193
Predicting Vulnerability to Stress Based on Social Support and Personality Traits
Reza Davarniya1, Mohammad Shakarami2, Elmira Ezazi Bojnourdi2
1 MA in Family Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Iran 2 M.A Student in Family Counseling ,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Iran
(Received September 7, 2013 ; Accepted May 11, 2014)
Abstract
Background and purpose: Stress results from a specific event, situation, or transition that directly or indirectly threatens every one and prompts coping responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the variables of social support and personality traits as predictors of vulnerability to stress in university students.
Material and Methods: A descriptive–correlational study was designed in which all the students of Kharazmi, Islamic Azad and Payam Noor universities of Karaj in 2012-2013 academic year. Among the students 375 cases were selected through multi stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using Stress Syndrome Scale (SSI), Tests of social support (SS-A) and the Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO- FFI). Data was analyzed using multiple regression method in SPSS V. 18.
Results: The variables of social support and personality traits predicted 47.2% vulnerability to stress.
Conclusion: The variables of social support and personality traits can predict vulnerability to stress, so managing these factors could be of great benefit in reducing vulnerability of people to stress.
Keywords: Vulnerability to stress, social support, personality traits
J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2014; 24(113): 194-199 (Persian).
ﺠﻣ ــ ﻠ ــــ ﻧاد ﻪـ ـ ـﺸ ـ ـ ـ ﻋ هﺎﮕ ـــ ﻠ ـــ ﭘ مﻮـ ـــ ﺷﺰ ـــ ـﻜ ـ ﻣ ﻲــ ـــ ﻧزﺎ ـ ـ ــ نارﺪ
هرود مرﺎﻬﭼ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ
113 دادﺮﺧ لﺎﺳ 1393 ) 199 - 194 (
هﺎﺗﻮﻛ شراﺰﮔ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺐﻴﺳآ
ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو
ﺎﻴﻧرواد ﺎﺿر 1
ﻲﻣﺮﻛﺎﺷ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ 2
ا يدرﻮﻨﺠﺑ يزاﺰﻋا اﺮﻴﻤﻟ 2
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ
فﺪﻫ و :
ﻪﻌﻗاو ﻚﻳ زا سﺮﺘﺳا
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ لﻮﺤﺗ هرود ﺎﻳ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ،صﺎﺧ
ﺑ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺷ ﻪ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴـﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺎﻳ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ترﻮﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ار دﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و ﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ اﺮﻓ ار يا ﺪﻧاﻮﺧ
.
ﺶﻴـﭘ فﺪـﻫ ﺎـﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺐﻴـﺳآ ﻲـﻨﻴﺑ ﺮـﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ سﺮﺘﺳا ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ .
ﺎﻫ شور و داﻮﻣ :
ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ -
ﺖﺳا ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ .
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﻲﻣزراﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
مﺎﻴﭘ و دازآ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ لﺎﺳ رد جﺮﻛ رﻮﻧ
92 - 1391 و ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ 375 ﻪﺷﻮﺧ شور ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﺮﻔﻧ ـﻨﭼ يا
ﺪ ﻪـﻠﺣﺮﻣ يا
ﺪﻧﺪﻳدﺮﮔ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا .
هداد يروآدﺮﮔ ياﺮﺑ
سﺮﺘـﺳا نﺎﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ زا ﺎﻫ
SSI ) (
، ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ نﻮـﻣزآ
SS-A) ( و
ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ
NEO-FFI) (
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ . هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
مﺮـﻧ ﺎـﺑ ﺎﻫ راﺰـﻓا
SPSS18
نﻮﻴـﺳﺮﮔر ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ شور ﻪـﺑ و
ﻢﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ نﺎﻣز
.
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ : ﻐﺘﻣ ﻴ ﺮ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫ ﻲﺘﻴﺼـﺨﺷ يﺎـﻫ
2 / 47
ﺐﻴـﺳآ زا ﺪـﺻرد ار سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺮـﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ .
جﺎﺘﻨﺘﺳا :
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﺐﻴﺳآ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ
ﺪـﻧراد ار سﺮﺘﺳا
ﻲﻣ و آ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ رد ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦﻳا يور ﺮﺑ ﻲﺗاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ لﺎﻤﻋا ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺐﻴﺳ
ﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو ﺮﺛﺆﻣ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد داﺮﻓا ﻲﮔﺪﻳد .
يﺪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ هژاو :
ﺐﻴﺳآ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ،سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ داﺮﻓا زا ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﻪ هﮋـﻳو رﻮـﻃ
ﻲﻣ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
. ًﺎﺻﻮﺼـﺧ هﺎﮕﺸـﻧاد لوا لﺎـﺳ ود
ﻲـﻣ رود ﻪـﻧﺎﺧ زا ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣز ﺪﻧﻮـﺷ
، ﻲـﻜﻳ
ﺖﺨـﺳ زا ﻦﻳﺮـﺗ
هرود
ﺖـﺳا ﺎﻫ
) 1
ﻪـﻛ(
نآ رد ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ و يرﺎﮔزﺎـﺳ ﻪـﺑ زﺎـﻴﻧ
ﺗاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ ندﺮﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
سﺮﺘﺳا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﻈﻧ زا ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ از
ﻲﻣ اﺪﻴﭘ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﺪﻨﻛ
) 2
.(
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ زا هرود ﻦﻳا ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
زا ﻲـــﺧﺮﺑ ﺖـــﺳا ﻦـــﻜﻤﻣ و ﺪـــﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺨـــﺳ هرود ﻚـــﻳ
هدﺮﺴﻓا يدﺎﻋ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد
بﺮﻄﻀـﻣ ،ﺮﺗ ﺮـﺗ
ﺎــﻳ ﺶﻴــﺑ سﺮﺘــﺳا ﻞــﻤﺤﺘﻣ ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ ﺮــﺗ
) 3
.(
سﺮﺘــﺳا ﺮــﻈﻧ رد
Folkman
ﺻﺎﺧ ﻪﻄﺑار ـ
ﺨﺷ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲ ـ
ﺺ ﻴﺤﻣ و ـ
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻂ
ﻊﺑﺎــﻨﻣ زا ﺮﺘﺸــﻴﺑ ار ﺖــﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻚــﻳ تﺎــﺒﻟﺎﻄﻣ داﺮــﻓا نآ رد ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا يا ﻨﻨﻛ
ـ ﺪ
) 4
. ( Selye
ﻧ ود ـ ﺘﺳا عﻮ ـ ار سﺮ
لﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻒﻟﻮﻣ :
ﻲﻣﺮﻛﺎﺷ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ جﺮﻛ-
: ﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻣزراﻮﺧ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺲﻳدﺮﭘ ناور هﺪﻜ
مﻮﻠﻋ و ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ
[email protected] E-mail:
1 . ناور هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ هروﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﺷرا سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ناﺮﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻣزراﻮﺧ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ و ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
2 . ناور هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ،هداﻮﻧﺎﺧ هروﺎﺸﻣ ﺪﺷرا ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ناﺮﻳا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﻲﻣزراﻮﺧ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ و ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
12 / 6 / 1392 تﺎﺣﻼﺻا ﺖﻬﺟ عﺎﺟرا ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
13 / 12 / 1392 ﺐﻳﻮﺼﺗ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
21 / 2 / 1393
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺎﻴﻧرواد ﺎﺿر
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
هرود
مرﺎﻬﭼ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ ،
113 ، دادﺮﺧ 1393 195
هﺎﺗﻮﻛ شراﺰﮔ
دﺮﻛ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ :
و ﻲـﻌﻴﺒﻃ سﺮﺘـﺳا و ﻲﻧﺎﺸـﻳﺮﭘ ﺎـﻳ ﻲﮕﺘﻔـﺷآ
هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ .
ﻲـﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ ار سﺮﺘﺳا بﺮﺨﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻲﻟوا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﻨﻛ
ﻢﺸﺧ
ﻲـﻣ هداد نﺎﺸـﻧ يﺮﮕـﺷﺎﺧﺮﭘ و دﻮـﺷ
،
ﻲﻟﺎـﺣ رد ﻪـﻛ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧ ار سﺮﺘﺳا هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ عﻮﻧ ﻲﻣود ﻲﻧاﺮﮕﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻲـﻣ هداد نﺎﺸـﻧ ناﺮـﮕﻳد ياﺮـﺑ ﻪﻧﻻﺪﻤﻫ دﻮـﺷ
) 5
.(
زا ﻲـﻜﻳ
سﺮﺘـﺳد رد رﻮـﺳﺮﺘﺳا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ مﺎـﮕﻨﻫ داﺮـﻓا ﻪﻛ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻧراد
،
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻤﺳر ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﺳر .
ا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳزرا ندﺮـﻛ ﺮﺛﺄـﺘﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟ
ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎـﻫدﺮﺒﻫار زا ﻲﻫﺎـﮔآ ،رﻮـﺳﺮﺘﺳا زا ﺺﺨﺷ و يا
ﻲـﻣ ﻞـﻤﻋ ،ﺺﺨﺷ دﻮﺧ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪـﻨﻛ
. ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ
صﺎﺨﺷا ﺎﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﺗﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ و ﺖﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ دﺮﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳد
) 6
.(
ﺎـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ا ﻞﻘﺘﺴـﻣ ،ﺮﺸﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﺳا يﺎﻫزﺎﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ندﻮﺑ كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ز
ﻲـﻧاور ،ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﺛا ،سﺮﺘﺳا حﻮﻄﺳ
دراد ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و .
