Evolution of Architectural Structure of Towers of Silence from Sasanid to Late Islamic Period
Mehdi Mousavinia1 (131-153)
Abstract
Archaeological data and textual sources provide information on Zoroastrian burial customs in Iran that could read and investigate in their context. One of these burial customs is burying the body into the towers of silence. This ritual practice canonized in Zoroastrian religious texts such as Vidēvdāt and documented in historical sources and archaeological findings. Beside Central Asia one what comparable to the first generation of towers of silence this funeral practice reported from Sasanid to the Late Islamic period.
Although all of these burial structures mentioned as the towers of silence (Dakhma), there are plenty of architectural structures, from the beginning to the Late Islamic period; from the platforms of xwaršēd nigerišn to roofed towers of silence; from rooms of ossuary to central well (sarāda) of towers of silence. This paper has tried to thanks to archaeological findings and historical sources recommend some relative dating on towers of silence.
Besides, the formal evolution of these burial structures has investigated from the Sasanid to the Late Islamic period. Hence, there are some questions to answer. 1) How are the continuation and evolution of the architectural structure of towers of silence from the Sasanid to the Late Islamic period? 2) Which elements caused the evolution of the architectural structure of towers of silence? 3) Is it possible to find a relative dating about the date of construction of these burial structures based on the evolution of the architecture of towers of silence? For the answer to these questions, a descriptive- analytical method has used. Field and library studies and comparative studies are the most important methods of this illustration. This study will show towers of silence follow four different architecture methods. The quality of roof covering, the way of exposure, the divide of burial spaces, location of a central well, how to enter to xwaršēd nigerišn places, details of architectural structure and creation of some buildings related to burial are the most important towers of silence diversities factors. There is some reason for these diversities: 1) emigration of Zoroastrian communities to Yazd 2) cultural relation between Iran and India Zoroastrian communities, 3) Maneckji Limji Hataria activities in Iran.
Keywords: Tower of Silence, Architecture, Burial, Xwaršēd Nigerišn, Sasanian Period, Islamic Period.
Introduction
1. Corresponding Author, Email: m.mousavinia@neyshabur.ac.ir
Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Neyshabur, Neyshabur, Iran.
Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 1, Vol. 14, Serial No. 29 / Spring 2022
10.22059/jarcs.2021.320017.142996Print ISSN: 2676-4288-Online ISSN: 2251-9297https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir
Received: 31, August, 2020; Accepted: 20, June, 2022
One of the oldest burial customs in the ancient world is exposure the bodies in the open spaces and burying them after an exposure process. Xwaršēd Nigerišn and Dakhma is a Zoroastrianism name refers to the exposure of a corpse to open air in order to disintegrate the flesh or to be fed upon by scavenging animals and birds. In this burial custom, either the bones were placed inside the ossuaries and buried, or they were left in the location of Xwaršēd Nigerišn. Some evidence of both customs have been documented from Sasanid to Late Islamic period (Huff, 2004; Rahbar, 2007; Mousavinia, 2019; Rahbar, 2019: 318- 319).
Burial methods have formed, evolved, or even become obsolete in the long run as a result of various factors such as environmental conditions, historical situations, and contact with other cultures. As it mentioned below, Zoroastrian burial method is no exception to this rule. As a result, for understanding exposure of the body in Zoroastrianism, it seems necessary to study the background of this tradition. This burial method, which has its roots in the prehistoric cultures of Iran, Asia Minor, Levant and Central Asia, is called the secondary burial in the archeological literature of this period (Rezaei et al., 2021:245-270). In the secondary burial method, the corpse is buried first and after some time, the bones are placed in a corner of the grave or the corpse is placed in the open and after the flesh is separated from the bone, it is re-buried or even left without a burial in the exposure place. In this tradition, the human skeletons do not include every bone. This different ritual practice reported from Epipalaeolithic (McAuley, 2013: 8) and Neolithic (Hole and Flannery, 1963: 245-246; Lambert, 1980: 6) to native occupants of Tebet and Hindu Kush (Geiger, 1885: 88). This burial custom entered to Zoroastrian religion and named as Xwaršēd Nigerišn and exposure the corpse at Dakhma and tower of silence (Zand ī Fragard ī Jud-Dēw-Dād, 471, 9:11; Moazemi, 2020: 82).
Some of these burial practices, especially Islamic ones, have done in towers of silence.
Four different architectural generations have done in towers of silence from the Sasanid to the late Islamic period (Table 1). In the first generation what documented at Istakhr (Tavakol, 2015: 77-80), Old Dakhme of Kerman and Dakhme of Koohestan (Huff, 2004:
620-623), body put at the highlands and exposed at an open-air (figure 1). In this generation of towers of silence, there is not any evidence of a central well inside the space of these burial structures. As Huff supposed at Old Dakhma of Kerman and Dakhma of Koohestan bone elements collected at the corner of the towers of silence (Huff, 2004:
623). Besides, at Istakhr ones, some evidence of rock ossuary have found next to the tower of silence (Tavakol, 2015: 82-90). Lack of the wall in Sasanid tower of silence in Istakhr and present of the wall in Yazd, Kerman and Ray have shown insecurity in the last ones what as Jackson mentioned correctly (2008: 495) could be related to radical Muslims. This generation of burial structures dated from the Sasanid to the Early Islamic period. It is plausible if thought this burial custom have done based on Vidēvdāt instructions. In the second generation what reported from Bandiān and Tappeh Galeh Khalachan, the body has exposed in a roofed space (figure 2). Some evidence of dome have discovered from archaeological excavations in these sites (Rahbar, 2007: 455-473;
Mousavinia, 2019: 399-403). There is no evidence of central well in this generation of towers of silence. Example of such burial custom reported at Gelalak and Saleh-Davud (Rahbar, 2007: 468). There is a different burial custom in towers of silence that did not canonize in Zoroastrian religious texts. Thanks to archaeological data, this generation dated to the Sasanid period and interestingly continued to the Mid-Islamic period. Third generation of towers of silence documented with Rahbar excavation at Turk Abad (2019:
317-348) and Rashid al-Din Hamadani report (1977: 60). Differently in this burial structure, body exposed at the centre of the tower of silence and bone elements put into around rooms (figure 3). 30 ossuary rooms have found in archaeological excavations of Turk Abad (Rahbar, 2019: 318-319). These burial practices reported from Ardakan and dated to the Mid-Islamic period. This burial custom has practised after the emigration and
133/ Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 1, Vol. 14, Serial No. 29 / Spring 2022
inhabitation of the Zoroastrian community to Yazd. The last generation illustrated at Dārāb Hormazyār's Rivāyat (Hormazyar Framarz, 1932: 102-108; Darab Hormaztar, 1996: 104) and reported from Isfahan, Yazd and Kerman (figure 4). Central well and exposure of the body inside the towers of silence are two important characteristics of this burial custom in Iran. Thanks to Dārāb Hormazyār's Rivāyat book this generation has practised after some communications between Iran and India Zoroastrian communities.
