7 J 8) ') O8 % J 4 J ƒI8 ' X5 %
!
?
;( 4 4 5 ) : H ) J;H ") <
) 6 (.
Kulsoom Ghias
) ?8 ! )
2014 ( ) 3 # $ )
% ;( I( ? ) ') ‡ ) ) % &5@2< J;5 % J 8 P(! &: ;< ! J) ) :23 ( B !
! ? J 8 G57 )
&
. ) ? ! 8 ) ') ‡ C @ L( 4
; 4 d( ) ! C ? bH J 8 ; .
‡ L(
p) ; ! I W H ! 4 &: ` F 4 !;7 8) ') ) " @ 5 2 ?8 4 &: ;< L ; ; 4 ?
d(!
( " ?@ ! d > ( ! " 2e 8) ') ! L( W ?8 ! ?8 .
; 1 K
mF c 4 ;I( ) 7 J 8) ') L( ) ( B ) ?54 4 ) 3 4 3 ) % W7 ) J ' @ 123 L(
) @ !
) 14 ( .
# $ ) J 5 E @
4 @ < ?a ! ' J 8 ( !) ) ) ?H 4 O ! [ ` % ) ! 2 ?8
7 J 8) ') % ;I 8 J )
# $ J 4 ) ) t 4
) =?8 # $ J ' ( 4 ! ; 5 5 .
t 5 ! B() )
1393 ( WF 4
;I ( M5M@
: 123
I ( L( ; 4 ? r H 4 [% @ ;( 4 ? :
E K 4
3 % ' ! ) V( •23 )
15 ( . 4 !2
? [5b L5Il?8 4 " 2e C F bI J 5 ( J 4 ; G57 ! I5 B( k) B
; 4
) 16 (.
" # $ ( B % &
;( 4 ;b
J 8) ') I ( ;I 4 J 8 G57 ) J) BI8 `# $ ! ^!) J 5 5 ^!) J 5 ( J 4 2 8) BI8 4 ` I J 8) ') B ! }) 3 )
; 4 567 J b ) ! )
2 .(
# $ 4 " # $ L(
) =?8 E @ .
by ( B
) % ; ) )
! &( ) 567 123 ;( 4 O ! [ ` % ;I4 ( ) a@ 8 ^2% ) ;( 4 J 5 ( N;8 4 ( B
5K 4 J 5Z .
% ; % 54 # $ ) ( B
) ) ?54 1 F@ 4 @ ! 123 L( &( ) &( ) ' " ) e ) " 5:23 !
)!
; 4 J 5 ( J 8 G57 ) .
4 H 4
;I I(
J 8
%
&
( J 123
@ Z # < W ;I 8
! ) ') 4 4
&( ) J
& % 1 F@ ! ) ?54
&( E) 8
)
% (
" E
<
123 !
&
( J) )
" E GM
4 K
" 5@
;I O5 J 5 J) ) 4
J)!) 4 X?%
J # 4 K 5 x
GF ) [5?6 J 5 )
) 4
e = ";
!
" E GM
4
(
" 5@
;I J ( J) ?8
% 3 )
;I 4 ) 17 ( &' B5 G57 ) ( B
g 4 L( ; 4 O ! [ ` % ) ) J 8 I5 ) h57< ( ! ;I% &( ) ) " 5:23 4 123 L( &( ) ;I5M4
:23
! J H
;I
)
;I(
|= J ' @ L5?a
;( ;8 3 .
' ( 8 ( B
G57 8
) 8 ( H
J )
@ P(!
;I .
^2%
4 I X(
^;F
(t 4 ) ) 3 4
&
.
&( )
@ 4
;5
2 ?8 58
&# $4
% ? 4 O L H
&=
%
!
^)
; 3
; ( 8 ?
&( )
" 5:23 4 I X(
B ) G57 8
) 4
3
! 2%
)
^2%
- }) 3
^2%
(
; 4 . 123 567
J ) 4 J ; 4
&
% 3 ) ) MIH J 8 ) 5 4
D( y
! ( bI 2%
B ' MIH J 8 )
;I O
! g M )
` I )
! 5K ) 4
8 ( ? ( ? .
%& "&
;I t 3 4 ;I ( ( B
) ) 3 " 54 B ! ; ? &% O8!P L( ) %
;I( ? );: ; ) : ) 5 3 .
