ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ – ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣۶ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٤ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ١٣٨٨
ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ :
۲۰ / ۸ / ۱۳۸۷ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ
: ۲۳ / ۱ / ۱۳۸۸
ﺺﺻ ٧٤
‐ ٥٧
ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ :
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ
١
ﻲﻧﺎﺸﻓﺍ ﺎﺿﺮﻴﻠﻋﺪﻴﺳ ﺩﺰﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ،
*
ﻭﺪﻧ ﻱﺮﮑﺴﻋ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﻦﺷ
ﺩﺰﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻳﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ،
ﻒﺠﻧ ﻞﺿﺎﻓ ﻪﻴﻤﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺑﺁ
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ، ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺭﺪﻴﺣ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻱ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﺷﺭﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ، ﺩﺰﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻛﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﺮﺑ ،ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻲـﺳﺭ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﺩﺰـﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﺎﻨﮐﺎﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ .
ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ .
ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﮐ ﺍﺭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ۱۵
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﮑﺸﺗ ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ۲۸۸ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ۴
/ ۱۷ ،ﻢـﮐ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۶
/ ۶۴ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ۵
/ ۱۳ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻞـﻫﺄﺘﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺮﺠﻣ .
ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﺴـﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ .
ﺍﺭ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺭﺩ .
ﻩﮊﺍﻭ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ:
ﺩﺰﻳ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸ .
۱
‐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺩﺰﻳ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺖﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻴﺘﺸﭘ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ .
ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ*
: ۰۹۱۳۱۶۸۱۵۹۰
Email: [email protected]
ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
– ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣۶ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٤ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ١٣٨٨
٥٨
Social Trust in the City of Yazd: An Analysis of the Levels and Factors
Seyed A.R. Afshani, Assistant Professor Department of Sociology, Yazd University A. Askari Nodoushan, Assistant Professor Department of Sociology, Yazd University
S. Fazel Najafabadi, Master of Art in Demography M. Heydari, MA Student of sociology, Yazd University
Abstract
Trust is the most important factor in making social order and capital. It also plays a crucial role in establishing stronger interpersonal relationships, increasing risk power and making social life more comfortable.
The present study was carried out to investigate the rate of social trust and the factors affecting it in the city of Yazd. In this survey study, a sample of 288 citizens of Yazd (15 years old and over) were interviewed.
The findings show an index of %17.4 for low social trust, %64.6 for moderate social trust and %13.5 for high social trust. It has also been found that social trust is more among men, and more among the married.
The relationship between social trust and variables Such as social participation, religiousness, social relation and normative integration is significant.
Among independent variables, normative integration yields the most effect in explaining social trust.
Keywords:Yazd, Social Trust, Social Participation, Normative Integration, Social Relation
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺩﺎـﻴﻨﺑ ﺮـﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻭ ﺕﻻﻮﻘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞــﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺮــﻗﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ .
ﻭ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸــﻳﺪﻧﺍ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﺍﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪـﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻞـﺒﻗ ﻪﻫﺩ ﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ
،ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻢــﻬﻣ ﻉﻮــﺿﻮﻣ ﮏــﻳ ﻥﺍﻮــﻨﻋ ﻪــﺑ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﻩﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺪـﻧﺍ ) ،ﺰﻧﺪـﻴﮔ ۱۳۷۸ ،ﻡﺎـﻨﺗﺎﭘ ؛
۱۳۸۰ ﻉﺭﺎـﺷ ؛ ،ﺭﻮـﭘ ۱۳۸۳
Luhmann, 1979; Hardin, ؛
1996; Putnam, 1996; Barber, 1983;
.(
ﻢـﻬﻓ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ
ﻲﻳﻮـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻘﻧ ـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻳﺎـﻨﺒﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪ
ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻲﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎﮐ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻝﺩﺎـﺒﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺼﺧﺎﺷ ،ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻞﻴﻬﺴـﺗ ﮏﺴـﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪـﻋ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ
Cook, 2001) ﻲـﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲـﺘﺣ .(
ﻋﺍ ،ﻢﺠﺴﻨﻣ ﺎﻔﻳﺍ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱﺮﺗﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺩﺎﻤﺘ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ
Lewis and Weigert, 1985) (
ﻢـﻈﻧ ﻖـﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺮــﺿ ﻱﺮﺼــﻨﻋ ،ﻩﺮــﻣﺯﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪــﻧﺯ ﺰــﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﺸﺑ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﺪﻳﺁ
) ،ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ۱۳۷۵ .(
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻥﺁﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﮐ
Luhmann, 1979) .(
ﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮔﺪـﻧﺯ ،ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻱﺎﻴﻧ
ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ :
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .
...