Although some protests (Ringers, 2011: 153) this generation has refined by Maneckji in the Qajar period (figure 5). In this last refined what visible in Maneckji of Yazd, Maneckji of Kerman and Sharif Abad, some burial structures have built next to towers of silence. Besides, inside towers of silence separated into three-space to bury the men, women and children etc (Enayatizadeh and Amouzegar, 2018: 99). Although some towers of silence reported in Central Asia (Abdullaev, 2014: 309), the oldest sample of these burial customs in Iran dated to the Sasanid period. Besides, interestingly most of these burial structures in Iran dated to the Islamic period. In this period samples of Pre-Islam continued and Islamic ones created after emigration, inhabitation and finally communications between Zorostrain societies. These burial customs continued in Iran and affected by religious intellectual movements in the Mid-19th century.
ﺗ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ لﻮﺤ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﻮﻣﺎﺧ ةرود زا ﯽﺷ هﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ
يﺎﻫ ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا
ﺳ ﯿ ﺪﻬﻣﺪ ي ﯿﻧ يﻮﺳﻮﻣ
1ﺎ
هوﺮﮔ رﺎﯾدﺎﺘﺳا نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ، ناﺮﯾا ،رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ ،رﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد .
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 30 / 04 / 1398 رﺎﺗ ؛ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 30 / 03 / 1401
ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ - ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
ﺖﻨﺳ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺎﻫ
رز ﻦﯿﺋآ رد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ي ﯽﺘﺷد
و يراﺬﮔاو رد نﺎﮔدﺮﻣ ﻦﻓد
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ةﻮﯿﺷ ﻦﯾا رد
ﻪﺸﯾر ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ نآ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣزﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾا و ﺮﯿﻐﺻ يﺎﯿﺳآ ،ﺖﻧاﻮﻟ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ زا ﺶﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
رد ﺎﯾ و زﺎﺑ يﺎﻀﻓ رد ﺪﺴﺟ ،ددﺮﮔ هزﺎﺳ
يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ،ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا زا ﺖﺷﻮﮔ نﺪﺷ اﺪﺟ زا ﺲﭘ و دﺮﯿﮔ
ﻣ ﯽﻗﺎﺑ ﻞﺤﻣ رد ﺎﯾ ﯽ
ﻪﯾﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﺎﯾ و ﺪﻧﺎﻣ
ﯽﻓﻮﺘﻣ ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا
ًادﺪﺠﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻦﻓد .ددﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ
ﺪﺣاو ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾذ رد جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻪﺘﺳد يﺪﻨﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ﺪﻧﻮﺷ توﺎﻔﺗ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ شﻼﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد .ﺪﻧراد ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾدﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ دﻮﺷ
و يرﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ نﻮﺘﻣ هداد
يﺎﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ ، ﯽﺒﺴﻧ يراﺬﮔ
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻠﮑﺷ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ،ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
هﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ :ﺖﺳا حﺮﻃ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺳ هﺎﮕﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ .ددﺮﮔ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
1 رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ (
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ زا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود
هﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﻣادا هزاﺪﻧا
لﻮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ
؟ﺖﺳا 2 تﻻﻮﺤﺗ رد ﯽﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﭼ ( اﯾ
هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ؟ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ 3
ﯽﻣ ﺎﯾآ ( ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ
ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار ،تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ؟دﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺋارا ﯽﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ شور زا قﻮﻓ يﺎﻫ -
ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ و ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ يا
يا
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ شور ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ .ﺖﺳا ور ﺶﯿﭘ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يروآدﺮﮔ يﺎﻫ ﺪﻫد
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ زا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ رﺎﻬﭼ
ﯽﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺒﺗ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
؛ ةﻮﺤﻧ ،ﻒﻘﺳ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ
ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ،ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ،ﺪﺴﺟ ﺖﺷاد
زا ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ تﺎﯿﺋﺰﺟ ،ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ يﺎﻀﻓ ﻪﺑ دورو ةﻮﺤﻧ ،نادﻮﺘﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺰﯾﺎﻤﺗ يﺎﻫ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ توﺎﻔﺗ .ﺖﺳا ناﺮﯾا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ رد ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﻣ ار ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﮥﺸﯾر ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ 1 (
تﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ،نﺎﻣﺮﮐ و دﺰﯾ رد نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﻊﻤﺠﺗ و 2
( و نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫ و ناﺮﯾا نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز تادواﺮﻣ 3
( ﯽﺠﻤﯿﻟ ﯽﺠﮑﻧﺎﻣ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا
.داد ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ناﺮﯾا رد ﺎﯾﺮﺗﺎﻫ
هژاو يﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﻠﮐ ي :
.ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود ،ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود ،ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ،ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ،يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ،ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ
1 . ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﯿﻧد رد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺲﭙﺳ و زﺎﺑ يﺎﻀﻓ رد نﺎﮔدﺮﻣ دﺎﺴﺟا نداد راﺮﻗ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎ
ﯽﮕﻨﺳ ﻪﻨﯾرﺎﭘاﺮﻓ زا ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ .ﺖﺳا نادﻮﺘﺳا رد ﯽﻓﻮﺘﻣ ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺎﯾ و ﻦﻓد
) McAuley, 2013: 8
ﯽﮕﻨﺳﻮﻧ و ( )
Hole and Flannery, 1963: 245-246; Lambert, 1980: 6
ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ (
زوﺮﻣا
) Geiger, 1885: 88
ﺷ شراﺰﮔ(
ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز تﺎﯾاور رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا هﺪ
ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ
) Xwaršēd Nigerišn
ﺖﺳا فوﺮﻌﻣ ( )
Dād, 471, 9:11;
Dēw- Zand ī Fragard ī Jud-
Moazemi, 2020: 82
ﻪﺑ مﻮﺳﻮﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺋآ دراو ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ (
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ،ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
ﻞﮑﺷ لﻮﺤﺗ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ و ﻪﯿﻟوا يﺎﻫ
هﺪﺷ ضﺮﻓ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ هزﺎﺳ ؛ﺪﻧا
ﺎﻫ نوﺪﺑ ي
ﺐﻠﻏا ﻪﮐ يروﺪﻣ و ﻦﯿﺋﺰﺗ يﺪﻨﻠﺑ يور
مﻮﺑ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ و ﺎﻫ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ دروآ
هزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ
جﺮﺑ ﺎﯾ ﻪﻤﺧد ﯽﻠﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾذ رد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ
ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ
ﺪﻨﺑ ي ﯽﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ يﻮﻫﺎﻣ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧراد ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﮑﺷآ
؛ ﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻒﻘﺴﻣ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ يﻮ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا
ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ
1
:لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار.