&( ?@ L5Il?8 J 8
" # $ % !
5?% ! J ( B " F5F7
^ w J) .
References
1- Shalbaf A. Look at the problems and strategies of promoting ethics in educational organizations.
Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology.2009; 4(2):93_103.
2- Golparvar M. The relationship between ethics
and justice education with the avoidance of deception, ethics, Science and Technology 2010, 5 (2-1): 57-66.
3- Virginia M. Miori, Kelly A. Doyle, Kathleen Campbell. Gender differences in academic ethics with recommendations for curricular change.
Journal of College Teaching & Learning. 2011:
8(3) 7-20.
4- Palmgren P, Chandratilake M. Perception of educational environment among undergraduate students in a chiropractic training institution. The Journal of Chiropractic Education. 2011; 25(
2):151_163.
5- Hafeez K, Khan MLZ, Jawaid M, Haroon S.
Academic misconduct among students in medical colleges of Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci.
2013;29(3):699-702.
6- Jouybari L, Mohammadi Z, Sanagoo A. A Glance at Students and Faculty Members Perceptions of Uncivil Behavior in Educational Settings. Strides in Development of Medical Education, Journal of Medical Education Development Center of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2010;7(2): 127-133 [In Persian].
7- Gallo, V. J. Incivility in nursing education: A review of the literature. Teaching and Learning in Nursing. 2012; 7: 62-66.
8- Krippendorff, K. Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage, 2004.
9- Polit DF, Beck CT. Essentials of nursing research. 6th Edn, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2006.
10- The Holy Quran, Surah Zumar, verse 9.
11- The Holy Quran, Surah Mojadeleh.
12- Golparvar M. The Role of academic ethics, justice and injustice education students in civil behavior. Journal of New ideas in education.
2009: 5(4); 25-41[In Persian].
13- Khademi A. Dignity of Teacher in Verses and Hadiths. Journal of Roshd (Education of Quran) 2010; 7(3): 50- 57. Avaliable from:
http://www.ensani.ir/storage/Files/201012011749 47-254.pdf(Access date: Oct 2015)
14- Ghias K, Rehmani Lakho G, Asim H, Syed Azam I, Abdul Saeed S. Self-reported attitudes and behaviors of medical students in Pakistan regarding academic misconduct: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Ethics. 2014 15:43.
15- Larijani B, Tirgar S , Habibi H. Regulatory ethics of science and culture: a breath of moral virtues. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History . 2014; 7 (2): 2-12[In Persian].
16- Mohammadi A, Mohammad J. Students' perception of the learning environment and teaching at the University of Medical Sciences.
Journal of Medical Education. 2013; 6 (11): 50- 60.
17- Langroodi S, Asadinejad M. Place the patient in medical decisions. Journal of Medical law.
2013; 7 (27): 11-36.
Educational Ethics in Academic Environment: Medical Students' Perspectives
Hosseini nejhad SM1, Sanagoo A2, Kalantari S3, Joybari L4, Saeidi S1
1Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
2Nursing Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
3Medical Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
4Education Development Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Corresponding author: Joybari L, Education Development Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Email: [email protected]
Received: 17 Aug 2015 Accepted: 16 Dec 2015
Background and Objective: Educational ethics imply values such as honesty, reliance on one's own personal effort, not to abuse the efforts of others, and respect the dignity and respect for others. Students are faced with different situations in which they show various moral and immoral behaviors. This study aimed to explore medical students' viewpoints and experiences at Golestan University of Medical Sciences about ethics in academic environment in 2013.
Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study a purposive sampling was used with maximum variation and 12 medical students participated in the research. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews. At least an open question "When I say ethics in education or educational environment, what comes to your mind" was repeated in all the interviews. The interviews recorded and transcribed line by line and then analyzed according to "conventional content analysis" method.
Results: "Respecting teacher dignity", "preserving dignity of classroom", "respecting and maintaining dignity for classmates", "seeking for knowledge and sciences” emerged as the main themes of the current study.
Conclusion:University students considered learning environment as a sacred place; conforming its expected rules and ethics would be mandatory. Abnormal behavior causes not only loss of students dignity but also could be harmful to the calmness of educational atmosphere and may evoke different unpleasant pessimistic ideas about such academic environment.