ﻢﻫ
ﻲـﻣ ضﺮـﻓ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻪـﻛ دﻮـﺷ
سﺮﺘﺳا ﻊﻳﺎﻗو ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮـﻜﻠﻤﻋ و ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ار ﻲﮔﺪﻧز ياز
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ار يا ﺪﻫد
) 7
.(
تﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
Langford )
8 (
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﻲـﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد رد ﺪـﻧاﻮﺗ
ﻲﻧﺎﺸﻳﺮﭘ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ناور ي ﻆـﻔﺣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﭙـﺳ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻚﻤﻛ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧاور و ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺰﻬﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻛ
) 6
.(
نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و Lo
ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳاﺰــﻓا ﺢﻄــﺳ ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳرد
و ﺖــﺒﺜﻣ طﺎــﺒﺗرا ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟا ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ زا هﺪــﺷ ﺖــﻓﺎﻳرد
ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻤﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ روآ ﻲﺘﻣﻼـﺳ ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ يﺎـﻫ
ﺖﻴﻨﻣا ،ﻦﺸﻴﺴﻜﻠﻳر ،شزرو ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ دراد و ﻣﻼــﺳ يﺎــﻘﺗرا ﺖ
ﻲــﻣ ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ
) 9
.(
ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺎــﺑ داﺮــﻓا يﺎــﻫ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﺎﻫزﺎﻴﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ صﺎﺧ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
) 6
.(
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻞـﻣاﻮﻋ ﺖﻴﺼـﺨﺷ يﺎـﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﻛ
ﻲـﻣ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ
ـﺑ ﻪـﻧﻮﮕﭼ داﺮـﻓا ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﺎ
ﻊﻳﺎـﻗو
سﺮﺘﺳا ﻊﻳﺎـﻗو ﻦـﻳا زا ﻪـﻧﻮﮕﭼ و ﺪـﺷ ﺪـﻨﻫاﻮﺧ رﺎﮔزﺎـﺳ از
ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ .
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﺎﻫ زا ﻲﻳﺎـﻫﻮﮕﻟا ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ي
ﻲﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﻨﻣ ار لﺎﻤﻋا و تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ،رﺎﻜﻓا ﻲـﻃ رد ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ و نﺎﻣز
ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ راﺪﻳﺎﭘ
) 10
.(
Bishop
ﺶﻧارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و
) 11
ار ﺖﻴﺼــﺨﺷ عﻮــﻧ ﺞﻨــﭘ(
ﻂـﺳﻮﺗ ًﻼﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ
Costa McCraeو ﻲـﻓﺮﻌﻣ
دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ .
ﺖﻴﺼـﺨﺷ عﻮـﻧ ﺞﻨـﭘ ﻦـﻳا
، ناور ﻧر ،ﻲﻳﻮـﺧرﻮﺠ
اﺮﮔ نوﺮــﺑ ،ﻲﮔدﻮﺸــﮔ ﻲــﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪــﻔﻴﻇو و يرﺎﮔزﺎــﺳ ،ﻲــﻳ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻦﻳا زا ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﺮﺼـﺤﻨﻣ شور ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ يدﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
. ﺖﻴﺼـﺨﺷ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ
ﻲــﮔﮋﻳو هﺪــﻨﻫد نﺎﺸــﻧ عﻮــﻧ ،ﻲﻳﻮــﮔ كر ،دﺎــﻤﺘﻋا يﺎــﻫ
مﺮـﺷ ،يوﺮﻴﭘ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ،ﻲﺘﺳود
، سﺎﺴـﺣ ﺮـﻜﻓ و ﺖـﻓﻮﻄﻋ
ﻲــﻣ ﻦﺘــﺷاد ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ
. ،ﻢــﻈﻧ ،ﻲﮕﺘﺴــﻳﺎﺷ ﻪــﺑ ﻲــﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪــﻔﻴﻇو
ﻪــﻔﻴﻇو ﺷ و ﺲــﻔﻧ طﺎﺒﻀــﻧا ،ﺖﻓﺮﺸــﻴﭘ ياﺮــﺑ شﻼــﺗ ،ﻲــﺳﺎﻨ
ﻲـﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣ ﻲـﺳرﺮﺑ و ﺶﺠﻨـﺳ دﻮـﺷ
. ﻲﻳﻮــﺧرﻮﺠﻧر ناور
هﺪـﻨﻫد نﺎﺸـﻧ ﺖﻴﺼـﺨﺷ گرﺰـﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ زا ﺮﮕﻳد ﻲﻜﻳ ﻲﺸــﻧﺎﻜﺗ ،ﻲــﻳوﺮﻤﻛ ،ﻲﮔدﺮﺴــﻓا ،ﺖﻣﻮﺼــﺧ ،باﺮﻄــﺿا ،ندﻮـﺑ ﻲﺒﺼـﻋ ،دﻮـﺧ هﺪﻨﻨﻜﺷ عﺎﻓد ،دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻢﺣﺮﺗ ،ندﻮﺑ
ﻲـﺑ ،ﻲﺠﻧردوز ،ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺗ
ﺖـﺳا ﻲـﻘﻠﺧ تﺎﻧﺎـﺳﻮﻧ و ﻲﺗﺎـﺒﺛ .
