ﻪﻠﺠﻣ ي لﻮﺻا ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﻲﻧاور
لﺎﺳ 15 ) 4 (
، نﺎﺘﺴﻣز 1392
، ﻪﺤﻔﺻ -83 274
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ي ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﻄﺑار ي مﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
دازآ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ﺪﺣاو ناﺪﻤﻫ
هﮋﻴﻨﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺑﺮﻛ
رﺎﻳدﺎﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ ناور
،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دازآ
،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ﺪﺣاو ناﺪﻤﻫ
ﻒﻟﻮﻣ*
لﻮﺌﺴﻣ :
،ناﺮﻳا ناﺪﻤﻫ
، ﻲﺳ يﺮﺘﻣ
،ﻪﻳﺪﻴﻌﺳ يﻮﻛ
،ﻦﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ نﺎﺑﺎﻴﺧ
،ﺐﻴﻟﺪﻨﻋ هرﺎﻤﺷ 89
[email protected] ﻦﻔﻠﺗ : 08114494000
ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ لﻮﺻو : 6 / 7 / 91
ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ 22: / 2 / 92
ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ تﺰﻋ: ﺲﻔﻧ ءﺰﺟ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ و ﻪﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺷزرا ي هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻲﻣ ددﺮﮔ و ﻲﺸﺨﺑ زا
ﻦﺘﺸﻳﻮﺧ ﺮﻫ دﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ يدﺎﻳز ﺮﺑ هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ يو
،دراد مﺎﻧ وا ﺖﺳا . فﺪﻫ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار ي مﺎﻧ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ و تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺖﺳا
.
شور رﺎﻛ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ : ﻪﺑ شور ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺮﺑ يور ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ي 400 يﺮﻔﻧ زا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دازآ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ﺪﺣاو ناﺪﻤﻫ رد لﺎﺳ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ 91 - 1390 ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ
شور ﻪﻘﺒﻃ يا ﻲﺒﺴﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . راﺰﺑا نآ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ي تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺖﻴﻤﺳاﺮﭘﻮﻛ 58
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ يا هدﻮﺑ ﺖﺳا . ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا شور ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻚﻳ
،ﻪﻳﻮﺳ
ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ي ﻦﻴﺑ
،ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ نﻮﻣزآ ﻲﺗ ياﺮﺑ هوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ
، نﻮﻣزآ نﻮﻟ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﮕﻤﻫ
ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﺎﻫ و نﻮﻣزآ ﻲﺒﻴﻘﻌﺗ ﻲﻛﻮﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺳا .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ هﺮﻤﻧ: ي تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد 91
/
±6 91 / 31 هدﻮﺑ و ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ زا ﺮﻈﻧ
ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﺖﺳا ) 747 / 0
= (P ﺎﻣا ﻦﻴﺑ عﻮﻧ مﺎﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺎﺑ
تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ
ﻲﻠﻛ ﻪﻄﺑار دﻮﺟو ﺖﺷاد ) 013 / 0
= ( P و تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد مﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ زا
ﻦﻳﺪﺟاو مﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا ﺎﻳ ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ دﻮﺑ .
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ تﺰﻋ: ﺲﻔﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺎﺑ
عﻮﻧ مﺎﻧ غرﺎﻓ زا ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ نﺎﻧآ ﻪﻄﺑار دراد و ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﻣ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد مﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ زا ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا ﺎﻳ ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ ﺖﺳا .
ژاو ه ﻫ يﺎ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد:
، تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ
، مﺎﻧ
ﻲﭘ ﺖﺷﻮﻧ :
ﻦﻳا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ و ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ يارﻮﺷ ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد دازآ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ﺪﺣاو ناﺪﻤﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا هﺪﺷ و ﺎﺑ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ ه ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﺖﺳا . زا يارﻮﺷ مﺮﺘﺤﻣ
ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد و مﺎﻤﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ
، يراﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ ﻲﻣ
ددﺮﮔ .
Original Article
The relationship between first name and self-esteem in students of Islamic Azad University, Branch of Hamadan
Abstract
Introduction: Self-esteem is considered the evaluative component of the self-concept and the first name is a part of individual self with tremendous effect on his identity.
The major purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between first name and global self-esteem with respect of sex differences in university students.
Materials and Methods: The survey method was used.
The sample size of the study consisted 400 Azad university students of Hamadan Branch who were selected through stratified random sampling according to their gender, academic level and field of study in academic year 2011- 2012. The instrument was Coopersmith questionnaire with 58 close-ended responses. The findings were analyzed through ANOVA, one way and two way between groups analysis, t-test for independent groups, Levens’ Test of ho mo genei ty of variance and T ukey s’ Post Hoc.
Results: The results revealed that global self-esteem average score of university students was 31.91±6.91 with no sex differences (P=0.747); but the kind of first name was highly related to global self-esteem (P=0.013) regardless of students gender, and the self-esteem of students with Islamic names was the highest and Iranian and western names were in order.
Conclusion: Self-esteem of university students was correlated with their first names regardless of their gender and with respect of our culture students with Islamic names had best self-esteem scores and western had worse.
Keywords: Name, Self-esteem, Students
Manijeh Karbasi
Assistant professor of psychology, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Hamadan
*Corresponding Author:
Number 89, Andalib St., Motekhassesin Alley, Thirty meters Saeediyeh, Hamadan, Iran [email protected] Tel: +988114494000 Received: Sep. 27, 2012 Accepted: May. 12, 2013
Acknowledgement:
This study was approved and financially supported by the research committee of Islamic Azad University, branch of Hamadan. The author had no conflict of interest with the result.
Vancouver referencing:
Karbasi M. The relationship between first name and self-esteem in students of Islamic Azad University, Branch of Hamadan.Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health 2014; 15(4): 274-83.