m.mousavinia@neyshabur.ac.ir
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 14
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 1،
رﺎﻬﺑ 1401 135 /
ﯽﻤﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﻬﻧآ نورد رد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ﻦﯾا زا يﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺟو يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد عﻮﻨﺗ ؛ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﺚﺤﺑ ،يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ هﻮﺟو ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا رﺎﻨﮐ رد .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺋآ رد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد زا يراﺬﮔ
ﺾﻣﺎﻏ
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﺎﺧ رد ﯽﺷﻮﻣ ﺖﺳا ناﺮﯾا
نﺎﯿﻧﺎﻧﻮﯾ ﺖﻤﯾﺰﻋ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻢﻧﺎﺧ يآ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﺗﺎﺌﺗ ﻪﮑﻧآ ﺎﺑ . ﯽﻧﺎﮑﻣ ﻪﺑ
ياﺮﺑ دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ
) Bernard, 1978: 440-441; Frye, 1984:190
ﻪﺑ و (
ﻒﺸﮐ ﻢﻏر
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ةﺪﺳ زا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ و لوا
مود م.ق مزراﻮﺧ رد )
Suleymanov, 2000: 115-120; ;Abdullaev,
( 2014
و ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود ﺮﺧاوا زا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ
) 651 - 224
رد (.م
نﺎﯾﺪﻨﺑ
) Rahbar, 2007: 455-473
،(
ﯽﻣ ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺋآ رد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود زا ﯽﺘﻋﺪﺑ ار يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاد
) Boyce, 1975: 328 ؛
،ﻪﻟﻮﻣ 1363 : 57
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار و(
ﺪﯾد ﻪﺑ نآ مﻼﺳا زا ﺶﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ ه
ﯽﻣ ﺪﯾدﺮﺗ ﻧ
ﺪﻧﺮﮕ
) Gignoux, 2008: 163-174
.(
ﯽﻣ شﻼﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﺖﻨﺳ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﻪﺑ دﻮﺷ
ﺎﺑ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ لﻮﺤﺗ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ و ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
هﺪﺳ .دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ
ﻧز ﯽ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ لﻮﺤﺗ رد
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ و ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ هداد و يرﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ نﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﺒﺴﻧ يراﺬﮔ
يﺎﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ زا
.ﺖﺳا ور ﺶﯿﭘ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ فاﺪﻫا ﺮﮕﯾد 2 . ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﮥﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ
هﻮﯿﺷ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻊﻤﺟ و ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ،ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺋآ رد ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻓﻮﺘﻣ ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا يراﺪﻬﮕﻧ و يروآ
نادﻮﺘﺳا رد
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻢﻏر ﯽﮕﻨﯾﺮﯾد هﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ زا ﺶﯿﭘ زا ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا
ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﯾﺎﺿر)
،ناﺮﮕﯾد و 1400
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ،(
ﺮﺗﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ و
ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺘﺷدرز رد
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ .دﺮﯿﮔ
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ رﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺋآ رد ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﻢﺳاﺮﻣ حﺮﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺲﯾﻮﺑ يﺮﻣ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
) Boyce, 1974: 3-9 (
ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻫد ﮏﯾ. ﻦﻤﻠﭙﻣوﺮﺗ ﻮﺌﻟ
ﺎﺑ ﭘﯿ ﺶ ضﺮﻓ جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ و نﺎﻣﺮﮐ و دﺰﯾ
نوﺪﺑ ﻪﺋارا يﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻊﻧﺎﻗ
هﺪﻨﻨﮐ
، نﺎﻤﮔ ﯽﻣ دﺮﺑ قﺪﻨﺧ ﻞﺗ
جﺮﺑ ﮏﯾ ﺪﻬﺸﻣﺮﺳ
ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
) Trumpelmann, 1984: 329
. (
ير ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ﺲﯾﻼﮐ ماﺮﻔﻟو ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ
ار ﮐوﺮﺘﻣ زا ﺲﭘ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﻪ
رﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ دﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ
) Kleiss, 1987: 369-372
. (
و ﺪﻧوﺮﻓا ﺮﯾﺪﻗ وﺮﺴﺧ
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ رد ﺰﯿﻧ هﺪﻨﺸﺨﺑرﻮﭘ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ار ير ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ،ير نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ يﺎﻫ
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻪﺑ
دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺪﻧ
)
،هﺪﻨﺸﺨﺑرﻮﭘ و ﺪﻧوﺮﻓا 1381
: 62
ﺎﻬﻧآ .(
شراﺰﮔ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ رد
، زا يﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
هﺎﭼ ﮏﯾ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ نوﺮﯿﺑ رد ﻞﮑﺷ ﻞﯿﻄﺘﺴﻣ
ﻫد ﻨ ﯽﻣ نﺎﻤﮔ و ﺪ ﻨﮐ
ﻨ ﺖﺳا نادﻮﺘﺳا ﺪ
) :نﺎﻤﻫ
64
.(
ﯽﻤﻧ ،ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ نوﺮﯿﺑ رد هﺎﭼ يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﺎﺑ يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار ناﻮﺗ
.دﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ رﺎﻬﻇا ﻢﻫ
نﺎﻣز رﺎﺼﺣ ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ دﺰﯾ رد ﯽﻧﺎﺧﺮﻠﻧﺎﺧ ﻪﻧازﺮﻓ و يﻮﻧ
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺰﯾ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ار د
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ و
)
،ﯽﻧﺎﺧﺮﻠﻧﺎﺧ و يﻮﻧ رﺎﺼﺣ 1381
.(
ﺶﯾﺮﺘﯾد ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﻤﺿ ﺰﯿﻧ فﻮﻫ
ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ مﺎﺠﻧا
رد هﻮﮐ ياﺪﻨﻠﺑ
،يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ نوﺪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻮﺗ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
أ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ م
رد ار مﻼﺳا زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﻨﻣاد رد
ﮥ بﻮﻨﺟ ﺑﺮﻏ ﯽ هﻮﮐ رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻣ ﻧاد ﺪ.