٥٩
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﮑﺷ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺨﺳ ﺩﻮﺷ
. ﻡﺪـﻋ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ
ﺕﺭﺎــﻈﻧ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮــﻘﻣ ﹰﺎــﻋﻮﻧ ﻪــﮐ ﻲﻳﺎــﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ،ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻮــﺟﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻨﮐ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻴﻬﻣ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺪـﻳﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ
ـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺩﺮـﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺼ
ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺐﻠﺼﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
Cook, 2001)
.(
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺮﮐﺭﺎـﮐ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻞﮑـﺷ ﻡﻭﺍﺪـﺗ ﻭ ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﺮـﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻩﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﻣﻮﮑﺣ ﮏﻴﺗﺍﺮﮐﻮﻣﺩ ﻪـﮐ ﺪـﻧﺍ
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪــﺘﻴﻧﺭﺪﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴــﮔ ﺖــﺳﺍ
) ،ﻡﺎــﻨﺗﺎﭘ ۱۳۸۰
Fukuyama, ؛
1995; Putnam, 1996 (
.
ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻮﮔﺎـﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫﺪـﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺛﺁ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ ﺮﺗ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ
.
ﻲﻟﻭﺰﻧ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮐﺎﺣ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ )
،ﻲـﭙﻠﭼ ١٣٧٥ : ٧٧ ﻉﺭﺎـﺷ ﻭ ،ﺭﻮـﭘ
۱۳۸۳ : ۷۴ .(
ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﻫﺎــﻛ ﺮــﺑ ﺖــﻟﻻﺩ ﺩﻮــﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﻫﺍﻮــﺷ
ﺹﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﮔ
ﺶﻨﻛ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮔ
. ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻪـﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺪـﻧﺍ
ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ
ـﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻖﻃﺎ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ )
،ﻲﻟﺎﻤﮐ ﻭ ﻲﮑﻣﺭﺍﺩﺍﺯﺁ ۱۳۸۳
ﺡﺮﻃ ﺮﺘﻓﺩ ؛ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﻲــﻠﻣ ۱۳۸۱ ،ﻲﻓﺎــﮐﺮﻴﻣﺍ ؛ ۱۳۷۵
ﻲــﻤﻴﻈﻋ ؛
،ﻲﻤــﺷﺎﻫ ۱۳۷۳
؛
ﻊﻴﻓﺭ ،ﺭﻮﭘ ۱۳۷۸ ،ﺕﺎﻴﺑ ؛ ۱۳۷۳ .(
ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺖـﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺮـﺑ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﺮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮔﺭﺎﭘﺪﻨﭼ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﺮــﮐ ﺪــﻴﮐﺄﺗ ﻲــﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺎــﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻧﺍ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒﺴـﻧ ﻱﺭﻭﺎـﺑﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﮔﺪـﺑ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﻧﺍ
) ،ﻪﻳﺮﻴﺸﺑ ١٣٧٥ : ٧٨ .(
،ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﮏﻳ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﻲــﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺮــﺑ ﺮﺛﺆــﻣ ﻲــﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮــﭘ
. ﺯﺍ ﻲــﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﻮــﻨﻌﺑ ﺩﺰــﻳ
ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ
ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﮏـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ
ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺩﺮﻔﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ
ﺭﺩ ،ﺩﺰـﻳ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﮐ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﮐ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﻩﺮﻣﺯ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ـﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮ
ﻂــﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﻻﺎــﺑ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘــﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﺸــﻧﺮﻬﺷ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺼــﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺭﻮﺸﮐ .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﻮـﮕﻤﻫ ﹰﺎﺘﺒﺴـﻧ ﺩﺰـﻳ ﺖـﻴﻌﻤﺟ ،ﻪـﮐ
ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﮕﻤﺸـﭼ ﻲﻧﺎـﺑﺯ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻫﺬـﻣ ،ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻨﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴـﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻫﺬـﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﮐ
ﻩﺩﺮـﮐ ﻆـﻔﺣ ﻥﺎـﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺯﻭﺮـﻣﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪـﺘﻴﻧﺭﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻨـﺳ ﺲﮐﻭﺩﺍﺭﺎـﭘ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﻢﺴـﺠﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ )
ﻲـﺳﺎﺒﻋ ﻱﺮﮑﺴـﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺍﻮـﺷ
ﻦﺷﻭﺪﻧ ۱۳۸۴
Tremayne, 2006 ؛ .(
،ﻕﻮـﻓ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲـﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺕﻻﺍﺆـﺳ
ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﺩﺰـﻳ ﺮﻬـﺷ ﻪﻌـﺳﻮﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﺑ ؟ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﺪـﻘﭼ
ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻨﮕﻤﻫ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻲﮔﺭﺎﭘﺪﻨﭼ ﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ
ﻪـﭼ ،ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣﺍﻮـﻋ
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﺮـﺑ
ﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻣ
ﺆ ﺮﺛ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ،ﺎـﻣ ﺭﻭﺎـﺑ ﻪﺑ ؟ﺪﻧ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻪﺑﺮﺼـﺤﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺪـﻴﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲـﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺩﺮـﻓ
ﺕﻻﺍﻮﺌـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ،ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
– ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣۶ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٤ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ١٣٨٨
٦٠
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ،ﻕﻮﻓ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺖ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ .
ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ
ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻟﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍ
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ﻒﻳﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ .
،ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ـﺑ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺎـﻳ ﺎـﮑﺗﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺺﻴﺨﺸـﺗ ﺖـﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﺎﻳ ﻝﺍﻮﻗﺍ ﺖﺤﺻ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻗﺍﺪﺻ )
ﺰﻧﺪـﻴﮔ
١٣٨۰ .(
،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻔﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﺘـﺳﺮﻳﺎﻓ ﻭ ﻥﻮﺴﻴﻟﺍ
، ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻗﺍﺪـﺣ ﻪـﺑ ﻲـﻔﻨﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺴﻴﻣ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ
Ellison and Firestone, 1974) .(
ﻢﻴـﻤﻌﺗ ﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﮏـﻳ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺮﺗﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺍﺩ
ﻲﻧﺎـﻴﺑ ،ﻝﻮـﻗ ،ﻦﺨـﺳ ﮏﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺺﺨﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺒﺘﮐ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻫﺎﻔﺷ
Baird and )
St-Amand, 1995: 3 (
.
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺜﮐﺍ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ،ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻞﺻﺍ
ﺪـﻨﮐ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﮎﺪﻧﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻨﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
Cook, 2001)
.(
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻡﺎﻨﺗﺎﭘ ﻱﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﺮـﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﺶﻴـﭘ ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻱﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲـﻨﻴﺑ
ﻱﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺎﺟ ﮏﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻖـﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﮏـﭼﻮﮐ ﻪـﻌﻣ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﮏﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ
ﻩﺪـﻴﭽﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺮـﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ؛ﺩﻮﺷ ﮏـﻳ ﺮـﺗ
ﻲﺼﺨﺷﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴـﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﻞﮑـﺷ ﺎـﻳ ﺮـﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ
.
ﺯﺍ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻧﺍ
.
ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ .
ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ
ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ
ﺪﺴـﻳﻮﻧ :
» ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺭﺍﺰـﺑﺍ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ
ﻝﺪـﺑﻭﺩﺭ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻓﺪﻫ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ .
ﺖﻴﻤﻴﻤـﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺳ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻨﻳﺍ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺍﺮﺒﻣ .
ﻪـﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ،ﻱﺪـﻘﻧ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺮـﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎـﻤﻴﭘ ،ﻱﺍ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻖﻳﺩﺎﺼﻣ «
) ،ﻲـﺒﻠﭼ ۱۳۷۵ :
۲۴۹ .(
،ﺎﻣﺍ
» ﻲـﻓ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻑﺪـﻫ ﻪﺴـﻔﻨﻟﺍ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ ﹰﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺸـﺘﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺮـﮔ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ .
ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ
ـﺻ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺪـﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺖﻴﻤﻴﻤ
«
) ،ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ۱۳۷۵ : ۲۵۱ .(
ﺍ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺒﻠﭼ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻭﺩ
، ﺎﻴﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥ
ﻪـﮐ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ
ﻢـﻈﻧ ﺺﻳﺎﺼـﺧ ﻭ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺺﺘﺨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻲـﺒﻠﭼ ﻪـﮐ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻣﺎﻧ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫ ﺪ .
ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﺳ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪـﻧﺎﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺘﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﻀﻧﺍ .
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲـﺒﻠﭼ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻞﮑﺷ
ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻳ ﻭ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺺﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ﻝﻮﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ :
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .
...
٦١
ﻱﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﻌﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﻣ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﻡﺎـﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
ﺭﺩ ؛ﺪـﻨﻨﮐ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻋﺍﺰﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﻀﻧﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ
) ،ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ١٣٧٥ : ١٣٩ .(
ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ،ﻲﺒﻠﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﮑﻳ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻪـﮐ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ .
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ،ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺬـﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﺰﻴﻧ .
ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻥﺁ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ ) ،ﻪـﺘﻠﻛ
۱۳۸۱ : ۲۵۷ .(
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻨﺗﺎﭘ
ﻲﻤﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺵﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺪﺴﻳﻮﻧ :
» ﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦـﻤﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻪ
ﺯﺍ ﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ ﻦﻤﺠﻧﺍ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ ﻥﺎـﻣﺯ ؛ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ ﻲـﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻲـﻣ ﺮـﺳ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ .
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ
ﻦـﻤﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﻮﻀـﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻮﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻗ ﻲـﻤﻧ ﻁﻮـﺑﺮﻣ ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪـﻤﻫ ﻪـﻜﻠﺑ ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
« ) ،ﻲﻧﺎﺧﻻﺎﺑ ۱۳۸۴
: ۵۱ .(
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻨﺗﺎﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﻩﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻲﻄﺧ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .
» ،ﻞــﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻪــﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻱﺎــﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ،ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺪﻣ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻧ
ﹰﻼﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ،ﺰﻴﻣﺁ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
. ﻱﺭﺎـﮑﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﻡﺰﻠﺘﺴـﻣ ،ﺪـﻣﺁﺭﺎﮐ ﻪـﻧﺎﻳﻮﺟ
ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻱﺭﺎــﮑﻤﻫ ﻪﻠﻴــﺳﻭ ﻪــﺑ ﺩﻮــﺧ ﻪــﺑﻮﻧ ﻪــﺑ ﺰــﻴﻧ ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻲــﻣ ﺖــﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻴــﻘﻠﺗ ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ
. ﻭ ﺎــﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﺼـﺘﻗﺍ ﻩﺎـﻓﺭ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﮐﺭﺎ
‐ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ « ) ،ﻡﺎﻨﺗﺎﭘ ۱۳۸۰ : ۳۰۹ .(
ﺯﺍ ﻲـﮑﻳ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ .
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ
، ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺍﺭ
ﻭ ﻦﻳﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺰﺋﺎﺣ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ .
ﺮﺑﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ
» ﻲﻣ ﺐﻫﺬﻣ
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﺗ «
) ﺎـﻣﺎﻳﻮﻛﻮﻓ ،
١٣٧٩ : ١٥٣ .(
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺰﻧﺍﻮﻳﺍ
ﻳﺩ ﻚﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻨ
ﺶﻨﻛ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺁ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻨﻛ ) ،ﻥﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺰﻧﺍﻮﻳﺍ ١٣٨٠
: ١٦٥
‐
١٦٢ .(
ﻲـﻣ ﻦـﻳﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ
ﻪـﻧﺎﮔﻭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻑﺮﻃ ﮏﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ
ﻱﺪـﻴﻣﺍﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﮕﻧ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻭ ﻲـﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻧﻮﻴﭘ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲـﻠﻤﻋ
ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻥﺎـﻬﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻣﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﮏﻳ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﻣﺆﻣ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﻭ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺁ ﺕﺎﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ . ﻦﻳﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﺠﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﺨﺑ
.
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻧﺪﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻲﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﺴﻳﻮﻧ : ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﺒﻫﺬﻣ ﻪـﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
– ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣۶ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٤ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ١٣٨٨
٦٢
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ ﻲـﻣ ﻖـﻳﺭﺰﺗ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺪـﻨﻨﮐ ) ،ﺰﻧﺪـﻴﮔ
۱۳۸۰ : ۱۲۲ .(
ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻢﻴـﮐﺭﻭﺩ ،ﮏـﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻦﺸﺟ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻴﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﻠﻏ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍ ﻱﺎـﭘ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﺮﮐﻭ ﮎﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﺑﻮﮐ
ﺍﺪـﻴﭘ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟﺪﻤﻫ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﮏﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺸﮐﻮﻳﺮﻏ ﻲﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ،ﻲﮑﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻟﺪﻤﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﻨﮐ ) ،ﺩﺍﺰﻬﺑ ۱۳۸۲ : ۵۱
‐ ۵۲ .(
ﺪـﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻢﻴـﮐﺭﻭﺩ
ﮏﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﻢﺳﺍﺮﻣ ﻥﺩﺮﮐﺭﺍﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
) ﻦﺸﺟ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺩﺎﻴﻋﺍ ﻢـﺳﺍﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺒﻫﺬـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
( ﻡﺩﺮـﻣ ﻥﺎـﻴﻣ ﻞـﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺐﺒـﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺎـﺠﻳﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﺪـﻨﮐ
) ﻪﺠﻨﭘ ،ﺪﻨﺑ ۱۳۸۵ : ۴۴ .(
ﺡﺮـﻃ ﻱﺮـﻈﻧ ﺕﺎـﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ،ﻩﺪـﺷ
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﮑﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
ﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺮﺛﺆـﻣ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴـﻧﺍ ﻱﺮـﻴﺒﻌﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .
ﺎﻜﻣﻮﺗﺯ ) ۱۹۹۹ ( ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺘﺣﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ
» ﻥﺩﺮـﻛ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﹰﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺮـﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻤﻴﻤـﺻ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴـﺑ ،ﺮـﺗ
ﻪــﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﺕﺎــﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎــﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻑﻼــﺧ ﺮــﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﺘــﺳﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺍ
ﺰﺑ ﺖﺣﺍﺭ ﻱﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﻥﻮﭼ ﻲﮔﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺗ
. ﻪـﺑ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻊﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻭﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ :
ﻚـﭼﻮﻛ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ ،ﺮـﺗ
ﻩﺮـﻬﭼ ﻪـﺑ ﻩﺮـﻬﭼ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲـﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﹰﺎﻛﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎـﻧﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﻲـﻣ ﻝﺮـﺘﻨﻛ
ﺪـﻨﻛ . ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﺣﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
. ﻞﻴﻬﺴـﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻲﮔﮋﻳﻭ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺎﻀـﻋﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﺕﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ
Sztompka, 1999: 93-97) .(
ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻕﻮـﻓ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻦﻤﻠﻛ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲـﻤﻬﻣ ﻩﺩﺎـﻌﻟﺍ
ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲـﻣ ﺰﻳﻮـﺠﺗ ﻊـﻤﺟ ﻚﻳ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ،ﺩﻮـﺷ
ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺬـﮔﻭﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻊﻔﻧ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ .
ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻢﺴﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺨﺘﻓﺍ ،ﺖـﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺄـﺷ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺔﻧﺍﻮﺘﺸﭘ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺖﻠﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﻮﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﺁ ﺮﻤ
ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﭘﺎﻧ ﻢﺸﭼ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺜﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲـﺷﻮﭘ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣﺍﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻊﻔﻧ ﺮﻃﺎﺨﺑ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﻔﻧ ﺯﺍ .
ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪـﺷﺭ ،ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺶﺒﻨﺟ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻭ
ﻩﻭﺮـﮔ ﺩﺪـﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ،ﺭﺎﻛﺍﺪﻓ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﭼﻮﻛ ﻲﺋﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺮﮕﻧ
ﹰﻼﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ
ﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺮﮕ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺹﺎﺨـﺷﺍ ﹰﻼﻛ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﻕﻮﺳ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺮﻴﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﺪـﻫﺩ …
ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻝﺎﺜﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺔﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻭ ﺮﺛﻮـﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ،ﺪﻳﺁ
ﻲﻣ ﺬﻓﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺪـﻨﻣﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ )
،ﻦﻤﻠﻛ ۱۳۸۴ : ۶۴
‐ ۶۳ .(
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺒﻠﭼ :
ﺟﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻥﺎـﮑﻣﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺎـﺑ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻱﺭﺎـﮑﻤﻫ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺰـﻴﻧ
ﻳﺪﮑﻳ ﮕ ﻲـﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺍﺭ ﺮ
ﺪـﻧﺭﻭﺁ . ،ﺎـﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻼﺘـﺧﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ .
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﮐ ﻲﻧﺎـﻣﺯ ﻩﺩﺎـﺳ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ
ﻪـﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻝﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
ﻲﻤـﺳﺭ ﺕﺭﺎـﻈﻧ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .
ﻭ ﻭ ﺹﻮﺼـﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﺭﺩ
ﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﻨﻫ ﺩﺎﻀـﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﺴﻳﻮﻧ :
ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ :
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .
...
٦٣
» ﻞـــﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺩﺎـــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺎـــﺠﻨﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻀـــﺗ ﺮـــﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻲـﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻭ ﺪـﺑﺎﻳ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺭﺯ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻢﻴـﻈﻨﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﻲـﻣ ﻩﺪـﻤﻋ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ
ﺩﻮـﺷ . ،ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﻨﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻀـﺗ
ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲـﻣ ﺞﻳﻭﺮـﺗ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ
ﻭ ﺪـﻨﮐ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮـﺧ
ﺗ ﺄ ﺮﻴﺛ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ . ﺮﺗ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﺩﺎﻀﺗ ﺐﻴﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﻭ ﺪـﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﻩﺮﻳﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﺍﺭ ﻲﻨﻤﺷﺩ ﻩﺮﻳﺍﺩ ﺽﻮﻋ ـﮔ
ـﻨﻨﮐ ﻒـﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴ ﺪ
« ) ،ﻲـﺒﻠﭼ
۱۳۷۵ : ١١٧ .(
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺬﻟ
ﺯﺍ ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﻲـﮑﻳ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﺪﺳﺭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ .
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ،ﻦﻤﻠﮐ ﺚﺤﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻭ
ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻱﺍ
ﻲـﻣ ﻱﺯﺎـﺑ ،ﻥﺩﺮﮐﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺮﮔﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ
ﻪـﺑ ﺶـﻘﻧ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﻨﮐ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺳ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﻦﻤﻠﮐ
ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻩﮋـﻳﻭ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﻲﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﻄﺳﺍﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ
ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ
ﻢﻫﺍﺮـﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻣﺍ ﻥﺪـﺷ
ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻥﺎـﮑ
ﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﻫﻭﺍ
ﺪﺑﺎﻳ . ﻞﻳﺎـﺳﻭ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ
ﻱﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺭﺍﺰـﮔ ﻪـﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻭ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻤـﺳﺭﺮﻴﻏ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺍﺭ )
،ﻦﻤﻠﮐ ۱۳۷۷ : ۲۹۳
‐ ۲۹۴ .(
ﻲــﻣ ﻥﺎﺸــﻧ ﻡﺎــﻨﺗﺎﭘ ﺎــﺑ ﻥﻮــﻳﺰﻳﻮﻠﺗ ﻪــﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻫﺩ
ﺹﺎﺼــﺘﺧﺍ ﹰﻼــﻤﻋ ،ﺩﻮــﺧ ﻪــﺑ ﺩﺍﺮــﻓﺍ ﺖــﻏﺍﺮﻓ ﺕﺎــﻗﻭﺍ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ
ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎـﻧﺁ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧﺪـﻣ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻪــﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ
ﻝﻻﺪﺘــﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮــﺟﻭ ﻞــﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎـﻨﺗﺎﭘ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ،ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻞـﺤﻣ ،ﻞﻴﺼـﺤﺗ ،ﺖﻴﺴـﻨﺟ ،ﻦـﺳ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺍﮋﻧ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ
ﺮﺑ ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻠﺗ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻨﻛ
ــﺑﺎﺛ ﻥﺎــﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺪــﻣ ﺪــﻬﻌﺗ ﻲــﻣ ﻲﻗﺎــﺑ ﺖ
ﺪــﻧﺎﻣ
Uslaner, 2002: 441; Shah, 1998: 473) .(
ﻩﺎﮔﺪـﻳﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄـﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺡﺮـﻄﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻞﻳﺎـﺳﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮑﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻌﻤﺟ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ
‐ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ .
‐ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ .
‐ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺴــﻧﺍ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﻭ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
‐ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻲـﻌﻤﺟ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻭ
ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
‐ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺎﺸــﻣ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﮐﺭ
ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﻭ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
ﺚـﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﮐ ،ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﮐ ﺕﺎﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻲـﻣ ﺭﺎـﻈﺘﻧﺍ ،ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲـﻠﺒﻗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻪـﮐ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،ﻞﻫﺄﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻱﺍ
ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
– ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣۶ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٤ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ١٣٨٨
٦٤
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻦﺳ ،ﻝﺎﻐﺘﺷﺍ ﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪ
.
ﺭ ﺵﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ
ﻉﻮـﻧ ﻲﺸـﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﻪـﺑ ،
،ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎــﮐ ﺭﺎــﻴﻌﻣ ﻅﺎــﺤﻟ ﻪــﺑ ،ﻲــﻌﻄﻘﻣ ،ﻥﺎــﻣﺯ ﺭﺎــﻴﻌﻣ ﻅﺎــﺤﻟ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻨﻬﭘ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻓﺭﮊ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﮐ .
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺍﺭ
١٥ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ
ﻪـﮐ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ
ﺎﻫﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻤﺟ ١٣٨٥
ﻞـﮐ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ٣١٧٢٥٤ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ .
ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪـﻘﻣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻚﻳ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﻭﺭ ۳۰ ﺲﻧﺎـﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺎـﺗ ﺪـﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨـﺳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺖﻔﺻ )
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ (
ﺺﺨﺸـﻣ
ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻛﻮـﻛ ﻝﻮـﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﺲﭙـﺳ ﻭ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺢﻄـﺳ
ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ۹۵ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺖﻗﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۵
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ،ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
۲۸۸ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ .
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﻪﻴﻤﻬـﺳ ،ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻴﻤﻬﺳ ﺖﻧﻮﻜـﺳ ﻞـﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ )
ﻙﻮـﻠﺑ ﻱﺪـﻨﺑ
ﺮﻬﺷ ( ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﻦﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ، ﺪﻧﺍ
.
ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ،ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ
ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ
ﺖــﺳﺍ . ﻨﺸــﺳﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻳﺎــﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺭﺎــﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍﺮــﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺲــﭘ ﻪﻣﺎ
ﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺎﻴﻧ .
ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ﺪـﺷ ﻲﻌـﺳ ﹰﻻﻭﺍ ،ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻴـﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺠﻨﺳ ﻨ ﺪ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻭ
ﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺏﺎ ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ
ﺎـﻫ
ﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﻴﺗﺎـﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻚــﻤﻛ .
ﺲﭙــﺳ ﺮــﮕﻳﺩ ﺭﺎــﺑ ﻚــﻳ ،ﺖــﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺎﺸـﻧ ﻥﺎﺼـﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻴﺗﺎـﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺔﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ ﺢﻴﺤﺼـﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ . ﻲﻳﺍﻮـﺘﺤﻣ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮـﺿﺎﺣ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺳﺍ ﺖ . ،ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴـﻧﺍ ،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸـﻣ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ .
ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ ﻱ
ﺪﺑ ﻳ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦ )
،ﻕﻼﺧﺍ
ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻡﻮﺳﺭ ﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﺁ (
ﻪـﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﺣ ﻪﭼ ﺎﺗ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻋﺭ .
ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺪﻗ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ
ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻲﮔﺪﻨﺒﺴﭼ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻓﺎﮐ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ )
ﻲﻤﻇﺎﮐ ،ﺏﺎـﻨﻐﺟ ۱۳۸۱
: ۹۲ .(
ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻤﻇﺎﮐ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻧﺍ
ﺏﺎﻨﻐﺟ ) ۱۳۸۱ ( ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ .
ﺎـﻳ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﺵﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺕﺭﺎـﺒﻋ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻱﻮـﺤﻨﺑ ﻲـﻨﻳﺩ ﻡﺎـﻜﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﻗﻼﺧﺍ ،ﺪﻳﺎﻘﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ
ﻮﺧ ﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﻭ ﺖـﻴﻌﺒﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺰﻠﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺩ
ﺪــﻧﺍﺪﺑ ﻪــﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ )
ﺖﻤﺸــﺣ ﻳ ﺎــﻤﻐ ﻲﻳ ، ۱۳۸۰ : ۱۹۰ .(
ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ
ﻱﺭﺍﺪـﻨﻳﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ) ﻱﺩﺎـﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺪـﻣﺎﻴﭘ ،ﻲﻔﻃﺎـﻋ ،ﻲﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻜﺳﺎﻨﻣ (
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ،ﻙﺭﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻭ ﻙﻼﮔ
ﻱﺎـﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺸـﻓﺍ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ )
۱۳۸۵ ( ،
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ :
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻭ ﺡﻮﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺗ .
...
٦٥
ﺑ ﻦﻟﺁ ﻴ ﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺮ ـﻳ
ـﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻒ ﻲ
ﻮﻧ ـﻳ ﺪﺴ :
» ﻦﻴﺑ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻭﺩ
ﺪـﻨﭼ ﺎـﻳ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ . ﹰﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺡﻼﻄﺻﺍ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﺕﺎـﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻧ ﻭ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻭﺩ
ﻩﺪـﻳﺪﭘ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ . ﻥﺎﻨﭼ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻱﺭﺎـﮑﻤﻫ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﭼ
ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ
، ﮑﺑﺍﺮﺧ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ ،ﺖﻠﺻﻭ ،ﻢﻫﺎﻔﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎ
...
ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ،ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺪـﻳﺁﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ،ﻱﺯﺎﺴـﻤﻫ ،ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻩﺎﮕﻧﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﮏـﻳ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ،ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﻫ ،ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺖـﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ،ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﺩﻮﺷ « )ﺑ ﻴ ﻭﺮ ، ۱۳۷۰ : ۳۶۷ ( . ﻉﻮﻧ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻱ
ﺒﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲـﺒﻠﭼ ﻪـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﻨﺘ
) ۱۳۷۵ ( ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﻥﺁ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻱ
ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺴﻘﺗ ﻴ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢ
ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ،ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ .
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲ ﺍﺮﻓ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﻨ ﻳ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺍ ﻱ
ﻭ ﻪـﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃﻭﺍﺩ ،ﻪـﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻌﻤﺟ ﻲ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ـﻌﻣ ﻴ ـﻣ ﻭ ﻦ ﻪـﮐ ﺺﺨﺸ
ﻬﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻴ
ﻢ ﻣ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻲ
ﺮﻌﺗ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺩﺮـﮐ ﻒ
) ﮐﺯﺍ ــﻴ ﺭﺎــﻔﻏ ﻭ ﺎ ﻱ
، ۱۳۸۰ : ۱۵ .(
ﻩﺯﺍﺪــﻧﺍ ﺖﮐﺭﺎﺸــﻣ ﻱﺮــﻴﮔ
ﻑﺮﻌﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻟﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻥﻮﺳﺭﺪﻧﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴﭙﭼ ﻭ ١ ٢
) ،ﻱﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺍﺪﻴﺣﻭ ۱۳۸۳
( ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﺠﻨﺳ .
ﻕﻮـﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱﺎـﻔﻟﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻛﺬـﻟﺍ
ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ
. ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎـﻔﻟﺁ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻨﻳﺩ ۷۴
/ ۰ ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ، ﻱﺭﺎـﺠﻨﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﺴـﻧﺍ ﻱﺎـﻫ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ۷۸ / ۰ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻂـﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
۷۷ / ۰
1- Anderson
2- Anderson
ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺯﺍ ﻲـﮕﻤﻫ ﻪـﮐ ۷
/ ۰ ﺮﺘﺸـﻴﺑ
ﻪــﻳﻮﮔ ﻱﻻﺎــﺑ ﻲــﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴــﺒﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﺸــﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺴــﻫ ﻭ ﺎــﻫ
ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ .
ﺍ ﻲﻠـﺻﺍ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ،ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦـﻳ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪـﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ،ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮـﻈﻨﻣ ،ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﺎﻳ ﻥﺪﺷ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ،ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻈﺘﻧﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ .
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻋﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘ
ﺖﻬﺟ ﺺﺧﺎـﺷ ﻥﺩﺮﮐﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺩﺰﻳ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻪـﮐ ﻲـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺮﻬـﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺪــﺷ ﺭﻭﺮــﻣ ﺩﻮــﺑ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮــﺻ ﺝﺭﺎــﺧ ﻭ ﻞــﺧﺍﺩ .
ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺶﺠﻨـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ
ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺪـﻧﺍ
) ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮـﻴﭘ
،ﻥﺍﺮــﮕﻳﺩ ۱۳۸۵
ﺎــﮐ ؛ ﻲﻤﻇ ،ﺏﺎــﻨﻐﺟ ۱۳۸۱
،ﻱﺪــﻤﺤﻣﺭﻮﭘ ؛
۱۳۷۸ ،ﺩﺍﺰﻬﺑ ؛ ۱۳۸۲ ،ﻲﻧﺎـﺧﻻﺎﺑ ؛ ۱۳۸۴
،ﻲﻓﺎـﮐﺮﻴﻣﺍ ؛ ۱۳۷۵
؛
ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺯ ۱۳۸۳ ،ﻲﻟﺎـﻤﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻣﺭﺍﺩﺍﺯﺁ ؛ ۱۳۸۳
ﻭ ﻮﻠﻗﺎـﺟﺍ ؛
،ﻱﺪﻫﺍﺯ ۱۳۸۴ ،ﻱﻮـﺳﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻬﻠﻟﺍﺪـﺒﻋ ؛ ۱۳۸۶
ﻭ ﻲﻤـﺳﺎﻗ ؛
،ﻥﺍﺮـﮕﻳﺩ ۱۳۸۵
Grootaert and et al, 2005; ؛
Bullen
and Onyx, 1998;
Sztompka, 1999;
Moy and Pfau,
2000;
Glaeser et al, 2000; Rotter, 1967; Stone, (2001
ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻉﻮـﻧ ﺎـﻳ ﻭ ﺩﺮـﮑﻳﻭﺭ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ
.