وﺮﺑ ن ،تأﺮـﺟ ،ﻲـﻳاﺮﮔ ﻊـﻤﺟ ،ﻲـﻣﺮﮔ هﺪﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻳاﺮﮔ
ﺖــﺳا ﺖــﺒﺜﻣ تﺎــﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ و ﻲﻳﻮــﺟ نﺎــﺠﻴﻫ .
ﻪــﺑ ﻲﮔدﻮﺸــﮔ
ﺪﻳﺪﺟ برﺎﺠﺗ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻲﻳﺎـﺒﻳز ،ﻞـﻴﺨﺗ زا يدﺎـﻌﺑا هﺪـﻨﻫد نﺎﺸﻧ
شزرا و رﺎــﻜﻓا ،لﺎــﻤﻋا ،تﺎﺳﺎﺴــﺣا ،ﻲــﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖــﺳا ﺎــﻫ
.
و ﺮﮕﻳﺪــﻜﻳ ﺎــﺑ ﺎــﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻦــﻳا ﻂــﺑاور ﻪــﺑ ﻪــﺟﻮﺗ ﺎــﺑ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎــﻨﺑ ﻪــﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮــﺻ نﻮﻨﻛﺎــﺗ ﻪــﻛ ﻲﺗﺎــﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،ﺖــﺳا
ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ يﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ناﻮﻨﻌﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ
ﺐﻴـﺳآ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺮـﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رد سﺮﺘﺳا
.
و داﻮﻣ شور ﺎﻫ
ﻦﻳا
عﻮﻧ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻲﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ
-
ﻲـﻣ ﻲﮕﺘﺴـﺒﻤﻫ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ
.
ﻣﺎــﻤﺗ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ ﻦــﻳا ﻪــﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲ
هﺎﮕﺸــﻧاد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸــﻧاد يﺎــﻫ
ﻮـــﻧ مﺎـــﻴﭘ و دازآ ،ﻲﻣزراﻮـــﺧ ر
ﻲﻠﻴﺼـــﺤﺗ لﺎـــﺳ رد جﺮﻛ
92 - 1391 ﺮﺑ ﻎﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ 50000
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ
لوﺪــﺟ سﺎــﺳا
Krejcie
و
Morgan
ﻪــﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪــﻌﺗ ﻲــﻣ
ﺖﺴﻳﺎﺑ 381 ﺮﻔﻧ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳدﺮﮔ . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ سﺎـﺳا ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ شور ﻪﺷﻮﺧ يﺮﻴﮔ
ﻨﭼ يا ﺪ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
ﺖـﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا يا .
ﺑ ﻦﻳا ﻪ
ﻪﻛ ترﻮﺻ زا
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺮﻫ ﻪﺳ
ﺑ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ﻪ
ترﻮـﺻ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻦـﻳا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﻦﻴـﺑ زا و بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا ﻲﻓدﺎﺼـﺗ يﺮﻴﮔ
هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ﺎﻫ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ 50
نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد زا ﺮـﻔﻧ
ﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺐﻴﺳآ س
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ )
ًﺎﻌﻤﺟ داﺪﻌﺗ 450 ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸـﺳﺮﭘ (
. ﻦـﻳا زا ﻲﻀـﻌﺑ
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸــﺳﺮﭘ ندﻮــﺑ شوﺪــﺨﻣ و نﺪــﺷﺮﭘ ﻪــﻤﻴﻧ ﻞــﻴﻟد ﻪــﺑ ﺎــﻫ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪـﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻌﺗ ًﺎﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ رﺎﻨﻛ ﺎﻫ 375
ﻲﻗﺎـﺑ
ﺪــﻧﺎﻣ ــﻛ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸــﺳﺮﭘ ﻦــﻳا يور ﺮــﺑ ﻞــﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪــﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻪ يﺎــﻫ
ﻲﻗﺎــﺑ
ﺖــﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮــﺻ هﺪــﻧﺎﻣ .
ياﺮــﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ ﻦــﻳا رد
ﻊﻤﺟ يروآ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا ،ﻮـﺌﻧ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ
و ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟا ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ نﻮــﻣزآ نﺎﮕﻧﺎﺸــﻧ ﺶﺠﻨــﺳ سﺎــﻴﻘﻣ
ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا سﺮﺘﺳا .
1 ( ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ نﻮﻣزآ
:(Social Support test)
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﻳا ،Wax
Philips Halley ،
Tompson ، ،
Williams
و
Stewart
لﺎﺳ رد 1986 رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و هﺪﺷ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ
ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ نآ يﺮﻈﻧ
Coobe
زا ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ
ﺖﺳا . ياراد سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا 23
ﺔـﻄﻴﺣ ﻪـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا لااﺆـﺳ
ﻲـــﻣ ﺮـــﻈﻧ رد ار ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎـــﺳ و نﺎﺘـــﺳود ،هداﻮﻧﺎـــﺧ دﺮـــﻴﮔ
.