يو يﺎﻫﻮﮑﺳ ار رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا عﺎﻔﺗرا ﻢﮐ
يوﺎﭘ مﺪﻘﺘﻣ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻘﻠﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻨﮐ ﺪ ﯿﺒﺷ ار نآ و نﺎﮑﻣ ﻪ
ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ
ﻧاد ﺪ
) Huff,
2004:595
. (
فﻮﻫ ﻪﻣادا رد ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ،دﺰﯾ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ير و نﺎﻣﺮﮐ
ﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺖﺳا ﻪ
) ibid: 618-630
.(
ﻮﭙﯿﻠﻋ ﻢﯿﺴﻧ ﺪﻌﺑ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺋآ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ر
نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﻦﯿ زا ار ﻢﭼ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ،
دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ
) ،رﻮﭙﯿﻠﻋ 1385
.(
ﺑ عﻮﻧ ،نﺎﯾﺪﻨﺑ رد شوﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺒﻫر يﺪﻬﻣ ﺮﺗﺪﻌ
ﻞﻣﺎﮑﺗ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ا ي
،ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود ﺮﺧاوا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ار ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ دﻮﻤﻧ
) Rahbar,
2007: 455-473
. (
ﻤﺿ يﻮﻧ رﺎﺼﺣ ﺎﺿﺮﯿﻠﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﯽﻤﮐ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﻦ
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ،سوﺎﮐ ﻪﻤﺧد
ﻦﯾا
ار ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ .دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ
يو ﺎﺑ ﻞﻘﻧ لﻮﻗ
ﮏﯾ زا ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ
سﺎﻨﺷ يﺪﻨﻫ
، ﻪﻤﺧد ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ار
1000 ﯽﻟا 1500 ﯽﻣ ﺶﯿﭘ لﺎﺳ ﺪﻧاد
و
ﺖﺸﺧ دﺎﻌﺑا ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻣ و ﻪﻤﺧد لﺎﻤﺷ راﻮﯾد يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﻤﮔ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺎﻫﺮﺟآ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺎﺑ نآ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘ دﺮﺑ
ﺖﺳا مﻼﺳا رﺪﺻ ﺎﯾ و مﻼﺳا زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا
) ،يرﻮﻧ رﺎﺼﺣ 1391
: 33 - 31
. (
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر ﻞﻘﻧ لﻮﻗ زا نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ سﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺸﺧ دﺎﻌﺑا ﺖﻫﺎﺒﺷ و يﺪﻨﻫ ةرود يﺎﻫﺮﺟآ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ راﻮﯾد يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﯽﻤﻧ
ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺤﯿﺤﺻ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
سوﺎﮐ ﻪﻤﺧد يراﺬﮔ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
. شﻮﯾراد ،رﻮﭙﻣﻼﻏ ﯽﻨﯿﺷ ﺎﯾور
و ﯽﻨﺑ يرﺪﯿﺣ ﺪﻬﻣﺪﻤﺤﻣ
ي داﮋﻧ ﻢﯾﺮﮐ ﺰﯿﻧ
و ﺎﯾﺮﺗﺎﻫ ﯽﺠﻤﯿﻟ ﯽﺠﮑﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ود ﺮﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ
،ﻮﻧﺎﺑ نﺎﺘﺴﻠﮔ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻈﻨﻣ زا ار دﺰﯾ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
) ﯽﻨﯿﺷ
،ناﺮﮕﯾد و رﻮﭙﻣﻼﻏ 1393
: 67 - 79
.(
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻦﯾا زا
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ وﺎﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ،س
دﺎﺑآ كﺮﺗ و ﻢﻠﯾد ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا و ﺪﻘﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
دﺪﺠﻣ .ﺖﺳا رﻮﭘﺎﺸﯿﺑ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ حﺮﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ دار ﯽﻣﺎﺟﺮﻓ ﺖﺧﺪﻬﻣ ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ
يﻮﮑﺳ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾذ هﺪﻨﮐ
هﺪﺷ هﺮﺨﺻ رد
) Rock Cut Platform
حﺮﻃ ،(
زﺎﺳزﺎﺑ ي هﺪﺷ ا ي داد ﻪﺋارا نآ زا
) Farjamirad, 2015: 27 and 348: fig 16
.ا(
جﺮﺑ ﻪﺳ دﻮﺧ ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﮥﻟﺎﺳر رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﻞﮐﻮﺗ رذﻮﺑ
ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻮﮑﺳ
ﻞﮑﺷ ﻞﯿﻄﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا
ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ هﻮﮐ رد دﻮﻤﻧ
) ،ﻞﮐﻮﺗ 1394
ﻪﮐ(
دﻮﻤﻧ
هﻮﮐ ياﺪﻨﻠﺑ رد ﺪﺴﺟ ﺖﺷاد ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ .ﺖﺳا دازآ يﺎﻀﻓ رد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ و ﺎﻫ
يﺪﻬﻣ ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ
رد ﺎﯿﻧ يﻮﺳﻮﻣ لﺎﺳ
1395 هﺪﺳ زا ﻒﻘﺴﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ﮏﯾ شﺮﻔﺗ نﺎﭽﻠﺧ ﻪﻌﻠﻗ ﻪﭙﺗ رد شوﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
دﺮﮐ ﻒﺸﮐ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﮥﻧﺎﯿﻣ
) ،ﺎﯿﻧ يﻮﺳﻮﻣ 1397
: 399 - 403
دﺎﺑآ كﺮﺗ رد شوﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺒﻫر يﺪﻬﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ لﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ و(
زا يﺮﮕﯾد ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ نﺎﮐدرا جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ هﺪﺳ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﮥﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ
) ،ﺮﺒﻫر 1398 : 317 -
348
. (
ﺪﻌﺑ ﯽﻤﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شﻼﺗ رﺎﮔزﻮﻣآ ﻪﻟاژ و هداز ﯽﺘﯾﺎﻨﻋ جﺮﯾا
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ار نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫ و ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﻧ
) ﺎﻨﻋ ﯾﺘ ﯽ ،رﺎﮔزﻮﻣآ و هداز 1396
: 93 - 108
.(
ﻪﺑ دﻮﺟو ﻢﻏر رﺎﻬﭼ
توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺖﻨﺳ
رد يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ هدﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺖﻨﺳ ود زا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا رد ،ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ :ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
» ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ دﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ هﻮﮐ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ راﻮﯾد ﺮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ «
و
» ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻤﺧد
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ جﺮﺑ ﻪﻤﺧد دﻮﺷ
«
) :نﺎﻤﻫ 97
. (
ﻪﺟاﻮﺧ رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻪﻣادا رد ﻪﺋارا فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ،ﯽﻓﻮﺋر ﺐﻨﯾز و رﻮﭘ
زﺎﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار هﺪﻧز
يزﺎﺳ جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﻤﺧد رﺎﺼﺘﺧا ﻪﺑ ،ناﺮﯾا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﮥ
ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ ﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ و ﯽ
دﺮﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ار نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﯽﺠﮑﻧﺎﻣ ﺪﻧ
) ،ﯽﻓﻮﺋر و رﻮﭘ ﻪﺟاﻮﺧ 1397
: 53 - 64
. (
ﺰﯿﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﻓآﺮﻬﻣ ﺎﺿر و يﺪﻤﺣا لﻮﺳر
دﺮﺑ نﺎﻤﮔ ﺪﻧ
ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻢﻗ نﺎﮔﺰﯾز ﯽﮕﻨﺳ ةزﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﮑﺷا
- ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا
) ،ﻦﯾﺮﻓآﺮﻬﻣ و يﺪﻤﺣا 1399
:
11 - 13
ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ .(
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﻤﻌﻣ يﺎﯾﺎﻘﺑ دﻮﺟو و هزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا نورد يﺎﻀﻓ رد ير
) :نﺎﻤﻫ 11
يﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ،(
ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻈﻧرﺎﻬﻇا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ طﺎﯿﺘﺣا ﺎﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ فﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ ،هوﻼﻋ ار نﺎﮔﺰﯾز ﻪﮐ
» ﻪﻤﺧد ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ و ﺰﮔرد نﺎﯾﺪﻨﺑ ،ير روﺪﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻤﺧد دﺰﯾ ﺮﻬﺷ رد ﻊﻗاو يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ «
ﺪﻨﻧاد
) :نﺎﻤﻫ 12
،(
ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﯽﻬﺑﺎﺸﺗ ﯽﻤﻧ هﺪﯾد ﻞﻤﻋ رد .دﻮﺷ
،يرﺪﯿﺣ ﺎﮑﯿﻠﻣ
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 14
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 1،
رﺎﻬﺑ 1401 137 /
ﯽﺗﺮﭼ ﻮﻟرﺎﮐ و ﻦﯾﺮﻓآﺮﻬﻣ ﺎﺿر ﺰﯿﻧ
تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ًاﺮﯿﺧا اﯾ
هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ هﻮﯿﺷ رد
نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫ و ناﺮﯾا ﺪﻧا