276 ﻣ ﻪﻠﺠ لﺎﺳ ،ﻲﻧاور ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ لﻮﺻا ي 15
) 4 ( ، نﺎﺘﺴﻣز 1392
ﻲﺳﺎﺑﺮﻛ هﮋﻴﻨﻣ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،1
رد يا
ناور و مدﺮﻣ مﻮﻤﻋ دﺰﻧ ﺎﻳ شزرا سﺎﺴﺣا ﻪﺑ و دراد نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﺘﻔﮔ دﻮﺧ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳود و يﺪﻨﻤﺟرا ﺎﻳ و ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ و ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ،ماﺮﺘﺣا ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ ) 1 .(
گﺮﺒﻧزور ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ شﺮﮕﻧ دﻮﺟو ،2
هﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ار ﻦﺘﺸﻳﻮﺧ )
2 ( ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ و ﻪﺑ نآ زا
ناﻮﻨﻋ
ءﺰﺟ ﻪﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺷزرا ﺎﻳ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ هدﺮﻛدﺎﻳ هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ ي
ﺪﻧا ) 3 .(
هزﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ،هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ
زا دﺮﻓ كاردا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا يﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ ي
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو زا عﻮﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد ﻦﺘﺸﻳﻮﺧ مﺎﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ
) بﺎﺘﺳا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ 3
ﻲﻟﻮﻛ زا ﺰﻤﻴﺟ و 4
) (5
4،5 (
تﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ،
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ) 9 - 6 ( ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ و ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﺶﻘﻧ ، )
10،11،12 (
ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ،
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ) 13 ( يداﮋﻧ و ) 14 ( ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ دﻮﺷ . هزﺎﺳ ﻦﻳا نﺎﻤﻫ رﻮﻃ
ﻦﺳﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد نﺎﻴﺑ6
ﺎﺗ دراد راﺮﻗ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ،توﺎﻀﻗ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ رد ﻪﻛ
حﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ي
ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ ) 15 .(
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﻛ دراد ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺖﻬﺟ نآ زا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ي
ناور يراﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ور ﻦﻳا زا و ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ﺖﻔﺻ ﻚﻳ ار نآ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ نﺎﺴﻧا ﺪﺷر نﺎﻳﺮﺟ رد نآ )
16،17 .(
7ﻚﻧﺮﻓ ناﺮﮕﻳد و
) 18 ( ﺰﻨﻴﺑار و ناﺮﮕﻳد و8
) 19 (
،ﻲﮔدﺮﺴﻓا ﺎﺑ ار ﻢﻛ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ
اﺮﺘﺴﺠﻴﺑ ناﺮﮕﻳد و9
) 20 ( ﺲﻴﻧ و تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و 10
هرود رد باﺮﻄﺿا و يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﻲﻟﺎﺴﮔرﺰﺑ ي
) 21 ( ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ﺪﻧا . ﺖﻧﻮﺸﺧ رد ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ يﺎﭘ در ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ هﺪﻳد ﺰﻴﻧ دﻮﺷ
) 22 .(
ﻢﻬﻣ زا ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ تﺰﻋ و هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣراﺮﻗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ار يو ﺲﻔﻧ ﺖﺳا وا مﺎﻧ ،ﺪﻫد
. زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ور نا ﺪﻴﻣ ،ﻲﻟﻮﻛ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﺷر ﺰﻤﻴﺟ و11
» دﻮﺧ « ﺮﺛﺎﺘﻣ ار
ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ داﺮﻓا ﺎﺑ وا ﻂﺑاور هﮋﻳو ﻪﺑ و كدﻮﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ زا ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ﺪﻧا ) 4 .(
نﺎﺸﻧ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ار هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻦﻳا ﺮﻴﺧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
1Self-esteem
2Rosenberg
3Staub
4Cooley
5James
6Mussen
7Franck
8Robins
9Bijstra
10Neiss
11Mead
هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هداد
ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ اﺪﻳﺪﺷ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ي
هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻻﺎﺴﻤﻫ و نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو يﺎﻫ دراد راﺮﻗ نﺎﻧآ ن
) 23 .(
ﺮﺠﻨﻴﺘﺴﻓ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ندﺮﻛ حﺮﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ 12
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ي نﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ي
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ دراد نﺎﺴﻧا ي
و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ دﻮﺧ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﻖﻳﺎﺳ ياراد ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ هراﻮﻤﻫ ﺐﺴﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا دﻮﺧ درﻮﻣ رد ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻣا ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺘﻣ رﺎﭼﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻨﻴﻋ يﺎﻫرﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاﺪﻧ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا رد ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ي ﻲﻣ ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ) زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ 24 .(
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻠﻛ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ناﻮﺗ
رد ار ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺶﻨﻛ ي
ناور رد ﻪﻛ داد راﺮﻗ13
ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هﺎﮔﺪﻳد زا ﺮﺛﺎﺘﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﺳا ﻲﻟﻮﻛ و ﺪﻴﻣ يﺎﻫ
. ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳا ﺎﻫ
ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﺑ
رد ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺶﻘﻧ و دﺮﻓ رد هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳا ﺖﻴﻤﻫا نآ ﺪﻨﻫد
) 25 ( ﺎﻳ شﺮﮕﻧ ار ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و
ﻪﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲﻣ يا ﺪﻨﻧاد ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ دﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ
ﺐﺴﻛ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ) 26 .(
ﺖﻴﻤﺳاﺮﭘﻮﻛ تﺰﻋ 14
ﺲﻔﻧ ار ﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ ﻪﭼرﺎﭙﻜﻳ -
يزﺎﺳ ﻪﻧﺪﺑ ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ ﻲﻣ رﺎﻬﻇا و ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻠﺻا ي
ﻪﻛ دراد
شﺮﮕﻧ و ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ داﺮﻓا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ار يﺪﻴﻠﻛ صﺎﺨﺷا يﺎﻫ
يﺮﻳﻮﺼﺗ
ﻲﻧورد ،ﻪﻨﻳآ رد ﻲﻣ دﻮﺧ وﺰﺟ و ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ) 27 .(
ﺪﺷ نﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﭼ نآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ مﺎﻧ
ﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ زا ،دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ
زا يو ﺎﺑ ﻲﻫاﺮﻤﻫ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ
زا و ﺮﻤﻋ ﺮﺳاﺮﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ يﺎﻫزور
نﺎﺸﻧ نآ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ناﺮﮕﻳد ﻪﻛ ﻲﺸﻨﻛاو ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ فﺮﮕﺷ يﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ،ﺪﻨﻫد يو ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و يدﺮﻓ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ
دراد . ادﻮﻫﺎﺟ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺮﮕﺷ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓآ رد 15
مﺎﻧ ﻞﻜﺷ ﺮﺑ ار نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﻧآ ﺶﻨﻣ يﺮﻴﮔ
.