،ﻲﺟﺭﺎـﺧ ﻭ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﻪـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ :
ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺑ ﻝﺎﺳ
– ﻲﭘﺎﻴﭘ ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ )
٣۶ ( – ﻩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ٤ – ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻣﺯ ١٣٨٨
٦٦
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ . ﺮﻳﺯ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ :
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ
ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺮﻳﺎﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﺴﻤﻫ ،ﺖﺳﻭﺩ ،ﻞﻴﻣﺎﻓ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ .
ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
، ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻇ ﻦﺴﺣ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ) ﻪﺒﻳﺮﻏ ﺎﻫ ( ﻥﺁ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍﺪﺟ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎﻫ ،ﻲﻨـﺳ
،ﻲﺴﻨﺟ ﻪﻠﻴﺒﻗ ﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺍ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺎـﻫﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﮐ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻦﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ .
ﮏﺴﻳﺭ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻴﺤﻣ ﻦﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻂ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﺪـﺷ ﺡﺮـﻃ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﻕﻮﻓ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺬـﺧﺍ ﻲـﻠﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺑ ،ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ
. ،ﻖـﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﮏﻴﻨﮑﺗ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .
ﺩﺎـﻌﺑﺍ ﻱﺍﺮـﺑ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺒـﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ
) ۷۱ / ۰ ( ﻢﻴـﻤﻌﺗ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ، ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ
) ۷۴ / ۰ ( ،
ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ )
۷۹ / ۰ ( ﻂﻴـﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ )
۶۷ / ۰ ( ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸـﻧ
ﻝﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺖﻗﺩ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺮﻧ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺎـﻣﺁ ﻱﺎـﻫﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ
ﻝﺭﺰـﻴﻟ ﻭ SPSS
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
ـﺿﺮﻓ ﻥﻮـﻣﺯﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻴ
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔﺭ ﻭ ،ﻲﺗ ،ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎـﺳ ﺕﻻﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣﺪﻨﭼ
ﺮﻧ ﻡ ﺭﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﺭﺰﻴﻟ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺯﺍ ۲۸۸
،ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ۵۰
ﺍﺭ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ۵۰ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﮑﺸـﺗ ﻥﺍﺩﺮـﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﺪـﻧﺍ
. ،ﻦﻴـﻨﭽﻤﻫ
۱ / ۴۴ ﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮﺠﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎ
۹ / ۵۵ ﻞـﻫﺄﺘﻣ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ
ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ . ﻒـﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺩﺎـﻌﺑﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ
ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ ﺐـﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ :
ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ۵ / ۲۱ ،ﻢﮐ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۲
/ ۶۲ ﺭﺩ ﺪـﺻﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﺣ ۵
/ ۱۲ ﻲـﻣ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
. ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ۴۱
ـﺻﺭﺩ ،ﻢـﮐ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨـﺳﺎﭘ ﺪ ۷
/ ۴۹
ﻭ ﻂــﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪــﺻﺭﺩ ۴
/ ۹ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺩﺎــﻳﺯ ﺪــﺻﺭﺩ .
ﺩﺎــﻤﺘﻋﺍ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ۵ / ۱۳ ،ﻢﮐ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۸
/ ۶۲ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ۳
/ ۲۳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﻪـﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ۲
/ ۳۷ ،ﻢﮐ ﻥﺍﻮﮕﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۴
/ ۵۲ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
ﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ۴
/ ۱۰ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ .
ﻥﺍﺰـﻴﻣ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ
ــﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎ ۴
/ ۱۷ ،ﻢــﮐ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﮕﺨــﺳﺎﭘ ﺪــﺻﺭﺩ ۶
/ ۶۴
ﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ۵
/ ۱۳ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﺻﺭﺩ
١ﺪﺷﺎﺑ .
ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪـﻨﻣﺍﺩ ،ﻪـﻳﻮﮔ ﺮـﻫ ﺯﺎـﻴﺘﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻦﻴـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻣﺍ ۴۱
ﺎـﺗ ۱۹۱ ﻩﺩﻮـﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻥﺍﺩﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻭ ﺩﺮـﺠﻣ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،ﻥﺎﻧﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮـﻓﺍ ﻩﺮﺧﻻﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻞـﻫﺄﺘﻣ
ﻪـﮐ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲﺗ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻏﺎﺷﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻞﻏﺎﺷ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﻤـﺷ ﻝﻭﺪـﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻫ
۱ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺲﮑﻌﻨـﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ .
۱
‐ ﺩﺪﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻞﺿﺎﻔﺗ ۱۰۰
ﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ، ﻴ ﺩﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻞ ﻳ
ﻩﺪﺸﻤﮔ ﺮ ) ﻥﻭﺪﺑ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ( ﺖﺳﺍ .