) ،ناﺮﮕﯾد و يرﺪﯿﺣ 1399
: 264 - 241
. (
3 . نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ
نﺎﯿﻣ زا ﺖﻨﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻓﺪﺗ ي ا زا ﺶﯿﭘ ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﻨﯿ ﻪﻤﺧد ،مﻼﺳ
و و يراﺬﮔ رد زﺎﺑ يﺎﻀﻓ رد دﺎﺴﺟا يراﺬﮔا
ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﯽﺒﻫﺬﻣ نﻮﺘﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﯿﺻﻮﺗ
ﻪﻤﺧد ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ داﺪﯾﺪﻧو رد و ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ نﺎﮑﻣ
ﻞﺤﻣ
دﺎﺴﺟا يراﺬﮔاو زﺎﺑ يﺎﻀﻓ رد
ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ
دﺮﮔﺮﻓ ،داﺪﯾﺪﻧو) 6
: 106 - 1 ،ﺮﺘﺘﺴﻣراد ، 1384
: 180 - 132
.(
ﻪﺑ
ﻢﻏر ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﯽﺒﻫﺬﻣ نﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﻨﺳ ياﺮﺑ شﻼﺗ و ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﻪﺋارا
ﯽﯾﻮﮕﻟا نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﻦﻓد زا
هداد ،نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ زا ﯽﻋﻮﻨﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ي ﺪﻨﻫد
. ،عﻮﻨﺗ ﻦﯾا رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا
نوﺪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫزﺎﺳو ي يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ةدﺮﺘﺴﮔ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ نادﻮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يدراﻮﻣ زا ؛ﻒﻘﺴﻣ نادﻮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ قﺎﺗا يﺎﻫ
رد ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ﺰﮐﺮﻣ جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ .ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ
يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻢﻬﻓ فﺮﻃ ﮏﯾ زا جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ةرود زا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
هﺪﺳ ﺎﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ كرد ﺮﮕﯾد فﺮﻃ زا و ﺖﺳا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
رد ﻦﯾا ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ تا
ﺷ يﺮﯿﮔراﺮﻗ يﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﻗاﺪﻣ ﮥﺘﺴﯾﺎ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﻨﺷور نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﮑﯾرﺎﺗ ﺮﺑ ﯽﺳﻮﻧﺎﻓ ﯽﻣ ﺎﯾآ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ دﺮﺑ نﺎﻤﮔ ناﻮﺗ
راﺮﻤﺘﺳا 1
( جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ و ﻒﻘﺴﻣ
2 ( ﻞﮑﺷ ﮔ ﯿﺮ ي ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ قﺎﺗا ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ رد نادﻮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﺳ هﺪ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﮥﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺸﺨﺑ ﮥﺸﯾر
ﯽ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻦﯾا زا يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ
تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ
- هﺪﺳ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺎﻫ
هﺮﮔ
هدرﻮﺧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ؟ نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد يﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﭼ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ و دﺰﯾ رد
رد ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫﻮﮕﻟا ندﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﻣ
هﺪﺳ ا رد ﯽﻤﻬﺳ ﻪﭼ نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫ و ناﺮﯾا نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز تادواﺮﻣ ؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ ﻦﯾ
يدرﻮﻣ ؟ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
نآ رد ناﻮﺗ ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ يﻮﺳ
ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ تﻻﻮﺤﺗ رد
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ رد ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ هﺪﺳ
يﺎﻫ ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﭼ .دﺮﮐ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺎﯾﺮﺗﺎﻫ ﯽﺠﻤﯿﻟ ﯽﺠﮑﻧﺎﻣ
) 1192 - 1269
رد ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﺌﺒﻤﺑ نﺎﯿﺳرﺎﭘ ﺮﯿﻔﺳ ،(.ه
حﻼﺻا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺧآ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﺷ ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻬﯾﺪﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ .ﺪﺳر
4 . ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ
ﻪﻤﺧد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﺖﻨﺳ و
ةژاو ﯽﯾﺎﺘﺳوا ﻪﻤﺧد
) axma (D
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎ ﺮﺒﻗ ي ﮥﺸﯾر زا ﺎﭘوراوﺪﻨﻫ ﯽﯾ
hmbh
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑD
ﺎ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ندﺮﮐ ﻦﻓد ي
هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا
) Hoffmann, 1965: 238; Boyce, 1975: 326
. (
ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺸﯾر
هژاو ار يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑDag
ﺗآ ندز ﺶ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﻧاد
) اﺪﺨﻫد 1340 : 288 - 290 ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ؛ 1375 : 1499
. (
،ﺮﺒﻗ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻦﻤﺿ هژاو ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ
ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﻦﻓد ﺖﻨﺳ زا يا ﯽﻣ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ
رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﯽﻣ
دور .
تودوﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﯽﺸﻨﻣﺎﺨﻫ ةرود رد
) 550 - 330 م.ق
ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا .(
ﻣ ار ﻢﺳر ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻨﮐ صﻮﺼﺨ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﻐﻣ ﺪﻧاد
. ﮓﺳ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ار نﺎﮔدﺮﻣ دﺎﺴﺟا نﺎﻐﻣ يو ﮥﺘﻔﮔ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ و ﺎﻫ
ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺬﮔ ﺎﻬﻧآ
ار
ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا و ﺪﻧرﻮﺨﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻣ رود ار ﺪﻨﺘﺨﯾر
) Herodotus, Histories: I: 140; Godley, 1920: 179
.(
ﺰﯿﻧ ﻮﺑاﺮﺘﺳا نﺎﻐﻣ نﺎﯿﻣ رد ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا جاور ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻧﺎﮑﺷا ةرود رد ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ
) 224 .م - 247 (.م.ق
ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا ﺪﻨﮐ
) يﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ،ﻮﺑاﺮﺘﺳا
21 - 3 - 15
، ﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﯽ هداز
، 1382 : 327
ﻪﻤﺧد زا ،داﺪﯾﺪﻧو رد .(
يراﺬﮔ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ و ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ مﺎﻧ نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺑ ﺞﯾار ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ناﻮﻨﻋ دﺮﺑ
دﺮﮔﺮﻓ ،داﺪﯾﺪﻧو) 6
،ﺮﺘﺘﺴﻣراد ، 1384
. (
،هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻤﮔ ﻪﺑ
ﺲﯾﻮﺑ ﻪﻤﺧد داﺪﯾﺪﻧو رد يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺰﯿﻧ هﺎﮕﻣارآ و ﺮﺒﻗ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓر رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
) Boyce 1975: 326
.(
ﻪﻤﺧد هژاو
ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧرﻮﮔ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ يور ﺮﺑ هﺪﺳ و ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺖﺴﺨﻧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻣ مﺎﻋ دﺮﮐ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺮﺒﻗ ار نآ ناﻮﺗ
) Huff, 2004: 596
. (
ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود يرﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ نﻮﺘﻣ رد ﮐ ﻪﺑ قﻮﻓ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ود ﻪﺑ ﻪﻤﺧد
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓر رﺎ نﻮﺘﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد ،هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا نوﺪﺑ هژاو
ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود رد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻤﺧد .ﺪﻨﮐ
زا ﯽﮑﯾ رد
ﻦﺘﻣ ماﺮﮐ ﻦﺑ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ زا هﺪﻧﺎﻣ يﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻓﻮﺘﻣ) 255
ﻨﺑ(.ه
ﯿ نﺎ راﺬﮔ ﻪﯿﻣاﺮﮐ ﻪﻗﺮﻓ هﺎﻨﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد
:ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ باﺮﺷ ندرﻮﺧ
» ...