مﺎﻧ زا ﻲﺘﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻦﻳا
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺮﻴﮕﺘﺳد نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺧادﺮﭘ نﺎﻧآ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ زور ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ و دﺮﻛ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ار ﺲﻴﻠﭘ .
رد
ﻪﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ي ﻲﺘﻧﺎﺷآ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ يو ي
ﺮﺑ ﻢﺳر ،16
ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ ﻦﻳا
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا يو مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ار دﺮﻓ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ زور .
ﻦﻳا مدﺮﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد زا
ﻲﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ،ﻪﻠﻴﺒﻗ
ﻪﺒﻨﺷرﺎﻬﭼ يﺎﻫزور ﺪﻟﻮﺘﻣ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓر
ﻲﺻﺎﺨﺷا ﻪﺒﻨﺷود يﺎﻫزور ﻦﻳﺪﻟﻮﺘﻣ و ﺮﮕﺷﺎﺧﺮﭘ و دﺮﻤﺘﻣ يداﺮﻓا ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هار ﻪﺑ ﺮﺳ و مارآ .
مﺎﻧ ﺰﺟ يﺰﻴﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا ادﻮﻫﺎﺟ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ناﺮﺴﭘ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻤﻧ ﺪﺷ ﻪﻛ نآ ﺰﻴﻧ زا ﺮﻈﻧ ناور ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻳﺪﭘ يﺎﻫ
12Festinger
13Social Interaction
14Coopersmith
15Jahoda
16Ashanti
ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻗ تارﻮﺼﺗ ﺶﻴﭘ و 1
مﺎﻛدﻮﺧ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ
2ﺶﺨﺑ
ﺶﻨﻛاو ﻲﻨﻌﻳ
تارﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ناﺮﺴﭘ رﺎﺘﻓر و ناﺮﺴﭘ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﮕﻳد داﺮﻓا ﻲﻣ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ نﺎﻧآ دﻮﺷ
) 28 .(
ﻲﻟو ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻛ ﻪﻄﺑار نﺎﻴﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺰﻴﻧ3
ي
مﺎﻧ ﻲﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ،ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ تﺎﻔﺻ ﺎﺑ مﺎﻧ ي يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ
ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد يدﺎﻋ داﺮﻓا ﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ار رﺎﻜﻫﺰﺑ ﺪﻧا
) 29 .(
رد ود ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ي
،ﺮﮕﻳد ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻧاد ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ مﺎﻧ ياراد نازﻮﻣآ
بﻮﻠﻄﻣ و باﺬﺟ ،ﺞﻳار يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻴﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺗ
ﺮﻴﻏ و بﺎﻴﻤﻛ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺪﻨﻫد
. ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻃ رد نﺎﻧآ ﻪﻛﺪﺳر
لﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ار ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ شﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔآدﻮﺧﺎﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ
رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ نﺎﺸﻳا ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا رد ار نآ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﺐﺴﻛ نﺎﻛدﻮﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ ) 30،31 .(
دوورﺎﮔ ود ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ4
مﺎﻧ ياراد ناﺮﺴﭘ يﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد زا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ
مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ﻪﺑ و ﺪﺷ بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
نآ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ،ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ هﺪﻴﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﺳرﺪﻣ رد ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﭼ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ رﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد ،ﺪﻨﻫد
ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺶﻧاد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﻴﮔﻮﺳ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نازﻮﻣآ
) 32 .(
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻳ رد ﻲﺳﺮﻴﭘ و نﺎﻴﺑاﺮﻬﻣ ،ﺮﮕﻳد ي
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو 5
يﺎﻫ
ﺘﻣ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ و ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺎ
ار داﺮﻓا ﻚﭼﻮﻛ مﺎﻧ لﻮﻃ زا ﺮﺛ و ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ
مﺎﻧ ياراد داﺮﻓا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ شراﺰﮔ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ هﺎﺗﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺳآ ﻢﻛ ندﻮﺑ ﻲﻤﺳر و ﺮﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﻤﺻ يداﺮﻓا ،مﺎﻧ ﺮﺗ
ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺮﺗ
مدﺮﻣ شﻮﺧ ،ﺪﻨﺴﭘ
،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ مﺮﮔ و شﺎﺸﺑ ،يور
مﺎﻧ ﻪﻛ يداﺮﻓا يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ زا ﺪﻧراد ﻞﻳﻮﻃ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ .
مﺎﻧ هﺎﮔﺮﻫ نﺎﻧآ روﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ يﺮﮕﻳد ﺮﺑ ﻲﺴﻛ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ،دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋاﺪﺗ ار وا يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ رد و ﺪﻨﻛ
رﻮﺼﺗ ي
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو نآ ،ﻲﺒﻟﺎﻗ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ار مﺎﻧ نآ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺴﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ددﺮﮔ . ﻢﻫ نﺎﻧآ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد زا داﺮﻓا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
مﺎﻧ ﺪﻧراد ﻲﻔﻨﻣ يرﻮﺼﺗ ،لﻮﻤﻌﻣﺮﻴﻏ يﺎﻫ )
33 .(
6ﻦﺗﺎﻛ مﺎﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و
ﺶﻨﻛاو ﺮﺑ ار لﻮﻤﻌﻣﺮﻴﻏ يﺎﻫ
و هداد راﺮﻗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ رﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻧآ ﻦﺘﺷﺎﻤﮔ و ناﺮﮕﻳد ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ
1Stereotypes
2Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
3Kalist & Lee
4Garwood
5Piercy
6Cotton
مﺎﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻣ بﻮﺒﺤﻣ ﺞﻳار يﺎﻫ
نآ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد و ﺪﻧﺮﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺲﻧﺎﺷ ﺪﻧراد ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺗ
) 34 ( .