هﺮﻤﻧ
ﻪـﻄﻘﻧ رﺎـﻬﭼ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا يراﺬﮔ
رﺎﻴﺴـﺑ يا
ﺖﺳا ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ رﺎﻴﺴﺑ و ﻒﻟﺎﺨﻣ ،ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ ،ﻖﻓاﻮﻣ .
نﻮﻣزآ ﻦﻳا
لﺎـﺳ رد ماﻮـﻗ ﻲﻤﻴﻫاﺮﺑا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻲﺗاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ 1370
يور ﺮـﺑ
100 و ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد 200
ﻲﻳاور و هﺪﺷ اﺮﺟا ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا زﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد
ﺖــﺳا هﺪــﻣآ ﺖــﺳد ﻪــﺑ نآ رﺎــﺒﺘﻋا و .
رد ماﻮــﻗ ﻲــﻤﻴﻫاﺮﺑا
لﺎــﺳ رد دﻮــﺧ ﺶﻫوﮋــﭘ 1370
رد ار نآ ﻲﻳﺎــﻳﺎﭘ ﺐﻳﺮــﺿ
ﺤﻣ ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺔﻧﻮﻤﻧ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻞﻛ رد ﻪﻛ دﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﺳﺎ
90 / 0 ﺑ ﻪ
ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
) 12
.(
2 ( ﻲﻠﻣﺎـﻋ ﺞﻨـﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ
:(Five-Factor Inventory)
ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يا 60 رد رﺎـﺑ ﻦﻴﺘﺴـﺨﻧ ياﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳا ﻲﻟاﻮﺳ
لﺎــﺳ 1985 لﺎــﺳ رد و ﺖــﺳا هﺪــﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎــﺳ 1991
درﻮــﻣ
ﻲﻠـﺻا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ نآ رد و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ دﺪﺠﻣ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ فﺎـﻄﻌﻧا ؛ﻞﻣﺎـﺷ ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ
O) ( يرﻮـﺠﻧر ناور ،
N) ( ﻲـﻳاﺮﮔ نوﺮﺑ ،
E) ( ندﻮـﺑ ﺮﻳﺬـﭙﻟد ،
A) ( ناﺪـﺟو ﺎـﺑ و
ندﻮﺑ
C) (
ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔ هزاﺪﻧا ددﺮﮔ
. ﻪﻳﻮﮔ عﻮـﻧ زا نآ يﺎﻫ 5
ﻪــﺟرد ﺖــﺳا ﻲــﺗﺮﻜﻴﻟ يا .
يﺎــﻔﻟآ نارﺎــﻜﻤﻫ و يزﺎــﺠﺣ
ار نآ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ 74
/ 0 ا هدﻮﻤﻧ شراﺰﮔ ﺪﻧ
) 13
.(
3 ( سﺮﺘــــــﺳا نﺎﮕﻧﺎﺸــــــﻧ ﺶﺠﻨــــــﺳ سﺎــــــﻴﻘﻣ
:(Stress Syndrome scale)
ﻘﻣ ﻦــﻳا ﺪﻴــﺳ ﻂــﺳﻮﺗ سﺎــﻴ
لﺎﺳ رد ﻲﻧﺎﻘﻳﺪﺻ و ﻲﻧﺎﺳاﺮﺧ 1377
و هﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ 51
هدﺎـﻣ
دراد
هزاﺪـﻧا ار سﺮﺘـﺳا نﺎﮕﻧﺎﺸـﻧ زا ﻪﺘـﺳد رﺎﻬﭼ و يﺮـﻴﮔ
ﻲﻣ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ نﺎﮕﻧﺎﺸـﻧ ؛ﺪـﻨﻛ )
7 هدﺎـﻣ ( ﻲﻔﻃﺎـﻋ ، ) 9 هدﺎـﻣ (
،
يرﺎﺘﻓر ) 12 هدﺎﻣ (
ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴـﺟ و )
23 هدﺎـﻣ (.
يﺎـﻔﻟآ راﺪـﻘﻣ
نﻮﻣزآ ﻞﻛ ياﺮﺑ نآ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﻛ 86
/ 0
ﺖـﺳا هﺪـﺷ شراﺰﮔ .
