ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ

(1)

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ[h ﻥﺎﻬﻔﺻﺍ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺔﻤ )

ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲ (

ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ –

ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )

۳۴ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ۲ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ ۱۳۸۸

ﺺﺻ ۶۴ - ۳۵

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﻠﻋ ﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻲ ﻧﺎﮕﺳﺍﺭﻮﺧ ﻲ

ﻭ ∗

ﻣ ﮐ ﺩﻮﻌﺴ ﻴ ﺭﻮﭙﻧﺎ ∗∗

هوﺮﮔ∗

ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا مﻮﻠﻋ نﺎﻬﻔﺻا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد

ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد∗∗

ي ﺮﺘﮐد ي ﻔﺻا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻬ

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻪﻫﺩ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ۱۹۷۰

ﻪﻫﺩ ﻞﻳﺍﻭﺍ ﻭ ۱۹۸۰

ﺎـﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .

ﺎـﺑ ﺎـﻬﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻴـﺳﺭ ﭖﺎـﭼ ﻪـﺑ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺭﺩ

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ .

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ

ﺪـﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﺍ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺗﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻭ .

ﺭﺩ

ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺷ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺪﻠﻴﺸﻗﻮﻫ ﻱ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ .

ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻡﺎﻨﺑ ﺮﻧﺮﺗ ﻥﺎﺗﺎﻧﺎﺟ ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ

ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .

ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ :

ﺬﭘ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻳﺮ

ﻱ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ، .

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ،ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ .

The Sociology of Emotions

A. Rabbani Khorasgani^∗and M. Kianpour^∗∗

∗Social Seiances, the University of Isfahan

∗∗ Ph.D student the University of Isfahan

Abstract

The sociology of emotions as one of the sub-disciplines of sociology received attention around the late 70s and mid 80s in American sociology. During this period several important contributions took place to make the roots of the sub-discipline robust. Drawing upon five theoretical discourses,

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ﺭﻮﭙﻧﺎﻴﮐ ﺩﻮﻌﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﮕﺳﺍﺭﻮﺧ ﻲﻧﺎﺑﺭ ﻲﻠﻋ

٣٦

this paper aimed at presenting a general picture of emotions in sociology. Among all, Shott’s symbolic interactionist theory and Hochschild’s normative theory, which are labeled as social constructionist approaches, together with structural-relational theory of Kemper and Collins’s conflict theory, which are categorized as positivist approaches, are discussed. Having reviewed these four theories, the paper goes on to consider synthetic approach introduced by Turner, which is known as general sociological theory of emotions.

Keywords: Emotions, Role-taking, Culture, Power, Status, Expectation, Experience

ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻲ

ﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺯﻮﻣﺮﻣ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺯﺎﺑﺮﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ .

ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﺎﻣ

ﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻳ

ﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻢ ﻴ

ﺭﺩ ﻲﻗﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﻪﭼ ﻢ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻧﻭﺭﺩ .

ﺭﺎﺷﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻣ ﻪﻧﺍﺯﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ

ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻳﺎﺷﻮﺧﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﺷﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦ

ﺮﺠﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺮﺴﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ

ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺷ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﻢﻳﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ ،ﻢﻳﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻏﺪﻏﺩ ﻭﺰﺟ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﺭﺍﺮﺳﺍ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮ

.

ﺶﻴﭘ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺍﺰﻫ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻮﻄﺳﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ :

» ﺖﺴﻨﻳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﮕﻤﺸﺧ

ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺎﺠﻛ ﻭ ،ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﭼ ،ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ،ﺍﺮﭼ ﺪﻤﻬﻔﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻦﻴﮕﻤﺸﺧ

« ) ﻫﻴ ،ﺰﺟﻮ ٢٠٠٣ : ٥ .(

ﻘﻣ ﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻟﻮ ﻲ

ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱ .

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻩﮋﻳﻮﺑ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .

ﺭﺩ

ﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻲ

ﻠﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲ ﺪﺟ ﻱ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ

. ﻣﺩﺎﮐﺁ ﻥﻮﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ

ﻭ ﮏ ﻤﻠﻋ ﻲ ﺍ ﻳ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﻦ

ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻴ

ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻢ ﻱ

ﺯ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻳ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺮ

» ﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ

« ﻣ ﻲ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻴ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ ،ﻢ ﻳﻔ

ﻲ ﻭ

ﻧﻮﻤﻀﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻫ ﻲ

ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺪﮑ ﻳ ﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕ ﻳ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺰ .

ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻪﻤﻠﮐ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ )

Emotion (

ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﻫ ﻴ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﺠ

ﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻳ

ﺗﻻ ﻪﺸ ﻴ

ﻦ

ﻪﻤﻠﮐ ) Emovere (

ﺣ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ ،ﺖﻛﺮ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻖﺘﺸﻣ ﺞﻴﻴﻬﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺶﻨﺗ .

ﺩ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻳ ﺮﮕ

ﻪﻤﻠﮐ ) Feeling) ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻱ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ

ﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ

ﺩﻮﺷ ..

ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻴ ﮕﺘﺨ ﻲ ﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻲ ﺮﺗ ﻳ ﻦ

ﺎﻫﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﮐ ﻱ ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻴ ﻣﺎﻋ ﻢ ﻴ ﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎ ﻴ

ﭽ ﻴ ﺮﺗ ﻩﺪ

ﻌﺗ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻴﻴ ﻗﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺶﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻖ

ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺟﺍ ﮏ ﻠﮐ ﻉﺎﻤ ﻲ ﺯ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻳ

ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮ ﻱ ﺻﻮﺗ ﻴ

ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻒ

ﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ :

- ﻪﻧﺍﺭﺎﻴﺷﻮﻫ ﻱﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ

- ،ﺎﻣﺮﮔ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺴﺣ ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ

ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩ - ،ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺴﻓﺍ ،ﻲﺘﺣﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ

ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺷ - ﺎﻳ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻢﻬﺒﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺎﺑ

ﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺴﻛ ﺄﺗ ﺍﺮﻧﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺪﻨﺘ

ﻴﻳ ﺪ

ﺩﺮﻛ )

،ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ١٣٧٣

.(

ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ) Affect) ﻧ

ﻴ ﻠﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺰ ﻲ

ﻭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻞﺧﺍﺪﺘﻣ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ

ﻠﺒﻗ ﻲ ﺭﺎﺗ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻳ

ﺨ ﻲ

(3)

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ

٣٧

ﺎﻫﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﮐ ﻱ

ﺮﺗ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻱ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺍﻳ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻤﻠﮐ ﻦ

ﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻭ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ

ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻭ ١

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ٢

ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ

ﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻲ

ﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻲ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ

ﺪﻨﻳﺎﺷﻮﺧﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﺷﻮﺧ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ )

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .(

ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻳ

،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ

ﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲ

ﻈﻧ ﻴ ،ﺖﺒﺤﻣ ﺮ

ﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻤﻴﻤﺻ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺮﻬ

.

ﺪﻌﺑ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱ

) Mood) ﻳ

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺎ ﻪﺑ

ﻤﻳﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،ﻪﻤﻠﻛ ﻖﻴﻗﺩ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ

ﺩﺮﻓ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻖﻠﺧ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﺜﻛﺍ

ﹰ ﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻡﺍﻭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻲﻣ

ﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ .

ﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻘﻠﺧ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ

ﺳﺍ ﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻩﺍﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻩﺍﻮﺧ ،ﺖ ﻲ

ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺯﺍﺮﺑﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ،

،ﺪﻨﻫﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ )

،ﺍﺭﺁ ﻡﺯﺭ ١٣٧٠

.(

ﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺮﺧﺁ ،ﺖ ﻳ

ﻦ ﺍ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱ ﻥﺎﮔﮊﺍﻭ ﻩﺮﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ

٣

ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻳ

ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺎﺟ ﻦ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻲ ﻨﮐ ﻴ ﻢ

ﻪﻤﻠﮐ ) Sentiment) ﺖﺳﺍ

. ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻳ

ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ،ﻒ

ﺶﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻢﻛ ﻲﻠﻴﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻩﺰﻴﻣﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺍﻭﺩ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ )

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .(

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻡﺍﻭﺩﺎﺑ ﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺕﺪﺷ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ .

ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻳ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ،ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺎ

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ .

ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ

1- Cognition 2- Volition

۳ - ﺘﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﮊﺍﻭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪ

ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ

ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﺚـﺤﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻪﻘﺋﺎﺳ ،ﻩﺰﻳﺮﻏ ،ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﺠﻨﮔ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ .

،ﻦﻴﺴﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺶﻳﺎﺘﺳ ،ﻱﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺬﺟ ،ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺮﻏ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﻛ

...

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻝﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻚﻣ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻴﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺎﻳ ﺀﻲﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺕﻼﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻤﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ

ﻫ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺎﻳ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺎ

ﮕﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻴ

ﺯ ﺩﺮ ﻳ ﺀﻲﺷ ﺎﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻚﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺍﺮ

ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲ

ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ).

،ﻱﺭﺎﻜﻓﺍﺭﻮﭘ ١٣٧٣

.(

ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻲ

ﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻱ

ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ

ﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻳﻔ ﻲ ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺰﺠﻣ ﻱ

ﺮﻫ ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﮏ ﻱ

ﻫ ﻪﺑ ،ﻕﻮﻓ ﻴ

ﭻ

ﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻭ ﻲ ﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺯﺮﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻥﺎ ﻱ

ﻗﺩ ﻴ ﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻪﺷﺪﺧ ﻭ ﻖ ﻳﺮ

ﻱ

ﺳﺮﺗ ﻴ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻢ . ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋ ﻲ

ﭘ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻴ ﺍﺪ

ﻣ ﻲ ﺎﺟ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻳ

ﺎﻫ ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﻱ

ﹰﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﺍﺭ ﻕﻮﻓ

ﺋﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻑﺩﺍﺮﺘﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻲ

ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ )

ﺸﻗﻮﻫ ﻴ

٤ﺪﻠ ، ١٩٧٩ ؛

٥ﺕﺎﺷ ، ١٩٧٩ .(

ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻪﭼﺭﺎﭙﻜﻳ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﮊﺍﻭ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﺧ

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،

ﺲﺘﻳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻲﻣ ٦

ﺪﻳﻮﮔ :

» ﹰﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ

ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺪﻘﻧﺎﻤﻫ

« )

،ﺲﺘﻳﻮﺗ ١٩٨٩ :

٣١٨ .(

ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺯ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ،ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻳ

ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺮ ﻲ

ﺪﻨﻫﺩ :) ١ (

،ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ )

٢ ( ﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻴ

،ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻧﺪﺑ ﺱﺍﻮﺣ )

٣ ( ﻊﻨﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻧﺍﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ

ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻩﺪﺷ )

٤ (

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻚﻳ

ﻲﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ )

ﺎﻳ

ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ( ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ )

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .(

ﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲ ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ ﻪﮐ

٧ﻱﺎﺗ ) ١٩٩٩ ( ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻣ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺮﮕ ﻲ

ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻳ

ﻩﺩﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ ﻦ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺗ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ )

١ ( ﻚﻳ

4- Hochschild 5- Shott 6- Thoits

7- Lawler & Thye

(4)

٣٨

ﺮﻤﻋ ﻢﻛ ﹰﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ

،ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ) ٢ ( ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺐﺼﻋ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ) ٣ ( ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺖﺤﺗ )

ﻭ ﺮﻟﻭﻻ

،ﻱﺎﺗ ١٩٩٩ : ٢١٨ .(

ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺘﻗﻭ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻲ ﻮﮔ ﻴﻳ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢ ﻲ

ﻭﺩ ﻥﺎﻣﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ

) The Sociology of

Emotions) ﻭ

) The Sociology of Feelings)

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺩ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻴ

ﻪﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻦ

ﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﻠﮐ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻲ

ﺪﻨﺑ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ، ﻱ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺑ

ﻱ

ﺎﻣﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺐﻠﺟ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻦ ﻫ ﻢﻫ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻴ

ﺍ ﻪﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﭽ ﻱ

ﻞﺻﺎﺣ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ .

ﺧﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻏ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻴ

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮ

ﺷﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ .

ﻪﺑ

ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻳ

ﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ،ﺮﮕ ﻲ

ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺭﺪﻘﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪ ﻱ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻴ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﻥﺎﺸ .

ﺎﻣﺍ

ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪ

ﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻳ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦ

ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﹰﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻳ

ﻧ ﺖ ﻴ ﺖﺴ .

ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻲﻳ

ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﻣ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﻦ ﻲ

ﺿﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻲ ﻮﮔ ﻳ ﺪ ﻳ ﺧﺮ ﻲ ﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻳﺮ

ﻳ ﻟﻭﺍ ﻦ ﻴ ﻭ ﻪ

ﻨﺑﻴ ﺩﺎ ﻳ ﻨﭼ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺮﮐ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻦ ﻴ

ﺿﺮﻓ ﻦ ﻲ ﺍﺭ

ﺬﭙﺑ ﻳﺮ ﻳ ﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﻧﺁ ﻢ ﻲ

ﮐ ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺮ

ﻳ ﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦ ﻴ

،ﻪ

ﺩﺍﺯﺭﺩﺎﻣ ﻱ ﺮﻄﻓ ﻭ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻳ

ﺯ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﻣ ﻦ ﻳ

ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺴ ﻲ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ . ﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺍ ﺮ ﻳ ،ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦ ﻳ

ﻨﻌ ﻲ ﺴﻘﺗ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻴ

ﺪﻨﺑ ﻢ ﻱ ﻟﻭﺍ ﻴ ﻭ ﻪ

ﻏ ﻴ ﻟﻭﺍ ﺮ ﻴ ﺬﭙﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪ ﻳﺮ

ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﻧﺁ ﻢ ﻳ

ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪ ﻳ ﻦ

ﺑ ﺭﺎﻨﮐ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻴﺎ

ﻴﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻢ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲ ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻴ

ﺩ ﻪﺠ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭ

ﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻲ

ﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲ

ﮔ ﻴ ﺪﻧﺮ .

ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲ

ﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﻲ ﺬﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻝﻭﺍ ﺽﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻳ

ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ

ﺎﻗ ﻳ ﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻞ ﻴ

ﻏ ﻭ ﻪ ﻴ ﻟﻭﺍ ﺮ ﻴ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪ

» ﺍﺮﮕﺗﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﻳ ﻥﺎ

١« ﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ ﻲ

ﻡﻭﺩ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻪﮐ

ﺎﻤﺣ ﻳ ﻣ ﺖ ﻲ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﺁﺮﻓ ﻳ ﺎﻫﺪﻨ ﻱ ﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻋ ﻲ ﻟﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪ

ﻣ ﻲ ،ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ

» ﺍﺮﮔﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲ

٢« ﻣﺎﻧ ﻴ ﻣ ﻩﺪ ﻲ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺭﺩ .

ﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﻴ

ﺩ ﻢ ﻳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪ ﻱ

ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ

ﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻳ

ﺿﺮﻓ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻴ

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻪ .

ﺎﻣﺍ

ﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲ

ﻣ ﻲ ﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻢ

ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﻤﻫ ﺎﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻴ

ﻨﭼ ﻦ ﺧﺍ ﻪﻫﺩ ﺪ ﻴ

ﺪﺷ ﺮ .

ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻦ ﻳ

ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪ ﻳ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻦ ﻣ ﻪﮐ

ﻲ

ﻮﮔ ﻳ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪ ﻳ

ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﮏ

ﻱﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .

ﺍﻳ ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻲ

ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲ

ﻲﻣ

ﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻮﮔ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻲﺗﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢ ﻴﻳ

ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻢ

ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ .

ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ؟ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺩﺎﺴﺣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻭ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺮﺛﺍ

ﺭﺩ ؟ﺩﻮﺷ ﺕﺭﺎﻘﺣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﻌﻔﻧﺍ ﺩﺯ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺬﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ

ﻳ ﺎﻫ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮ ﻱ

ﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻲ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻭ ﻱ

ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺭﺪﻗ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ

ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ .

ﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﺨﻣ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ،ﺖﻘ ﻒﻠﺘ

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ

ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ،ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ

ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ

ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ .

،ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ ﺱﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻔﻴﻠﻛ

ﮔﻴ ﺮ

٣ﺰﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ،

» ﻪﻧ ﻢﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ

1- Positivists

2- Social constructionists 3- Clifford Geertz

(5)

٣٩

ﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺕﺎﻗﻮﻠﺨﻣ

« ) ،ﺰﺗﺮﮔ ١٩٧٣ : ٨١ ،ﺕﺎﺷ ﺭﺩ ١٩٧٩

(

ﻭ ﻳ ﻟﺭﺁ ﺎ ﻲ ﺪﻠﻴﺸﻗﻮﻫ ﻣ

ﻲ ﻮﻧ ﻳ ﺪﺴ :

» ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺑ

ﻪ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻚﻳ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ

ﺐﻠﻏﺍ

ﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻨﻨ

ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺗ ﺪ

ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ

ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ

ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺭﻭﺮﭙﺑ

« ) ﺸﻗﻮﻫ ﻴ ،ﺪﻠ ١٩٧٩ : ٥٥٢ ( .

ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﻃ

ﻚﻳ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ

ﻚﻳ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ

ﻲ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ

ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﺸﻓ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻧﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ )

،ﺕﺎﺷ ١٩٧٩ : ١٣١٩ .(

ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻤﻧ

ﻳ ﺶ ﻥﺯ ﻚﻳ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﮒﺮﻣ

ﺮﻫﻮﺷ ﺵ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺶ ﻚﻳ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻥﺯ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻬﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﻴ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻕﺮﻓ ﻢﻫ -

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﹰﺎﺗﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ

ﺮﺛﺎﺘﻣ ﻪﺛﺩﺎﺣ ﻭ

ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺮﺛﺎﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻧﺰﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻳﺎﺒﻧ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ

ﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻭ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ

ﺪﻨﻫﺩ .

ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ ﻣ ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻲ

ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲ

ﺎﻫ ﻑﺮﺣ ﻱ

ﺯﻳ ﺩﺎ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺘﻔﮔ ﻲ

ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ

ﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻴ

ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺎ . ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻳ

ﺍ ﻪﮑﻨ ﻳ ﻦ

ﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻱ

ﺪﺟ ﹰﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻳ

ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺪ

ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻲ

ﻦﻤﺿ ﺎﻣ ﻑﺪﻫ ،ﺩﻮﺷ

ﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲ ﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪ

ﻳ ﮑ ﻲ ﺯﺍ

ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲ

ﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ، ﻴ

ﻭ ﻞ

ﻓﺮﻇ ﻴ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱ

ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻳ ﺪﭘ ﮏ ﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻩﺪ ﻲ

ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻴﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ

ﻦﻴﻣﺎﻀﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﻨﺷﺁﺎﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺎﺑ ﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺱﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﻜﺑ

ﺭ

ﻱﺎﻨﻏ ﻱﻼﺘﻋﺍ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﮔ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﭼ ﺮﻫ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ

.

ﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻝﺍﻮﺳ ﻲ

ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﹰﺎﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ : ﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻲ

ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ

ﺮﻈﻨﻣ ﻱ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻲ

ﺯ ﻭ ﻳ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺴ ﻲ

ﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲ

ﺭﺍﺮﻗ

ﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻴ

ﻞ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲ

ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺎﺸﮐ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻳ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮏ ﻲ

،ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ؟ﺩﺮﮐ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ

ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻭ ﺎﻫ

ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻭ ﻲﻤﻛ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ

ﺍﺭ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ؟ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻔﻴﻛ ﺮﻛ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩ

ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ؟ﺩﺭﺍﺪﺑ ﻥﻮﺼﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲ

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ

؟ﺪﻨﻣﺍﺪﮐ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ

ﻳﻪ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ

ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

) ،ﻥﻭﺩﺭﻮﮔ ١٩٨٦

: ١٣٥ .(

،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ

ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻜﻋ ﺎﻳ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻼﺑ ﺮﺘﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺰﻨﻣﻮﻫ ﺝﺭﻮﺟ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .

ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ

ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻲﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺲﻜﻋ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ -

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﺷ

. ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻱﺎﻳﺎﻀﻗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ

ﺩﻮﺷ .

(6)

٤٠ ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

١ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ - ﻳ

ﺎﻫ ﻪ ﻱ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺏ ( ﺮﻈﻧ ﻳ ﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﮐ ﻪ ﻳ

ﻦ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺷﺍ ﺎﻴ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ .

ﺖﻴﻓﺮﻇ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ

،ﻖﻠﺧﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜﺘﺳﺩ

ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ .

،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺼﻏ ﻭ ﻢﺸﺧ ،ﺕﺮﻔﻧ ،ﻖﺸﻋ ﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻭ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮ

ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ) ﻥﺎﻤﻫ : ١٤١ ( . ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﺗﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻌﻔﻨﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ .

ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ )

،ﺕﺎﺷ ١٩٧٩ .(

ﺝ ( ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺐﻴﻗﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﻮﻀﻋ ،ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺞﻴﺴﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩ

. ﻲﺘﻗﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ

ﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻮﻀﻋ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ،ﺪﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ،ﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺞﻴﻴﻬﺗ ﻭ ﻦﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ

(7)

٤١

ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍﺭﻮﺷ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺪﺿ ﻱ

ﭘﻴ ﺖﺴﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺶﮑﻤﺸﮐ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﺩﺮﺒﺸ .

ﻭ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻝﺍﺪﻧﺭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻓﻭﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺯﻮﻛ ﺲﻴﺋﻮﻟ .

ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﺭﺯﻮﻛ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ

ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .

ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ،ﻭﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ

ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ

ﺩﻮﺷ ) ،ﺭﺯﻮﮐ ١٩٥٦ ،ﻥﻭﺩﺭﻮﮔ ﺭﺩ ١٩٨٦

: ١٣٨ .(

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﻪﻬﺒﺟ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻴﻨﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻚﻳ .

ﻥﺎﻌﻓﺍﺪﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻬﺒﺟ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ

» ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ

١«

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺷﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ

ﻪﻬﺒﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﭘ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻴ ﻥﺍﻭﺮ

» ﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ

٢ﻲ

« ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ

ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ -

ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪﻧﺍ

.

،ﺮﻣﺍ ﻭﺪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺎﻋﺩﺍ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻕﺍﺮﻏﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎ

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ .

ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ

ﺮﻫ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻩﻮﺟﻭ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﻤﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻞﺼﻔﻣ ﻲﻠﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .

1- Social constructionism 2- Positivism

ﻧﺎﻬﮔﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻲ

ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻨﻴﻋ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ) ،ﺖﻟﺎﺑﺭﺎﺑ ٢٠٠١

.(

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ

ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ .

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺍ ،ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﺗﺍﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣ

- ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ )

،ﺪﻠﻴﺸﻗﻮﻫ ١٩٧٩

.(

ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻨﻫﺫ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺸﻳﺭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ .

ﺎﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ،ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻭ ﻱﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ

ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺩﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ .

ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ )

،ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ١٩٨١ .(

ﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ،ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺍ

ﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻱﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﺸﺑ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ

» ﻱﻮﻗ «

ﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ . ﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻱﺍ

ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ،ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺪﻨﻣﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻝﻮﻤﺷ

(8)

٤٢

ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ -

ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ )

،ﺲﺘﻳﻮﺗ ١٩٨٩ : ٣٢٠ .(

ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ

» ﻒﻴﻌﺿ «

ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﻣ ،ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ

ﻳ ﻞ

ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻪﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ .

ﻱﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻱ

ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻳﺎﺒﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ .

،ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻳ

ﺩﺮﮑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ

ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ .

ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ٢ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﮑﻳﻭﺭ -

ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺩﺮﮑﻳﻭﺭ

ﺮﭙﻤﻛﺭﻭﺩﻮﺌﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

» ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ -

ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ

«١

ﻑﻭﺮﻌﻣ

ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻭﺍ

ﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺭ

ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ .

1- Structural-relational

ﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻋﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﺍﺮﮕﺗﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻴﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻜﺷ ﻪﺑ ﹰﻼﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻚﻳ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻲﻠ

ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ -

،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ .

ﺎﻣﺍ

ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺴﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺍ

(9)

٤٣

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﻱﻭﺭ .

ﻋ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺪ

ﻩﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﹺﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﹰﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ )

ﻭ ﺮﺘﻛﺎﻜﺳﺍ

ﺮﮕﻨﻴﺳ ،١

١٩٦٢ .(

ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﹰﺍﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﺒﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ

ﺑ ﻪﻤﻫ ،ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺵﻮﺧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻥﺍﻭﺮﻴﭘ ﻕﺍﺬﻣ ﻪ ﹰﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻛﺍﺮﭼ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﺖﺴﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻩﺪﻋ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻝﻭﺍ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻑﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻧﺍﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﹺﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳ

ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ .

ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ

ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﺒﺸﺗ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻭ ﻞﻔﻗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ :

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ

ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ) ﺪﻴﻠﻛ ( ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ )

ﻞﻔﻗ (

ﻲﻣ ﺖﻔﺟ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

)

،ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ١٩٨١ : ٣٣٩ .(

ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ

ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺗ

ﻛ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪ .

ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،

1- Schachter & Singer

ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﻛ ٢

ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ .

ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺖﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ

ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻠﻴﺸﻗﻮﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .

ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ

» ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ

ﺘﺒﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ،ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨ

ﻪﺑﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻜﻳﮊﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻲﻣﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ

« ) ﻥﺎﻤﻫ .(

ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻱﺩﻮﻤﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺭﺁ

ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ .

ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻉﺎﺟﺭﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ

،ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺒﺟﺍ ،ﺭﻭﺁ ﻡﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻭ

ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺭﺩ ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ .

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ

ﺪﻨﻧﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ

.

ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻛ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻳ ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ،ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ

،ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﺒﺗ ،ﺪﻴﺠﻤﺗ ،ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ،ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻘﺸﻋ ﻲﺘﺣ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ،ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃﻭﺍﺩ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ ..

ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ

ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻞﻜﺷ

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ،ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ .

2- status

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ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ .

ﻼﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﻛ

،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ ،ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ

،ﺩﺮﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻔﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ

ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ .

ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ

ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮ

ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ،ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ .

ﻱﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻱﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ

ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻜﺘﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺮﻜﻨﻣ ﻭﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺰﻳﻮﺠﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ .

ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻪﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺪﺣ

ﺯﺍ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻚﻳ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻪﻛﺍﺮﭼ ؛ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺰﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣﺩﺁ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻨﻛ .

ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻪﭼﺮﮔﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ،ﻭﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺕﺪﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﺍﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑ

- ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺐﺴﺣﺮﺑ

ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ -

ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ

ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ .

ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ

ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺰﻳﻮﺠﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ .

ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻝﺍﺪﻧﺭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ

ﺍﺪﻧﺭ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻝ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻑﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ

ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻦﻬﭘ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ،

ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﺒﻴﺼﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ

ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ .

ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ

ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻱﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺵ

» ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ

ﻪﻧﺍﺭﺎﮕﻨﺷﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺍ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ )

،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ١٩٩٠ .(

،ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎﭼ ﻦﻳﺍ

ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺵﻮﺣ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻪﻛ

» ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻴﺠﻧﺯ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ

ﻴﻳﺁ ﻲﻨ

١« ﻙﺪﻳ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺸﻨﻴﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﺧﺮﭼ ﻲﻣ

ﺪﺸﻛ ﻲﻣ .

ﺢﻄﺳ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺮﺧ

ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻭ

ﻩﺪﻳﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﮓﻨﺗ

،ﺖﺳﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺯﺍ

ﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﻼﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲ

ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻭ

ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ .

ﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ

ﺩﺮﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻱ

ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻥﻼﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﻱﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ

» ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ )

ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ

ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ (

ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﺧ .

ﻊﻳﺎﻗﻭ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻼﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﺧ ﺭﺍﺮ

ﺪﻫﺩ

« ) ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ : ١٩٨١ .(

1- Interaction ritual chains

(11)

٤٥

ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﹺﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻨﻧﺍﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ؛ﺖﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺩﺮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ

ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ -

ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻭﺩ

» ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ

١« ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺷ

ﺭﻭﺁ ﺪﻧ .

ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻩﺮﻴﺠﻧﺯ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻲﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﺋﺁ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

. ﻚﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ

ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ

:

) ١ ( ﻭ ﺱﺮﺗ ،ﻲﮕﭼﺎﭙﺘﺳﺩ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺷ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﺘﻗﻮﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻢﺸﺧ

ﻪﻧﺍﺯﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ

؛ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻝﻼﺘﺧﺍ )

٢ ( ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ

ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺍﻭﺩﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﺤﻟ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﺯﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

.

ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ

» ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺘﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣﺍﻭﺩﺎﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ

ﻭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ /

ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﻴﮔﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻳ

ﻘﺘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎ

« )

،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ١٩٩٠ .(

ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻱﻭ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﹺﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺲﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ؛ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺘﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺳﻮﻴﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻌﻣ

/

ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺮﻴﮔﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱ

:

ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﻴﺠﻧﺯ

ﺶﻨﻛ

ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻳﺁ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ

1- Emotional energy

ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﻤﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﻲﺒﺗﺍﺮﻣ ﻪﻠﺴﻠﺳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺮﺗ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺳﺎ

. ﻪﺑ

ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ،ﻲﻠﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺏﺬﺟ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ

ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻣﺰﻳﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻫﺮﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ .

ﺭﺩ

ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻦﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺍ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺞﻴﻴﻬﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ

-

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻣﺰﻳﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺗ ﺏﺬﺟ

ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ )

،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ١٩٧٥ .(

ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ

ﻡﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ

» ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ،ﻱﺪﻨﺑﺮﺸﻗ

ﺍﺭﺬﮔ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ «

ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻚﻳ

ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﺳﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻳﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

» ﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻳﺁ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒ

٢« ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺳﺮﺗ .

،ﻱﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ

ﻪﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﻩﺮﻬﭼ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻓﺮﻃﻭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺷﻮﻫ .

ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺷﻮﻫ ،ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻝﻮﺼﺣ ﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫ

ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ

» ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺍﻭ

٣« ﺎﻴﻬﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ

ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ . ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺖﻳﺍﺮﺳ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺍﻭ

ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ )

ﺯﺮﻣﺎﺳ - ،ﺮﻠﻓﺍ ٢٠٠٢ .(

2- Solidarity rituals 3- Emotional contagion

(12)

٤٦

ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ

ﺖﺳﺎﻔﻛﺩﻮﺧ .

ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺷﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ

ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ،ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺪﺑ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ .

،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ

ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺷﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺒﻧﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﮔ ﻊﺿﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﻃ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓ

ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ

ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺍﻭ

ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ .

ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﺗﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ

» ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺴﻓﺍ

«

،

» ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ

ﻲﮕﻧﺎﮕﻴﺑ

« ﻭ ،

» ﻲﮕﭼﺎﭙﺘﺳﺩ

« ﺩﻮﺷ )

،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ١٩٩٠ : ٣١ ..(

ﺯﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ

ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ

» ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

« ،

» ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ

« ،

» ﻪﻧﺍﻮﻳﺩ ﺭﻮﺷ

ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﺑ ﻡﻮﺠﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﻭ

« ﺎﻳ ،

» ﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﻮﺳ

ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻮﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻥﺁ

« ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ )

،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ

١٩٩٠ .(

ﺮﻧﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊ

ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ .

ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ

ﺍﺭ

ﻲﻨﻳﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻳﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺭﻮﺻ ﺏﺎﺘﮐ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻴﻛﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ .

ﺭﺩ ،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛ

ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﻛﺍﺮﺗ ﻢﻫ ،ﺭﻮﺷﺮﭘ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻚﻳ ﻢﻫ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺁ .

ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺭﺩ

،ﻱﺍ

» ﺎﻣ

« ﺯﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻱ

ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ .

ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﺪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ

ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻗ ،ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺯ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ

ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﺁ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ .

ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺎﺠﻨﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﻊﺿﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻚﻳ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻝﺎﻐﺷﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻜﻳ

ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ

ﺪﻨﻳﺮﻓﺎﻴﺑ ) ،ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ١٩٩٠ .(

ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ ،ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻝﺍﺪﻧﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺩﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺶﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺶﮑﻤﺸﮐ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ

ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .

ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻱﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ

ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻳﻮﭘ ،ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﻠﺒﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮕﺗﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺖﻓﺎﻴﻫﺭ ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ /

ﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ،ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻭ ﺮﺗ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮ

ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺍﺩﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻣﺯﻭﺭ .

ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ

ﺖﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻭ )

ﺮﭙﻤﻛ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ (

ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﮊﺮﻧﺍ ﻭ )

ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ

ﺰﻨﻴﻟﺎﻛ ( ﻲﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ

ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﻛ .

ﺟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺩﺮﮑﻳﻭﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘ

ﺕﺎﺷ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﺳ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