تﺰﻋ و هراﺪﻨﭘدﻮﺧ يور ﺮﺑ دﺮﻓ مﺎﻧ دﺎﻳز ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ لﺎﺣ ﻤﺗ ﻦﺘﺷاد راﺮﻗ و يو ﺲﻔﻧ ﺶﻨﻛاو ضﺮﻌﻣ رد داﺮﻓا ﻲﻣﺎ
يﺎﻫ
مﺎﺠﻧا و ،ﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ زا دﻮﺧ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻄﺑار درﻮﻣ رد دﺪﻌﺘﻣ
ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ي
) 38 ( ،
ﻲﻧاور تﻻﻼﺘﺧا )
35،39 - 37 ( ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ، )
43 - 40 ( ،
ناﻮﺗ سﺎﺴﺣا عﻮﻧ و يﺪﻨﻣ
ﻲﺘﺳود ) 41 ( ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ زا
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻨﻴﻣز رد ﻪﻛ ﻪ
ﻪﻄﺑار ي داﺮﻓا ﻲﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ مﺎﻧ ي
) 42 ( ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ، نﺎﻧآ ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ )
44 ( ﻪﻄﺑار و
ﺖﺳود ي
مﺎﻧ ﻦﺘﺷاد )
نآ عﻮﻧ ﻪﻧ (
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ
ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﻋ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻛ نﺎﻋذا ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻢﻏر
ﻪﺘﻔﮔ يﺎﺘﺳار رد و مﺎﻬﻠﭘ و لﻮﻛ ي
ناﻮﺘﺑ راﻮﺷد ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﻣ7
ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻛ ﺮﻜﻓ يا ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ وا ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ مﺎﻧ زا
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) 48 ( ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ نﻮﻨﻛ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻄﺑار ي
تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ ي
ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ .
ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ،ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ -
،هدﺮﻛ لﺎﻤﻋا مﺎﻧ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ياﺮﺑ لاﻮﺣا ﺖﺒﺛ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺘﺴﻫ زﻮﻨﻫ ﻲﻣ زﺎﺠﻣ مﺎﻧ دﻮﺧ كدﻮﻛ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻛ ﺪﻨ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ
ﻲﻣ اﺪﺻ ﺪﻧراد ﺖﺳود ﻪﻛ نﺎﻨﭼ ار يو ﻲﻟو ﺪﻨﻧز
. ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﮕﺘﺨﻴﻣآ دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳد ﺶﻳاﺮﮔ ،ﺎﻫ
و ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ
تﺰﻋ زا ﻲﻣﺎﺳا زا هوﺮﮔ ماﺪﻛ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ،ﻲﻠﻣ ﻖﻳﻼﻋ دﻮﺟو
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ كرد لﺎﺒﻧد ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ؟ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ ا ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ لاﻮﺌﺳ ﻦﻳ .
شور رﺎﻛ و هدﻮﺑ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ عﻮﻧ زا ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد مﺎﻤﺗ ار نآ يرﺎﻣآ ي
ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﺘﺸﻣ ناﺪﻤﻫ ﺪﺣاو 13340
ﻢﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﻟوا رد ﺮﻔﻧ
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ لﺎﺳ
91 - 1390 هداد ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺪﻧا
.
لﻮﻣﺮﻓ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ
ناﺮﻛﻮﻛ
،8
373 ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﻪﺑ طﺎﻴﺘﺣا ﺖﻳﺎﻋر ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ
400 ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺮﻔﻧ .
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗ شور ﻪﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ يا
هرود ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ )
و ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ،ﻲﻧادرﺎﻛ
ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ (
ﻪﺘﺷر و ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ي )
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ،
ﻪﻳﺎﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ ،
1Koole & Pelham
8Cochran
278 ﻣ ﻪﻠﺠ لﺎﺳ ،ﻲﻧاور ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ لﻮﺻا ي 15
) 4 ( ، نﺎﺘﺴﻣز 1392
ﻲﺳﺎﺑﺮﻛ هﮋﻴﻨﻣ
و ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ و ﻲﻨﻓ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ و ﺮﻨﻫ
( ﺖﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا .
رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ قﻼﺧا ﺖﻳﺎﻋر
ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ،ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺮﻫ ياﺪﺘﺑا
،ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد رﻮﻀﺣ زا نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ و هﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﻣا ﻪﺑ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ .
هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ شور زا ﺎﻫ
يﺎﻫ
ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ يرﺎﻣآ ﻪﻓﺮﻃود ،ﻪﻳﻮﺳ
،ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻦﻴﺑ ي
ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺗ نﻮﻣزآ هوﺮﮔ
ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻨﮕﻤﻫ ياﺮﺑ نﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ ،
ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻫ ﻢﻫ و ﺎ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻛﻮﺗ ﻲﺒﻴﻘﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ .
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ راﺰﺑا ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻪﻛ هدﻮﺑ ﺖﻴﻤﺳاﺮﭘﻮﻛ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ي
ﺖﺳا يﺬﻏﺎﻛ و داﺪﻣ ﻲﺷراﺰﮔدﻮﺧ نﻮﻣزآ ﻚﻳ .