ﺎﺗ ﺖﺧاﺪﻧا سﻮﺠﻣ هﺪﮑﺸﺗآ نورد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ار وا
ﻪﻤﻌﻃ دﻮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ
«
) Zysow, 1988: 583
. (
رﺎﺒﺧا رد يرﻮﻨﯾد لاﻮﻄﻟا
هﺪﻣآ ﺮﺒﻗ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻤﺧد .ﺖﺳا
ﺮﺴﺧ گﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﻤﺿ رد يو و
ﺰﯾوﺮﭘ ﯽﻣ ﻪﯾوﺮﯿﺷ نﺎﺑزﺮﻣ كدﺰﯾ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺴﯾﻮﻧ
:ﺪ
...»
رد ار ﺰﯾوﺮﭘ ﺪﺴﺟ
ﻪﻤﺧد ا ي داد رﻮﺘﺳد و ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ و دﺮﮐ ﻦﻓد ﺪﻨﺘﺸﮐ ار ناﻮﺟ نآ
) « ،يرﻮﻨﯾد 1371 : 141
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻤﺧد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﻫﺎﺷ رد .(
ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺮﺒﻗ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ
) ،ﯽﺳودﺮﻓ 1379 ﺪﻨﺑ ،رذﻮﻧ ﯽﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ ، 350
ﺖﯿﺑ ، 5 : 11
: (
درد و گﻮﺳ ﺎﺑ لاز رﺪﭘ ﺮﻬﺑ ز ﺑ
ﻮﮕ دﺮﮐ ﻪﻤﺧد ﯽﻤﻫ رﺪﻧا بار
ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ هدروآ ﺮﺒﻗ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ،نادﻮﺘﺳ ةژاو ﺎﺑ ار ﻪﻤﺧد
ﺳا ﺖ :
» ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻟوﺪﻟاﺮﺨﻓ رﺎﮔزوﺮﺑ ير ﺮﻬﺷ رد
زوﺮﻣا و ﺶﯾﻮﺧ ﻪﻬﺟ زا دﺮﮐ ﯽﻧادﻮﺘﺳ كﺮﺒﻃ هﻮﮐ ﺮﺑ و يﺪﻨﺘﻔﮔ ﺪﯿﻣﻮﺟرﺰﺑ ار وا ﻪﮐ ﺮﮕﻧاﻮﺗ دﻮﺑ يﺮﺒﮔ دﻮﺑ وا ﺮﯾزو دﺎﺒﻋ ﺴﯾﺎﺟﺮﺑ ﺖ
« ) ،ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ 1344
: 187
ﺮﺒﻗ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﻤﺧد ﻪﯾوﺮﯿﺷ رﺎﮐ ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﯾذ رد ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻌﺛ .(
:ﺖﺳا هدروآ
» ا ﻪﯾوﺮﯿﺷ ﺪﻧراﺬﮔ ﯽﻗﺎﺑ ﺰﯾوﺮﭘ ﺪﺴﺟ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺑ ﻪﮐ لﺎﺣ نﺎﻤﻬﺑ ار وا داد ﺮﻣا و ﺪﺷ مﻮﻤﻐﻣ و مﻮﻤﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﯿﺷ گﺮﻣ ز
ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﻨﭼ و ﺪﻧﺪﻨﺒﺑ ار ﻪﻤﺧد برد و ) «
،ﯽﺒﻟﺎﻌﺛ 1385 : 351
ﺮﺒﻗ لدﺎﻌﻣ ار ﻪﻤﺧد ﻢﯿﻬﻔﺘﻟا رد ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ نﺎﺤﯾرﻮﺑا .(
:ﺖﺳا هدروآ
» هدﺮﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﮑﺣ ا ﯽﮑﯾ ﮥﻤﺧد ﻪﺑ ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﯽﺳﺎﺒﻋ رﻮﺼﻨﻣ نﺎﻣز رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا
ﯽﺟﺎﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ هار ناﺮﯾا نﺎﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ ز
ﻊﺻﺮﻣ ناﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﺑ ﺖﺷاد ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ) «...
،ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ 1362 : 69
ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ.(
ﻞﻤﺠﻣ راﻮﺘﻟا ﯾ ﺦ ةرود ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﻤﺿ رد ﺺﺼﻘﻟا و
:ﺖﺳا هدروآ ﺮﺒﻗ لدﺎﻌﻣ ار نآ ﻦﻤﻬﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﺷدﺎﭘ
» ﻪﻤﺧد ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﺪﺼﻗ ﺲﭘ ﻦﺗ و ﺪﻨﮐ باﺮﺧ ﻢﺘﺳر و مﺎﺳ ي
ﺪﺒﻟﺎﮐ و ﺎﻫ
زﺎﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧازﻮﺴﺑ ار نﺎﺸﯾا دﺮﮐ ﻞﻃﺎﺑ
) « 1378 : 45
ﯽﻋاد ﻦﺑ ﯽﻀﺗﺮﻣ .(
يزار ﯽﻨﺴﺣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ماﻮﻌﻟا ةﺮﺼﺒﺗ رد
مﺎﻧﻷا تﻻﺎﻘﻣ يو .ﺖﺳا هدروآ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﮑﻣ لدﺎﻌﻣ ار نآ
ﻦﯿﺋآ ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﻤﺿ رد
ﯽﻣ ﯽﺘﺷدرز :ﺪﺴﯾﻮﻧ
...»
ﯽﻀﻌﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﮑﻧ رﻮﮔ رد و ﺪﻨﯾﻮﺸﻧ ار هدﺮﻣ ﺎﺟ
ي ﺎﻫ ي و ﻢﯿﻈﻋ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ هدﺮﮐ خاﺮﻓ ار نآ
ﺧد ﯽﮑﯾ نﻮﭼ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺧ ﻪﻤ
و ﺪﻧزاﺪﻧا ﻪﻤﺧد ناﺪﺑ ار وا ﻦﻔﮐ ﯽﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﺮﻣ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﻪﻣﺎﺟ نآ رد ﻢﮑﺤﻣ ناﺪﺑ ار هدﺮﻣ و ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮕﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﯾر دﺮﯿﻤﺑ ﻞﻫا زا ﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدروآ نوﺮﯿﺑ يو ﻢﺸﭼ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﻏﺮﻣ ﺎﯾ غﻼﮐ ﺮﮔا ﺪﻧﻮﺷ يو ﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ زور ود زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺖﺳا ﺖﺸﻬﺑ
و
ﺖﺴﺧزود ﻞﻫا زا ﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدروﺎﯿﻧ ﺮﮔا ) « ...