ﻪﺑ خﺎـﺒﻧوﺮﻛ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴـﺟ سﺎـﻴﻘﻣ هدﺮـﺧ ياﺮـﺑ
90 / 0 ،
ﻲﻔﻃﺎﻋ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ هدﺮﺧ ياﺮﺑ 88
/ 0 ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨـﺷ سﺎـﻴﻘﻣ هدﺮﺧ ،
80 / 0 يرﺎـﺘﻓر سﺎﻴﻘﻣ هدﺮﺧ ياﺮﺑ و 78
/ 0 هﺪـﺷ شراﺰـﮔ
ﺖﺳا . ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﻲـﺗﺮﻜﻴﻟ عﻮـﻧ زا سﺎـﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا يﺎﻫ 6
ﻪـﺟرد يا
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
هﺮﻤﻧ و زا نآ يراﺬﮔ ﺮﻔﺻ
) ﺰﮔﺮﻫ ( ﺎـﺗ 5 ) ﻲـﻠﻴﺧ
دﺎﻳز ( ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) 14
. (
ﻳﺰﺠﺗ
هداد ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪ ﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻫوﮋـﭘ ﻦـﻳا رد
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر
ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ .
ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺚﺤﺑ و
ﻲﻧدﻮـــﻣزآ ﻦـــﺳ رﺎـــﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮـــﺤﻧا و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎـــﻴﻣ ﺎـــﻫ
51 /
±3 89 / 22 هﺮــﻤﻧ رﺎــﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮــﺤﻧا و ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎــﻴﻣ ،لﺎــﺳ
ﺐﻴــﺳآ سﺮﺘــﺳا ﺮــﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬــﭘ و ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟا ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ
ﺎـﺑ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو 14
/
±36 42 / 77 ،
78 /
±67 78 / 67 و 87 /
±198 87 / 198 دﻮﺑ .
نﺎﻤﻫ هرﺎﻤـﺷ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﻛ يرﻮﻃ 1
) ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﻞـﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﺪﻨﭼ نﻮﻴــﺳﺮﮔر ﻪــﻧﺎﮔ
ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄــﺗ درﻮــﻣ رد نﺎــﻣﺰﻤﻫ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
ﺐﻴـﺳآ ﺮـﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼـﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ رد يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺑاﺮﺑ ـ ﺘﺳا ﺮ ـ سﺮ ( ﺸﻧ ـ
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎ
، ﻴﻐﺘﻣ ـ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ يﺎﻫﺮ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
ﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﻪ
ﻢﻫ رﻮﻃ نﺎـﻣز 2 / 47
ﺐﻴﺳآ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ زا ﺪﺻرد ار سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ
هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ 1
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ:
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ نﻮﻴﺳﺮﮔر ﻪﻧﺎﮔ
ﻢﻫ ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ درﻮﻣ رد نﺎﻣز ﺐﻴﺳآ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ
سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ
هرﺎﻣآ
ﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ Adj.R2
F B
رﺎﻴﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا β
t د ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ
يرا
ﻘﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ راﺪ -
-
98
/ 350 08 / 26 -
45
/ 13 01
/
<0 P
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ
9 / 3 - 249
/ 0 682 / 0 - 64 / 15 - 01
/
<0 P
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ 2
/ 47 92 / 133 045 / 2 - 125 / 0 016 / 0 - 56 / 5 - 01
/
<0 P
نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﺎﻴﻧرواد ﺎﺿر
نارﺪﻧزﺎﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻪﻠﺠﻣ
هرود
مرﺎﻬﭼ و ﺖﺴﻴﺑ هرﺎﻤﺷ ،
113 ، دادﺮﺧ 1393 197
هﺎﺗﻮﻛ شراﺰﮔ
ﻲــﻣ ﻲــﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴــﭘ يرﺎــﻣآ ظﺎــﺤﻟ ﻪــﺑ راﺪــﻘﻣ ﻦــﻳا ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ راد ﻲﻣ
)ﺪﺷﺎﺑ 01 /
<0 .(p
ـﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﻲ تاﺮـﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪـﻛ
ﻐﺘﻣ رد يﺎﻫﺮﻴ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﺘﻴﺼـﺨﺷ يﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺐﻴـﺳآ نﺎـﻤﻫ ﻪـﻛ كﻼـﻣ ﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ رد ار ﻲﺗاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ ار ﺖﺳا
دﺎﺠﻳا ﺪﻨﻛ .