ﻪﻛ راﺰﺑا ﻦﻳا
ﺪﻧﻮﻤﻳاد و زﺮﺟار ﻂﺳﻮﺗ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ﺲﭙﺳ و هﺪﺷ ﻦﻳوﺪﺗ و ﻪﻴﻬﺗ1
ياراد ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﺳاﺮﭘﻮﻛ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ 58
هدﺎﻣ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا 8 هدﺎﻣ غورد نآ ي ﻲﻣ ﺞﻨﺳ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . هﺮﻤﻧ ﺬﺧا زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ي
4 غورد رد نﺎﺸﻧ ،ﺞﻨﺳ هﺪﻨﻫد
ﻦﻳا و نﻮﻣزآ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ندﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ي
ﻪﻛ يﺰﻴﭼ نآ زا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﻲﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻜﻧ ﺪﻫد هﻮﻠﺟ ﺖﺴﻫ .
50 هدﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺮﮕﻳد ي 4
سﺎﻴﻘﻣ هدﺮﺧ
ﻧﺎﺧ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ،دﻮﺧ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻲﮔداﻮ
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و هﺮﻤﻧ ﻚﻳ و دﻮﺷ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻞﻛ ي
ﻲﻣ شراﺰﮔ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ياﺮﺑ ددﺮﮔ
. هﻮﻴﺷ هﺮﻤﻧ ي يراﺬﮔ
ﺖﺳا ﻚﻳ و ﺮﻔﺻ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﻳا )
49 ( ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ و
نآ رد هﺮﻤﻧ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﺮﺜﻛاﺪﺣ و ﺮﻔﺻ
50 ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . رد نآ ﻲﻳاور
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ و هﺪﻴﺳر ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺰﻴﻧ ار نآ
ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﺑ دﺮﮕﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ 91
/ 0
رﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﻛ شراﺰﮔ
ﺖﺳا ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ )
50 ( . ماﻮﻗ ﻲﻤﻴﻫاﺮﺑا )
زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ 49
(
ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﺰﻴﻧ
،زاﻮﻫا نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ نازﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد يور ﺮﺑ ار نآ ﻲﻧورد ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ 82 / 0 ﺖﺳا هدﺮﻛ شراﺰﮔ .
رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا
تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ زا شور ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻲﻳﺎﻣزآزﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ي 20 زور
ﺮﺑ يور 30 ﺮﻔﻧ زا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد 83
/ 0 ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ .
عﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا
داﺪﻌﺗ 390 ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ي ﻞﻴﻟد
مﺪﻋ ﺖﻗاﺪﺻ 32 ﺮﻔﻧ زا
،نﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ داﺪﻌﺗ
358 ﺶﺳﺮﭘ درﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ راﺮﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . مزﻻ
ﻪﺑ يروآدﺎﻳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﻛ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﻴﮔﻮﺳ دﺎﺠﻳا زا يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ
مﺎﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ زا ﺲﭘ و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ يراﺬﮔﺪﻛ اﺪﺘﺑا ﺎﻫ ي
هﺮﻤﻧ ي تﺰﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ رد هوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
،مﺎﻧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ يﺪﻨﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﻳدﺮﮔ .
1Rogers and Dymond
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻄﺑار ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا رد تﺰﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻚﭼﻮﻛ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ ي
ﻪﻄﺑار و نﺎﻧآ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ،مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ي
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نﻮﻣزآ درﻮﻣ ،داﺮﻓا .
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ و ﻲﺘﻳﻮﻫ
ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻞﻛ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا
نﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ
، داﺪﻌﺗ 162 ﺮﻔﻧ ) 5 / 41 (%
نز داﺪﻌﺗ و 228 ﺮﻔﻧ
) 5 / 58 (%
ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ دﺮﻣ . ﻪﺘﺷر ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ي داﺪﻌﺗ
128 ﺮﻔﻧ ) 8 / 32 (%
،
ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ،
58 ﺮﻔﻧ ) 9 / 14 (%
، ﻪﻳﺎﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ ، 123 ﺮﻔﻧ ) 5 / 31 (%
، ﻲﻨﻓ
و ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ و 81
ﺮﻔﻧ ) 8 / 20 (%
دﻮﺑ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ و ﺮﻨﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ .
هرود ي
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ 81
ﺮﻔﻧ ) 8 / 20 (%
،ﻲﻧادرﺎﻛ 255
ﺮﻔﻧ ) 4 / 65 (%
و ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ 54
ﺮﻔﻧ ) 8 / 13 (%
دﻮﺑ ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ .
مﺎﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺎﻫ
206 ﺮﻔﻧ ) 8 / 52 (%
زا
،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا عﻮﻧ 177
ﺮﻔﻧ ) 4 / 45 (%
و ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا 7 ﻔﻧ ﺮ ) 8 / 1 (%
ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ
هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ و دﻮﺑ ﺰﻋ ي
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ت
85 / 6 91± / 31 دﻮﺑ .
ﻪﻄﺑار ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ ي
تﺰﻋ
ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا نﺎﺸﻳا
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻳﻮﺳ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ جرﺪﻨﻣ رد لوﺪﺟ 1 توﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ يراد ار نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫد .
لوﺪﺟ 1 ﻪﻄﺑار ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ - نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ ي
ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﻮﺳ
تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﺑﺮﻣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ df
تﺎﻓاﺮﺤﻧا ﻊﺑﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
تﺎﻓاﺮﺤﻧا نﻮﻣزآ F نﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ
هرﺎﻣآ هرﺎﻣآ P
P
ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ
2 369 /
406 185 /
203 41 / 4 013 / 0 823 / 0 44 /
0 46/072 16355/589 355 ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ نورد
ﻞﻛ 357
958 / 16761
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ و هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ي
توﺎﻔﺗ ندﻮﺑ راد ،ﺎﻫ
ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻖﻴﻗد
تﺎﻘﺒﻃ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ طﺎﻘﻧ
، نﻮﻣزآ زا
ﻲﻛﻮﺗ ﻲﺒﻴﻘﻌﺗ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ي
تﺰﻋ مﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ
،ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ رد ﻲﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ
مﺎﻧ ياراد داﺮﻓا ﻪﺟرد رد ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ
ياراد داﺮﻓا و مود ي
مﺎﻧ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ رد ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ دراد راﺮﻗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
.