،يزار ﯽﻨﺴﺣ 1364
: 21 .(
ﺷر ﯿ ﺪﻟاﺪ ﯾ ﻦ ﻞﻀﻓ ﷲا :ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﺒﻗ لدﺎﻌﻣ ار نآ ﺦﯾراﻮﺘﻟا ﻊﻣﺎﺟ رد
» ﻪﻤﺧد نﺎﺘﺴﯿﺳ رد ار ﻢﺘﺳر و ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يا
دﺮﮐ ﻦﻓد ﺎﺠﻧآ رد ) «
ﻞﻀﻓ ﷲا ،ﯽﻧاﺪﻤﻫ 1392 : 559
يوﺎﻀﯿﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻦﺑا ﷲاﺪﺒﻋ .(
رد ﺦﯾراﻮﺘﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ هرﺎﺷا ﻦﻤﺿ رد
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺑ ،ﺐﺳاﺮﻬﻟ ﻦﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﺘﺸﮔ ةرود ﻪﻤﺧد
يراﺬﮔ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا :ﺪﻨﮐ
» مﻼﺳا زا ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﮐ ﻢﺠﻋ ﻞﻫا يﺎﻫرﻮﮔ و
هدﻮﺑ و ﺎﻫرﺎﻏ رد ﯽﻀﻌﺑ :ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧا ﻪﻤﺧد
هﻮﮐ رد ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧا هﻮﮐ ﻦﯿﺋﺎﭘ رد يﺪﻨﭼ و هدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﮓﻨﺳ و ﺪﻧا
ﺴﺑ ﻪﺘﺨﯾر نآ ﺮﺑ رﺎﯿ نﺎﻨﭼ
ﻪﮐ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ﻞﺗ هدﺎﻬﻧ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺧ رد ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﻀﻌﺑ و ﻣز رد ار ﺐﻨﺧ و ﺪﻧا
هدﺮﮐ ﻪﯿﺒﻌﺗ ﻦﯿ ) «
،يوﺎﻀﯿﺑ 1382 :
26 .(
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 14
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 1،
رﺎﻬﺑ 1401 139 /
ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ ،يﺮﺠﻫ ﻢﻬﻧ ةﺪﺳ زا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ
زا تﻻدﺎﺒﺗ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ
نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫ و ناﺮﯾا نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﺧد ،
ﻪﻤﺧد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ و يراﺬﮔ رﺎﺛآ رد و ﺖﻓر رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ
يﻮﻔﺻ ﺮﺼﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﭘورا نﺎﺣﺎﯿﺳ
) 1114 - 880 (.ه
) ،سﻮﯾرﺎﺌﻟوا 1369
: 616
؛ ،ﻪﻟاوﻻد 1370 : 80 ؛ ندرﺎﺷ ، 1374 : 1562 - 1563 ؛ ،ﻪﯿﻧروﺎﺗ 1383 : 102 - 103
رﺎﺟﺎﻗ ﺎﺗ (
) 1304 - 1175 (.ه ،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟاد) 1335 : 803 ؛ ،اﻮﻓﻻﻮﯾد 1371 : 148 - 146 ؛ ،لﻮﺳروا 1382 : 303 ،ﻪﯾروﻮﻓ ؛ 1385
: 190 ؛
ﻦﺴﮑﺟ
، 1387 : 495
.ﺖﻓﺎﯾ بﺎﺗزﺎﺑ (
نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨﻫ نﺎﯿﺳرﺎﭘ ،هﺎﮔداد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز هزوﺮﻣا
درز تﺎﯾاور و ﻮﺧد ﯽﻣ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ نﺎﯿﺘﺷ
ﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
) Zand ī Fragard ī Jud-Dēw-Dād, 471, 9:11;
Moazemi, 2020: 82
. (
ﺣﻼﻄﺻا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ﯽ
رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا تﺮﺑار ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﯽﻓرﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧزور
ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻧﺎﺘﯾﺮﺑ رﺎﮕﻧ .م ﻢﻫدزﻮﻧ ةﺪﺳ لوا ﮥﻤﯿﻧ رد
ﻪﻤﺧد ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ قﻼﻃا نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز يﺎﻫ و
دراد جاور نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ
) Modi, 1937: 67
رد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﺑ .(
ناﺮﯾا رد يدﻼﯿﻣ ﻢﻫدزﻮﻧ ةﺪﺳ ﻂﺳاوا ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ
) Ringer, 2011: 189-192
نﺎﯿﻣﻮﺑ و ﺖﺒﺗ تﻼﻓ نﺎﻣدﺮﻣ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ نﺎﯿﻣ رد نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ هزوﺮﻣا (
لﺎﺒﺟ
نﺎﺘﺳرﻮﻧ نﺎﺘﺳا رد ﺶﮐوﺪﻨﻫ دراد ﻪﻣادا نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا
) Geiger, 1885: 88
. (
5 . ﯽﯾﺎﯾرآ ﺎﻫ و لوا ﻞﺴﻧ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
لوا ﻞﺴﻧ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ
.ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﺷدرز ﻦﯿﺋآ رد ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻢﻏر ﻪﺑ
زا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾا ﺖﻣﺪﻗ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ،ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ زا ﯽﮐﺪﻧا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﻧﺎﻣ يﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ
ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا
درﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ مﺪﻋ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ
رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
رﻮﺼﺤﻣ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ ندﻮﻤﻧ
.ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﻦﯾا ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ رد ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ 1
( ﻦﯿﺴﺣ هﻮﮐ ﺮﺨﺘﺳا
،ﻞﮐﻮﺗ) 1394 : 80 - 77
، (
2 (
ﻤﺧد ﮥ نﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ دﺰﯾ
، 3 ( نﺎﻣﺮﮐ ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ ﮥﻤﺧد
) Huff, 2004:620-623
و(
4 ير (
،ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ) 1344
:
187
ﮔ(
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰ رد هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا
تودوﺮﻫ ﺦﯾراﻮﺗ
) Herodotus, Histories: I: 140;
Godley, 1920: 179
ﻮﺑاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ و ( ،ﻮﺑاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ)
21 - 3 - 15 ، ﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﯽ هداز ، 1382 : 327
ﺰﯿﻧ (
زا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾا ةﺪﻨﯾﺎﻤﻧ جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا ناﺮﯾا رد ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ
هوﻼﻋ ، هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻦﯾا
نﺎﯿﻣ ﺶﮐوﺪﻨﻫ لﺎﺒﺟ و ﺖﺒﺗ تﻼﻓ نﺎﯿﻣﻮﺑ ﺞﯾار
ﺖﺳا
) Geiger, 1885: 88
. (
ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾاﺪﺘﺑا مﺮﻓ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ هدﻮﺑ يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ نوﺪﺑ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ و
هﻮﮐ ياﺪﻨﻠﺑ رد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻢﻟ ﯾ عرﺰ زا رود و
دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ نوﺪﺑ ،يدﺎﺑآ مﺎﺠﻧا يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ يﺎﻫﺎﻀﻓ
.ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
ناﺪﻘﻓ ،دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﮔﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ
ﺳ ﯽﮔدﺎﺳ و يرﺎﻤﻌﻣ زا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾا ﮥﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﯽﻨﯿﻓﺪﺗ رﺎﺘﺧﺎ
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﻮﮑﺳ ﮏﯾ يور ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ ،ﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ ﯽﮕﻨﺳ
عﺎﻔﺗرا ﻢﮐ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻞﯿﻄﺘﺴﻣ
و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ
، دﺰﯾ ير و ﻦﯿﻣز رد ﻦﯿﻓﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻢﻟ عرﺰﯾ رد ﻊﻗاو
هﻮﮐ ياﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﺒﻃ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ دوﺪﺤﻣ رﺎﺼﺣ و يدورو ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻌﯿ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ)
1
.(
ﻧﻮﻤﻧ رد ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﮥ
رد ﯽﻨﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﯿﺷرﻮﺧ زا ﺲﭘ ﯽﻓﻮﺘﻣ ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا ﺮﺨﺘﺳا نو
نادﻮﺘﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ
نﻮﻣاﺮﯿﭘ رد هزوﺮﻣا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﭼ ؛ﺖﺳا جﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا
زا يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﺪﻨﭼ
ادﻮﺘﺳا ن هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
،ﻞﮐﻮﺗ) 1394 : 90 - 82
.(
فﻮﻫ رد ﺖﺳا هدﺮﺑ نﺎﻤﮔ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ
،نﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا
ﺎﻫ يﺎﻀﻓ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ رد
نآ نورد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ يروآ ﻊﻤﺟ
) Huff, 2004: 623
. (
ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﺪﺳر
؛ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﭼ
ﻪﻧر يﺮﻧﺎﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟاد
ير ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ حﺮﺷ رد ﺰﯿﻧ
ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺷور ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا يروآ
هرﺎﺷا ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ
اد) ،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟ 1335 : 812
.(
شراﺰﮔ ﻒﻄﻟ ﻪﺑ و ﯽﺟرﺰﺧ ﻒﻟدﻮﺑا
ﻊﺟار يدوﺪﺤﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ
ﻞﯾاوا ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ةرود
:ﺖﺳا ﺖﺳد رد ير ﯽﻣﻼﺳا 1
ﮥﯾﻮﺑ لآ ةرود ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ( ير
) 320 - 447 (.ه
ﺖﺳا ؛ 2 ؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ كﺮﺒﻃ هﻮﮐ رد ( 3
؛ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ يدورو ( 4
نﺎﺑدﺮﻧ زا نآ ﻪﺑ دورو ياﺮﺑ (
ﻔﺘﺳا و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎ 5
هدﻮﺑ زﺎﺑ ور ( ﺖﺳا
) ﯽﺟرﺰﺧ ﻒﻟدﻮﺑا
) 1970 : 75 - 76 ؛ ،ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ 1344
: 187
.(
ﯾا ﻦ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﯽﯾﺎﭘورا نﺎﺣﺎﯿﺳ ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺮﻔﺳ رد ﺮﺗﺪﻌﺑ رﺎﺟﺎﻗ ةرود تﺎﺣﻼﺻا ةوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟاد) 1335 : 803 ،اﻮﻓﻻﻮﯾد ؛
1371 : 148 - 146 ،لﻮﺳروا ؛ 1382
: 303 ،ﻪﯾروﻮﻓ ؛ 1385 : 190
؛ ﻦﺴﮑﺟ
، 1387 : 5 49
ﺲﯾﻼﮐ شراﺰﮔ و( )
Kleiss,
1987: 369-382
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ(
زا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾا جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ ةرود زا
شراﺰﮔ هﺪﺷ و .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻪﻣادا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود ﺎﺗ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ ﻦﯾا رﻮﺼﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ةرود ﻪﺑ ار ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ .دﻮﻤﻧ يراﺬﮔ
ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﭼ
ﺮﺑ حﺮﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ رد ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا نآ ندﻮﺑ رﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ير ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ج
ﺪﻨﮐ
،ﮏﻠﻤﻟا مﺎﻈﻧ) 1344
:
187
و (
ﺰﻣﺎﯿﻠﯾو مﺎﻫاﺮﺑآ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ نآ ﯽﯾاﺮﭼ رد ﻦﺴﮑﺟ
نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز زا ﻢﯿﻘﻣ
ﯽﻣ ناﺮﻬﺗ :ﺪﺴﯾﻮﻧ
» ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﺳﺮﺗ
ﯽﺑ ار ﺎﺠﻧآ نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺖﻣﺮﺣ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
« ﻦﺴﮑﺟ)
، 1387 : 495
ﻦﯾا ندﻮﻤﻧ رﻮﺼﺤﻣ دﺮﺑ نﺎﻤﮔ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ اﺬﻟ.(
جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ
ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ يﺎﻫرﺎﺸﻓ -
و نﺎﻧﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽﺑ زا يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ
ﯽﺘﻣﺮﺣ ﺎﻬﻧآ
دﺎﺴﺟا ﻪﺑ
نﺎﯿﺘﺷدرز .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 1 دﺰﯾ نﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ زا ﯽﯾﺎﻤﻧرود : رد ﻪﮐ
روﺎﺠﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو ﯽﺠﮑﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ
) Huff, 2004:
Pl. X/24 (.
Huff, 2004:
next to Maneckji one ( silence
hestan tower of Koo
Figure 1. A perspective of
).
Pl. X/24
6 . و نﺎﯾﺪﻨﺑ ﻞﺴﻧ
مود جﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
مود ﻞﺴﻧ زا جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ :ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ود زوﺮﻣا ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ
1 نﺎﯾﺪﻨﺑ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ( ﻢﻫ
نﺎﻣز
لوا وﺮﺴﺧ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﺳ
) 531 - 579 م .(
) Rahbar, 2007: 455-473
و (
2 ﻪﭙﺗ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ جﺮﺑ ( نﺎﭽﻠﺧ ﻪﻌﻠﻗ
شﺮﻔﺗ هﺪﺳ زا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﮥﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﯿﻧ يﻮﺳﻮﻣ)
، 1397 : 399 - 403
.(
زا ﻞﺴﻧ ﻦﯾا رد جﺮﺑ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﻮﻣﺎﺧ
، ﺪﺴﺟ
ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻒﻘﺴﻣ يﺎﻀﻓ ﮏﯾ نورد ﻪﺑ و دﺮﯿﮔ
ﺞﯾرﺪﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ .دﻮﺷ
ناﻮﺨﺘﺳا شﺮﺑ زا يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﻒﺸﮐ رد