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
تﺎـﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎـﺑ
Langford
و
ﻪﻛ نارﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻲﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا
ﻲﻣ
ﻣ رد دﺮﻓ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮ
دﻮﺷ و
Caspi
نارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ و ﻪـﻛ
ﻲـﻣ نﺎﺸـﻧ ﺪـﻨﻫد
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻳاﺮﮔ نوﺮﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ
ﺐﻴﺳآ ﺪﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد يﺮﻳﺬـﭘ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ
دراد ﻲﻧاﻮﺧ
) 15،8
.(
ﻢـﻫ ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ﺑ ﻪ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد
Watson
ﻪـﻛ ﺶﻧارﺎـﻜﻤﻫ
ﻲـﻣ نﺎﻴﺑ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﺘﻴﺼـﺨﺷ
نوﺮـﺑ ﻲـﻳاﺮﮔ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺶﻴﺑ سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ﻊﻗاﻮﻣ رد ﻂﻴﺤﻣ زا يﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
،
دراد ﺖـﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ
) 16
.(
ﺞﻳﺎـﺘﻧ ﺎـﺑ
Awasthi
نﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ و ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎـﺧ ﻂـﺑاور ﺪﻨﻛ
ﺶﻴﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ
ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار زا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﺗ يا
ﻲـﻣ سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ و رﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ددﺮـﮔ
Lu و
Lung و
ﻪـﻛ
ﻲــﻣ ﻪــﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪــﻛ ﺪــﻧﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲــﮔﮋﻳو ﺮــﺑ ﻪــﻛ ﻲﺘﻴﺼــﺨﺷ يﺎــﻫ
ﻚﺒﺳ
ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎـﻫ سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻬﺟاﻮﻣ و يا
داد نﺎﺸـﻧ ار
ﻢﻫ ﻮﺳ ﺖـﺳا
) 17 ، 18
.( Bolger
و
Zuckerman
نﺎﺸـﻧ ﺰـﻴﻧ
داد درﻮﺧﺮﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ
ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ دﺮـﺒﻫار بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا و سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺎﺑ
يا داﺮﻓا
، و ﺎﺑ ﻲـﮔﮋﻳ ﻲﺘﻴﺼـﺨﺷ يﺎـﻫ ﺎـﻫ نآ
ﻪـﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ
ﺖﺳا
) 19
و ( Patterson
ﺖـﻓﺎﻳ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪـﻛ
دﺮـﺒﻫار عﻮـﻧ بﺎـﺨﺘﻧا رد ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻪـﻨﻴﻣز ﺶﻴﭘ ﻪــﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺖــﺳا راﺬــﮔ ﺮــﺛا سﺮﺘــﺳا ﺎــﺑ درﻮــﺧﺮﺑ رد يا
) 20 (
ﻢﻫ دراد ﻲﻧاﻮﺧ .
ﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ رد ﺎ
ﻲﻣ ﺞﻳ
ﺖـﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ ؛
نﺎﺸـﻧ
ﻢﺴﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ هداد زا هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ندﺮﻛ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﺛﺆــﻣ سﺮﺘــﺳا تاﺮــﺛا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪــﻣ رد ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟا ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ﻲﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻫد
و ﻂـﺑاور ﻆـﻔﺣ رد تﺎـﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻢﻴـﻈﻨﺗ و ﺮﺛﺆﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ياﺮﺑ
دراد ﺮﺛا سﺮﺘﺳا ﺶﻫﺎﻛ .
ﻢـﻫ
ﺪـﺷ هداد نﺎﺸـﻧ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ ه
ﻪـﻛ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﻲﮔداﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﻂﺑاور رد ﺖﺒﺜﻣ لدﺎﺒﺗ ار نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸـﻧاد ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ يرﺎﺘﺨﻣدﻮﺧ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ دﺎﺠﻳا و
ﻦﺘﺷاد رﺎﻛوﺮﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا سﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻫد
) 21
.(
Patterson )
20
(
ﻨﻫد ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺮﺛا زا ﻲﻟﺪﻣ ﮔﺪ
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲ
حﺮـﻃ ندﺮـﻛ ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ و ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا يﺰـﻳر
هدﺮـﻛ و ﺢﻴـﺿﻮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ،سﺮﺘـﺳد رد ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ندﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫد
ﺶﻴــﺑ نﻮــﭼ دراد دﻮــﺟو سﺮﺘــﺳا ﺶﻫﺎــﻛ لﺎــﻤﺘﺣا ﺮــﺗ
شور
ﻲـﻣ ﺐـﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ و ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ دﻮـﺷ
. ﺖـﻳﺎﻤﺣ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻓ زا يا نﺎـﻴﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻲــﻣ ﻦﻴــﺑ ﻪﻄــﺳاو ﻞــﻣﺎﻋ ﻚــﻳ ﻲﻋﺎــﻤﺘﺟا ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺪــﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲــﮔﮋﻳو
ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ ،ﺖــﺳا يرﺎﮔزﺎــﺳ و ﻲﺘﻴﺼــﺨﺷ يﺎــﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ .
ﻲـﻣ ضﺮـﻓ ﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا دﻮـﺷ يﺎـﻫ
ﻂﻴــﺤﻣ زا ﺖــﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻲﺗوﺎــﻔﺘﻣ ناﺰــﻴﻣ ،توﺎــﻔﺘﻣ ﻲﺘﻴﺼــﺨﺷ
ﻲﻣ بﺬﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
. ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا
ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ دﺮـﺒﻫار ﻲـﻌﻗاو بﺎﺨﺘﻧا و هﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ رﺎـﻛ ﻪـﺑ يا
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ دﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗرﺎﻬﻣ
ﻲـﻣ هداد ﺶﻳﺎـﻤﻧ نآ ﺎﺑ يا ،دﻮـﺷ
ﻲﮔﮋﻳو ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ رد ،دراﺬﮕﺑ ﺮﺛا
ﺑ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ ﻪ
ﺮـﻴﻏ رﻮـﻃ
ﻲـﻣ ﺮﺛا يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ دراﺬـﮔ
) 17
.(
نﺎﺸـﻧ تﺎـﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
هداد ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴــــﻣ ﻲﻳﻮــــﺧرﻮﺠﻧر ناور ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴــــﻣﺮﻴﻏ و
ﺮــــﺑ
يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ سﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳا راﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ
) 22
.(
ﻲـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪـﻔﻴﻇو
ﺰﻴﻧ رﻮـﺤﻣ ﻞﻜﺸـﻣ و لﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ
دراد طﺎـﺒﺗرا .
ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا
ﺪـﻧدﺮﻛ شراﺰـﮔ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻔﻴﻇو ﻪـﻛ
ﻪـﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﺮـﺒﻫار زا
نآ ﺎـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻲﺗﻼﻜﺸـﻣ فﺬـﺣ ﺎـﺑ لﺎـﻌﻓ ﻪـﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ يﺰﻳر ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ
ﺖـﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ندﺮـﻛ بﻮﻛﺮـﺳ و ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺖـﺑﺎﻗر يﺎـﻫ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ هﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ـﺑ ﺮـﺗ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا ﻞﻜﺸـﻣ ﻞـﺣ ﻪـﻔﻴﻇو ﺮ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . نآ
فاﺪـﻫا ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳد ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﻫ دﻮـﺧ
ار
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﻛ كﺮﺗ و ﺎﻫوراد ،ﻞﻜﻟا فﺮﺼﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ
تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ندﺮﻛ شﻮﻣاﺮﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻓاﺮﺤﻧا يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧزادﺮﭙﺑ دﻮﺧ .
ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻖﺒﻃ
Costa McCraeو نوﺮـﺑ
ﻲـﻳاﺮﮔ
ﺟ ،ﺖـﺒﺜﻣ ندﺮـﻛ ﺮﻜﻓ ،ﻲﻧﻼﻘﻋ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﺑ و يزﺎـﺳ ﻦﻴﺸـﻧﺎ
ﻲﻣ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﺖﻌﻧﺎﻤﻣ دﻮﺷ
.
ﻲـﻣ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻪـﺑ نوﺮـﺑ ﺎـﺑ داﺮـﻓا ﺪـﺳر
زا و ﺪﻨـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘـﺷاد يدﺮـﻓ ﻦﻴـﺑ يﺮـﻴﮔ ﺖـﻬﺟ ﻻﺎـﺑ ﻲﻳاﺮﮔ هدﺎﻔﺘـﺳا سﺮﺘـﺳا ﻪـﺑ ﺦـﺳﺎﭘ ناﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻲﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
) 16
. (
ﺶﻴﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا دﺪـﺠﻣ ﺮﻴﺴـﻔﺗ زا ﺮـﺗ
دﺎﻔﺘـﺳا وراد و ﻞـﻜﻟا ﺪـﻴﻗ زا ﻲﻳﺎﻫر ،يﺰﻳر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ،ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ه
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ،يرﺎﮔزﺎـﺳ ﻲـﮔﮋﻳو ﺎـﺑ ﺖﻴﺼـﺨﺷ ياراد داﺮـﻓا
ﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺐﻴﺳآ س
ﺪﻧراد يﺰﻴﻣآ ﺖﻤﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﻳ ﻖﻠﺧ .
ﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻦﻳا ﺶﻴ
ﺮـﺗ زا
ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻧوﺮﻴﺑ ندﺮﻛ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ يﺎﻫ شور ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
) 23
.(
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﻴﻤﻫا زا ﻲﻛﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻲــﮔﮋﻳو و ﺐﻴــﺳآ رد ﻲﺘﻴﺼــﺨﺷ يﺎــﻫ
ﺮــﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬــﭘ
ــﭘ ﻞــﻣاﻮﻋ ﻦــﻳا و ﺖــﺳا سﺮﺘــﺳا ﺶﻴ
ﻲــﻨﻴﺑ هﺪــﻨﻨﻛ ــﻫ يﺎ
ﻨﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﺐﻴﺳآ رد يراد ﻪـﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴـﻫ سﺮﺘـﺳا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻦﻳا
نﺎﻣرد ناور هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ياﺮـﺑ ناﺮـﮔ
ددﺮﮔ داﺮﻓا نﺎﻣرد .
يراﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ
ياﺮﺟا رد ار ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﻳا
هدﺮﻛ يرﺎﻳ ﻲﻧادرﺪﻗ و ﺮﻜﺸﺗ ،ﺪﻧا
ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻳﺎﻤﻧ .
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