و نز نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺰﻴﻧ دﺮﻣ هوﺮﮔ
ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ
) لوﺪﺟ 2 (
ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و
ز نﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ دﺮﻣ و ن
.
لوﺪﺟ 2 ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ - ﻪﻄﺑار ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ي
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد نﻮﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
ﻲﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ
هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا df
نﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃا ﺢﻄﺳ راﺪﻘﻣ
نﻮﻟ نﻮﻣزآ t
نز 155 51 / 32 881 / 356 6 147 / 0 454 / 1 104 / 0 747 /
0 6/812 31/45 203 دﺮﻣ
هﺎﮔ نآ تﺰﻋ ﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ و ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﺮﺛا ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ
ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﺪﺷ هدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﻳﻮﺳود
) لوﺪﺟ 3 ( ﻪﻛ
ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﺲﻨﺟ ود ﻦﻴﺑ رد ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
يراﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،مﺎﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ عاﻮﻧا ﻲﻟو ،دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ عﻮﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ يور ﺮﺑ تﺰﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ ،مﺎﻧ
ﻲﻣ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﻳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا داﺮﻓا ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ .ﺪﻨﻛ
3لوﺪﺟ
- ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺲﻧﺎﻳراو ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﻳﻮﺳود
ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﺮﺛا ياﺮﺑ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ و
شاﺮﭘ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ عﻮﻤﺠﻣ
تاروﺬﺠﻣ df
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ تاروﺬﺠﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ
F راﺪﻘﻣ
P
ﻲﺣﻼﺻا لﺪﻣ )
نﻮﺘﺳ ﺎﻫ ( 141 / 732 5 428 / 146 215 / 3 007 / 0
شﺮﺑ ) ﺎﻫﺮﻄﺳ
( 264 / 236343 1 264 / 23343 597 / 512 001 / 0
ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ 778
/ 15 1 778 / 15 346 / 0 556 / 0
مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ 544
/ 358 2 272 / 179 937 / 3 02 / 0
ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ
× مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ
587 / 85 2 794 / 42 94 / 0 392 / 0
ﺲﭘ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ) ﺎﻄﺧ
( 817 / 16029 352 539 / 45
ﻞﻛ 381245
358
يﺪﻨﺑرﺎﻛ 958
/ 16761 357
ﺚﺤﺑ ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد
مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد و ﺖﺳا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ
ﻲﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﺶﻴﺑ ياراد ﻪﺑ نﺎﻧآ زا ﺲﭘ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻲﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ و ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ . رد
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻛ هرﺎﺷا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺶﻨﻛ ي
هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ﻞﻜﺷ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ رد ﻲﺳﺎﺳا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ار ناﺮﮕﻳد يﺎﻫ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﻣ يو دﻮﺧ زا ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا و دﺮﻓ دﻮﺧ زا رﻮﺼﺗ ﺪﻧاد
. ﻦﻳا زا
ﺖﻳﻮﻫ و ﺖﺳا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا لﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻚﻳ هراﻮﻤﻫ ،دﻮﺧ ،هﺎﮔﺪﻳد
ﺶﻨﻛ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ دراد ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ناﺮﮕﻳد و وا ﻦﻴﺑ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
) 25 .(
ﺖﻴﻤﺳاﺮﭘﻮﻛ شزرا ندﺮﻛ ﻲﻧورد ﺰﻴﻧ
زا ار ناﺮﮕﻳد يﺎﻫ
يﻮﺳ زا و دﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ماﺮﺘﺣا سﺎﺴﺣا دﺎﺠﻳا ﺐﺒﺳ ،ﻮﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻣ يو يﺪﻨﻤﺷزرادﻮﺧ سﺎﺴﺣا ﺮﮕﻳد ﺪﻧاد
. ﻲﻣ ،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ناﻮﺗ
شزرا ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻲﭘ رد ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺎﻫ
تﺰﻋ يﺰﻳر
ﺪﻧراد دﺮﻓ ﺲﻔﻧ .
ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد اﺮﭼ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ
مﺎﻧ ﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺶﻴﺑ زا ﺖﺳا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ شزرا ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﻼ ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ )
27 .(
نﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﺠﻨﻴﺘﺴﻓ نﻮﺌﻟ هﺎﮔﺪﻳد
ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا رد داﺮﻓا دراد نﺎﻣرآ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ،ﺎﻫ
ترﺎﻬﻣ و ﺎﻫ -
ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ي
ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﺤﻳﻮﻠﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻧزادﺮﭘ
دراد ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا )
زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ 24 .(
د ﻦﻳا زا ﻲﻣﺎﺳا ياراد داﺮﻓا هﺎﮔﺪﻳ
مﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﻣ دﻮﺧ زا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﺞﻳار يﺎﻫ
مﺎﻧ ﺎﻳآ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺳﺮﭘ
ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﺴﭘ درﻮﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻦﻳا ﺎﻳآ و ؟هﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا نﺎﻧآ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓآ رد ادﻮﻫﺎﺟ ﻚﻴﺳﻼﻛ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ؟ﺖﺴﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ داﺮﻓا )
28 (
مﺎﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻟ و ﺖﺴﻴﻟﺎﻛ و نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺶﻨﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺪﻧراد توﺎﻔﺗ يدﺎﻋ داﺮﻓا ﺎﺑ رﺎﻜﻫﺰﺑ نﺎﻧاﻮﺟﻮﻧ رد و
) 29 .(
،ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ زا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ
مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ﺶﻧاد بﻮﻠﻄﻣ و باﺬﺟ ،ﺞﻳار يﺎﻫ
،نازﻮﻣآ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ار نﺎﻧآ يﺎﻫرﺎﻛ و ﺪﻧراد يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺶﻨﻛاو ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
) 30،31 ( ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻳا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﻛ يﺮﻣا دﻮﺷ
.
وورﺎﮔ مﺎﻧ ياراد ناﺮﺴﭘ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺰﻴﻧ د
ار بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ود )
32 ( ﻪﺑ روﺎﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ،ﻲﺳﺮﻴﭘ و نﺎﻴﺑاﺮﻬﻣ و
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻚﭼﻮﻛ مﺎﻧ لﻮﻃ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار دﻮﺟو و ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ يﺎﻫ
مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ رﻮﺼﺗ دﻮﺟو ،نﺎﻧآ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ
هدﺮﻛ شراﺰﮔ ار لﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺪﻧا
) 33 .(
ﻦﺗﺎﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و
مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ناﺮﮕﻳد ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﺶﻨﻛاو ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻣ
،ﺞﻳار يﺎﻫ
هﺪﺷ و ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد ﻪﻛ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد نآ ﺎﻫ ﺲﻧﺎﺷ ﺶﻴﺑ يﺮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا
ﺪﻧراد ) 34 ( . ﺮﻧﺮﺗ و ﻞﻔﺟﺎﺗ
ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ1
ﻪﺘﺷاد رﺎﻬﻇا و هدﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هرﺎﺑرد داﺮﻓا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧا
دﻮﺧ ي
دﺮﻓ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮔ نآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا هوﺮﮔ زا يﻮﻀﻋ هﺎﮔ و
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧراد ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺪﻨﺸﻳﺪﻧا
) زا ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ 51
.(
ﺪﻨﻠﻠﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و2
ﻪﻄﺑار لﻮﺒﻗ ﻦﻤﺿ و ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺪﺷر ﺎﺑ صﺎﺨﺷا مﺎﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻚﻳدﺰﻧ ي
مﺎﻧ ،نﺎﺸﻳا ﺖﻳﻮﻫ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ار ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ناﺰﻴﻣ ي
ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد داﺮﻓا ﺪﻧا
) 52 .(
ﻲﻣ سﺎﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧراد ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ
نﺎﮔ
مﺎﻧ
ترﺪﻗ ياراد و ﺖﻳﺮﺜﻛا هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ار دﻮﺧ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﻲﻣ رﺎﺨﺘﻓا دﻮﺧ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﻧاد
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ .
1Tajfel & Turner
2Helleland
280 ﻣ ﻪﻠﺠ لﺎﺳ ،ﻲﻧاور ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ لﻮﺻا ي 15
) 4 ( ، نﺎﺘﺴﻣز 1392
ﻲﺳﺎﺑﺮﻛ هﮋﻴﻨﻣ
مﺎﻧ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻲﺸﻣ و ﺶﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﺒﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاد نﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻳرﻮﭘ ﻪﻛ نﺎﻨﭼ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ و ردﺎﻣ و رﺪﭘ ﺶﻳاﺮﮔ و ﺎﻫ
ﺰﻴﻧ هﺎﮔ ﻲﻟو ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﻧآ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ هﺪﻨﻫد
ﺟ ياﻮﻫ و لﺎﺣ ي و تﻼﻳﺎﻤﺗ و ﻪﻌﻣﺎ
ﺶﻳاﺮﮔ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ نآ نﺎﻬﻨﭘ و اﺪﻴﭘ يﺎﻫ )
53 .(
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﻦﻳا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ مﺎﻧ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ﻪﻛ ﺪﺳر
يﺎﻫ
تﺰﻋ زا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ و ﺎﻜﺗادﻮﺧ ،ﺦﺳار دﺎﻘﺘﻋا ﺎﺑ يداﺮﻓا ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳا
ﻲﻤﻧ راﺮﻗ ،مﺎﻧ رﺬﮔدوز جاﻮﻣا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ -
ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ . ﻓ يﻮﮕﻟا ار دﻮﺧ ،ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو عﻮﻧ ﻦﻳا ناﺪﻧزﺮ
و هداد راﺮﻗ نﺎﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﻣ نﺎﻧآ ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
. ،ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ زا
سﻮﻧﺎﻣﺎﻧ نﺎﻴﻧاﺮﻳا ياﺮﺑ ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺑﺮﻏ ﻲﻣﺎﺳا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻬﻳﺪﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ رﻮﺼﺗ ﻪﻴﻟوا يﺎﻫدرﻮﺧﺮﺑ رد ناﺮﮕﻳد و هدﻮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﺗ ار دﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ،ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ حﺮﻄﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﺑ اﺪﺟ ي
ﻧ ﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣ شﺮﮕﻧ ﻲﻤﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴ
ﺐﺒﺳ دﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻫد
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻳا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ دﻮﺷ
.
ﻲﺑ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻦﻳا رد ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو يروﺮﭘﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ
.
ﻲﻨﻳﺪﻟاو ﻪﻛ مﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ ﻚﺗ و ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳا ) ﻲﮕﻧﺮﻓ ( ار بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز مﺎﻤﺗ رد نﺎﺷﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻚﺗ . ﻦﻳا ﻟاو ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺖﺨﺳ و ﺪﺒﺘﺴﻣ يداﺮﻓا ،ﻦﻳﺪ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﻴﮔ
ار دﻮﺧ كدﻮﻛ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ،يروﺮﭘﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻦﻳا ﺎﺑ و ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺪﻨﻫد
. ﺮﻔﻣاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﭼ نآ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻳا ﺮﺗراﻮﮔﺎﻧ
1
رﺎﻬﻇا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺖﺳا بﺎﺨﺘﻧا مﺎﻧ سﻮﻧﺎﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻠﻴﻟد ياﺮﺑ دﻮﺟو
ﻪﻄﺑار هﺪﻨﻨﻛدﺮﻃ ي ﻪﻠﻴﺳو و كدﻮﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو ي
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ يا
ياﺮﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ وا درﻮﻣ ﺮﺨﺴﻤﺗ و ياﺰﻬﺘﺳا ناﺮﮕﻳد دﺮﻴﮔراﺮﻗ ) 54 .(
ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﺑﺎﻘﺗ ﺮﺛا
ﻦﻴﺑ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ و ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻲﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا اﺪﺘﺑا ،
ناﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نﻮﻣزآ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ
دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ دﺮﻣ و نز نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ .
درﻮﻣ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ و ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺮﺛا ﺲﭙﺳ نﻮﻣزآ
تﺰﻋ ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،مﺎﻧ عﻮﻧ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺸﻳا ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ زا ﺮﻈﻧ فﺮﺻ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺲﻔﻧ .
تﺰﻋ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ رد رد ﺲﻔﻧ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا نآ زا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ يو ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ زا ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ دﺮﻓ دﺮﻴﮔ راﺮﻗ يو ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ،ﻪﺘﺒﻟا ﻫ
رد ﻲﺸﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎ
1Strumpfer
ﻪﻄﺑار درﻮﻣ
،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ي ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ
ﺖﺳا . ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
هﺮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻦﻛﺮﻜﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ رد لﺎﺜﻣ
تﺰﻋ ي
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﺴﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺲﻔﻧ ﺶﻴﺑ يراد
ناﺮﺘﺧد زا ﺮﺗ
ﻪﺘﺴﻧاد ﺪﻧا ) 55 ( ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻤﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ، ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ،نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺮﻓ
ﺎﻛ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺮﺘﺧد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺖﺳا هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ار نﺎﺷ
) 56 .(
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ عﻮﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا نآ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ و يرﺎﻣآ ي
يور ﺮﺑ ناﺮﮕﻳد و ﻦﻛﺮﻜﺷ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ اﺮﻳز ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ
ﺖﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ نﺎﻨﻳﺮﻓآرﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ رد ناﺮﺴﭘ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ داﺪﻌﺗ و ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ي
ﺣا ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ سﺎﺴ
هوﺮﮔ ﻦﻳا رد ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ و يﺪﻨﻣ
ﺖﺳا ناﺮﺘﺧد زا ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ .
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ،ﺮﮕﻳد يﻮﺳ زا ﻲﻳﺎﻨﻤﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ي
ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ناﺮﮕﻳد و ﺮﻓ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ زا ﺮﺛﺎﺘﻣ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ﺎﻫ
نﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ رد ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺮﻴﺧا يﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد .
ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺗ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ
ﺴﭘ و ناﺮﺘﺧد ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ هدروﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮ
ﻢﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻮﺳ
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ يﺎﻫ رد
مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
و ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ )
57 ( رد ،عراز و ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
نﺎﻳ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ
ﺖﺳا زاﺮﻴﺷ )
58 .(
توﺎﻔﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺷرﻮﭘ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ناﺰﻴﻣ رد يراد ﺶﻧاد
ﺮﺴﭘ و ﺮﺘﺧد نازﻮﻣآ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑد )
41 .(
ﺖﻳدوﺪﺤﻣ زا ﻲﻣ حﺮﻃ ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫ
يور ﺮﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ نآ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ دﺮﻛ هرﺎﺷا ناﺪﻤﻫ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﺮﻬﺷ ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ رد ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﻣ دﻮﺷ . هوﻼﻋ ﺮﺑ
،ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟد ندﻮﺒﻧ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ نﺎﻜﻣا ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ درﻮﻣ رد هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺎﻫ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ي
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو .
مﺎﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻪﻣﺎﻧ نآ نداد راﺮﻗ و ﺎﻫ سﻮﺑﻮﺗا رد ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﻛ ،ﺎﻫ ﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﺳر رد نﺎﺷرﺮﻜﻣ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ يﺎﻫ
زا ﺎﺗ دﻮﺷ
ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣﺎﺳا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ
ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺗ ي
ﮔﻮﻠﺟ هرﺎﺑود ﻊﻧﺎﻣ و هﺪﺷ يﺮﻴ و لاﻮﺣا ﺖﺒﺛ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﻛ
دﻮﺷ داﺮﻓا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ و ﺖﻗو فﺮﺻ .
مﺎﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﻦﻤﺿ
و دراد نﺎﺸﻳا ﺖﻳﻮﻫ و داﺮﻓا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻂﺑاور ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ
سﺎﺴﺣا و ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ مﺎﻧ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ مﺪﻋ
ﻲﻣ داﺮﻓا رد ترﺎﻘﺣ دﻮﺷ
.
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ يﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ مﺎﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺪﻟاو
ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ ،دراد ناﺪﻧزﺮﻓ ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا .
ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ اﺮﻳز
مﺎﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ اﺪﺘﺑا رد دﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﺎﻳ و زور ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ
و ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺐﺒﺳ هﺪﻨﻳآ رد ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺎﻣا ﺪﻨﺳر
ددﺮﮔ نﺎﺸﻳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻜﺷﺮﺳ و ترﺎﻘﺣ سﺎﺴﺣا .
،ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ
ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺒﻘﻣ ،ﻲﺘﺳرد ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﺳا
شﻮﺧ و ﻲﻳﺎﺒﻳز ،مﻮﻬﻔﻣ و ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺮﮕﻳد
دﻮﺟو و ﻲﮕﻨﻫآ
ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ نآ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﺎﻳ و ﻲﺨﻳرﺎﺗ ي يدﺎﻳز ﺖﻴﻤﻫا زا ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ .
مﺎﻧ
نﺎﻣز رﺬﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻳا زا ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻤﻧ نآ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ اد دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ هراﻮﻤﻫ ،ﺪﻨﻛ خﻮﺴﻨﻣ ار ﺎﻫ و ﺪﻧر
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ﺪﻧرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻻاو ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻫا و شزرا زا هﮋﻳو ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣﻼﺳا ي
مﺎﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳا ﻦﺘﺷاد ﻦﻳا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ و نآ نﺎﮔﺪﻧراد ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻳا ﺲﻔﻧ تﺰﻋ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺐﺒﺳ و ﺖﺳا ﺰﻴﻣآرﺎﺨﺘﻓا دﻮﺷ
.
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