Psychometric properties of the Persian Version of Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) Hossein Samadi

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Psychometric properties of the Persian Version of Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS)

Hossein Samadi¹^ , Jalil Moradi² , Saeid Ahar³

1. Corresponding Author, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

2. Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran. E-mail: J- [email protected]

3. Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

18 March 2022 Received in revised form:

10 June 2022 Accepted:

16 June 2022 Published online:

22 September 2022

Keywords:

internal consistency, referees,

self-efficacy, structural validity, time reliability.

Introduction: Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of referees' role in holding sports competitions and the impact of referees' decisions on the outcome of the game, little research has been done on various aspects of the referees' profession and occupation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees.

Methods: The present research, was a descriptive-correlational study. For this purpose, 228 referees of team and individual sports completed the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees. First, using the open-translation method, the accuracy of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed, and then to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was used, and to determine internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Also, for the time reliability of the questions, intra-class correlation with the test-retest method was used.

Results: The results showed that the goodness of fit index and the comparative fit index are higher than (0.90). Time reliability (0.76) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for self-efficacy and its dimensions above 0.7 (acceptable index value) were obtained.

Conclusion: Based on the results, the Persian version of the self-efficacy scale in referees has structural validity and internal and temporal reliability desirable and acceptable for referees of team and individual sportsandtherefore can be used as a valid and reliable tool to assess the self-efficacy of Iranian referees.

Cite this article: Samadi, H., Moradi, J., & Ahar, S. (2022). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Referee Self- Efficacy Scale (REFS). Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning, 14(2), 69-86.

DOI: http//doi.10.22059/jsmdl.2022.340871.1646 .

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ExtendedAbstract

Introduction

Despite the importance of refereeing judgments and the sensitivity of the role of referees in the quality of sports competitions and the effect of referees' decisions on the outcomes of the games, few investigations have been made about the various professional and occupational aspects of referees. In official competitions, referees are usually under physical and mental pressure even more than coaches and athletes due to many factors, including accurate decision- making in specific and complex situations, correct application of rules, communication with athletes and technical staff, game management, etc. Researchers believe that self-efficacy is one of the factors influencing referees' performance. The theory of self-efficacy was developed in the framework of Bandura's social cognitive theory and is defined as an individual's belief about his/her level of ability to successfully perform a task. It also plays a key role in regulating emotional states.Although self-efficacy is one of the determining aspects of referees' performance, there are very few studies in this regard. An important measurement instrument is the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) developed by Myers, Feltz, Guillén & Dithurbide (2012) which has four factors of game knowledge, decision- making, pressure, and communication.Although in some studies the basic concept and measurement of REFS has been investigated as a reliable instrument for implementing self- efficacy, this construct should be examined according to the cultural context. Given the lack of sufficient and reliable instruments in the field of refereeing, the present research was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS).

Methods

The present research, which was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS), was a descriptive-correlational study.The statistical sample of this research comprised 228 referees of various individual and team sports with an age range of 20 to 60 years. The main instrument of the research was the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) developed by Myers, Feltz, Guillén & Dithurbide (2012) which has 13 items.This scale has four components of game knowledge (3 items), decision-making (3 items), pressure (3 items) and communication (4 items). The scale has 5-point Likert answer modalities, including very low (1), low (2), medium (3), high (4), and very high (5), with a minimum score of 13 and a maximum score of 65.To measure the test-retest reliability, 30 raters completed the test two weeks after the first test. For statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation modeling was used.

Results

The confirmatory factor analysis technique was used to examine whether the components and items can be valid indicators for measuring the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS).According to the output of the LISREL software, the factor loading of all items was greater than 0.6, which indicates a good fit for the model. Also, the examination of t-coefficients showed that in all items, t-coefficients were higher than the desired value of 1.96. Table 1 shows the fit indices of the model in the first and second-order factor analysis. According to the table and available values, the implemented model has a good and acceptable fit.

Table 1. Fit indices of the first and second-order factor analysis model of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI)

Fit Index Observed Value

First order

Observed Value Second order

Acceptable Values

X2 143.93 144.52 ---

df 59 61 ---

sig 000.1 000.1 ---

df

2/

X 2.43 2.36 Less than 3

PGFI 0.59 0.61 More than 0.5

PNFI 0.72 0.75 More than 0.5

NNFI 0.97 0.97 More than 0.9

CFI 0.91 0.91 More than 0.9

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Conclusion

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric features of the Persian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS). The results showed that the Persian version of this scale has good validity and reliability in terms of game knowledge, decision-making, pressure, and communication factors. The value of the model fit indices and the economic indices were above the acceptance criteria, which indicates the optimal fit (more than 0.90). The RMSEA index was also within the appropriate range (equal to 0.09). These results show that the Persian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) has a good factor structure fit and validity. These results are in line with Myers et al.'s study (2012).

Accordingly, it is concluded that the Persian version of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) with a small number of items and simple scoring can be widely used with confidence

as a valid and reliable instrument in various scientific and clinical fields.

Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:

Ethical considerations were considered in the research

Funding: The present study did not have the financial support of any institution or organization

Authors’ contribution: Samadi H. (First Author), Conceptualizing and study design, Writing the introduction (34%); Moradi J. (Second Author), Data Analyst (33%); Ahar S. (Third Author), Collect data and Writing the discussion (33%).

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Acknowledgments: We appreciate all dear referees who participated in the present study.

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و ﯽﮔﮋﯾ يﺎﻫ ناور ﺠﻨﺳ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ

يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ نارواد

) REFS (

يﺪﻤﺻ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ

1

يداﺮﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺟ ، 

رﺎﻫآ ﺪﯿﻌﺳ ، 2 3

1 . ﺆﺴﻣ ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ لو

، هوﺮﮔ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر ناﺮﯾا ،دﺰﯾ ،دﺰﯾ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ،ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور

. :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]

2 ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ،كارا ،كارا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ةﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور و ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﻓر هوﺮﮔ . :

[email protected] -

J

3 ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا ،دﺰﯾ ،دﺰﯾ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ،ﯽﺘﯿﺑﺮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ و

[email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 20 / 10 / 1400

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 25

/ 11 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 28 / 11 / 1400

رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 31 / 06 / 1401

ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ

،يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ

،نارواد ﯽﯾاور

،هزﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ .ﯽﻧورد ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

: توﺎﻀﻗ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ و يرواد يﺎﻫ

ﺖﯿﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺶﻘﻧ نارواد رد يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر يﺎﻫ تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،يزﺎﺑ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺮﺑ نارواد ةرﺎﺑرد ﯽﮐﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺒﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ يا و راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ نارواد ﯽﻠﻐﺷ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ فﺪﻫ .ﺖﺳا زا

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﯾاور و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ دﻮﺑ نارواد رد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ .

:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ عﻮﻧ زا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ

- .دﻮﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ

228 رواد ﻪﺘﺷر رد يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ار نارواد رد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ

ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ . اﺪﺘﺑا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ زا شور زﺎﺑ

،ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺖﺤﺻ ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ

ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﺪﺷ و رد ﻪﻣادا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾاور ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ةزﺎﺳ

ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ لﺪﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ

تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ و يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ

ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﻧورد

زا ﺐﯾﺮﺿ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ ياﺮﺑ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز

،تﻻاﺆﺳ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ نورد ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺎﺑ يا شور نﻮﻣزآ - نﻮﻣزآ دﺪﺠﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ .

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ :ﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ) زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﺒﻄﺗ شزاﺮﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ و شزاﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﻮﮑﯿﻧ

90 /0 ﯽﻣ ( ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

) 76 /0 يﻻﺎﺑ نآ دﺎﻌﺑا و يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ياﺮﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ و ( 7/

0 ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ راﺪﻘﻣ) ﻪﺑ (ندﻮﺑ لﻮﺒﻗ

.ﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد

ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ :يﺮﯿﮔ

،ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ

ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ نارواد رد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ زا

ﯽﯾاور هزﺎﺳ و ﯽﻧورد ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و

ﯽﻧﺎﻣز

ﯽﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣ رد

ﻦﯿﺑ نارواد ﻪﺘﺷر رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻤﯿﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا

و ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ زا نآ يراﺰﺑا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ اور

و ﺎﯾﺎﭘ

ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

دﺮﮐ .

دﺎﻨﺘﺳا :

؛ﻦﯿﺴﺣ ،يﺪﻤﺻ ﺪﯿﻌﺳ ،رﺎﻫآ و ؛ﻞﯿﻠﺟ ،يداﺮﻣ

. ) 1401 .(

و ﯽﮔﮋﯾ يﺎﻫ ناور ﺠﻨﺳ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ

) نارواد ( .REFS ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ ﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ﯽﺘ

ﯽﺷزرو 14 )2 (

، 69-86 .

10.22059/jsmdl.2022.340871.1646 http//doi,

DOI:

ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد

مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽﺷزرو و .ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ

.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©

(5)

ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ناور يﺎﻫ ) نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ ( REFS

73

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ توﺎﻀﻗ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ يرواد يﺎﻫ

و ﺖﯿﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺶﻘﻧ

نارواد رد يراﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺮﺑ نارواد تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ و

هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ،يزﺎﺑ ﻢﯿﺗ ﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،ﯽﻠﻣ يﺎﻫ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ

ةرﺎﺑرد ﻪﺒﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ يا و نارواد ﯽﻠﻐﺷ درﻮﻣ

ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا

يا) لاﻮﻨﯿﺳ و درﺎﻨﯾﺎﻣ ،سﻮﺳﺎﭘ ،ﺎﻨﯿﭘ ،1

2020

؛ ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗﻮﯾد ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2

2020 ،ﺪﻧﺮﻟاو ،ﭗﯿﻠﯿﻓ ؛

اﻮﺴﯾرﺎﻧﺎﯾرﺪﻧا ﻞﻧوﺮﺑ و

،3

2009 ﺖﻠﮐ و ﻞﮕﻨﯿﺗ ،ﺮﻧراو ؛ ،4

2013 .(

نارواد رﺎﻨﮐ رد نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و

،نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﻊﻠﺿ

مﻮﺳ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ﯽﺷزرو

ار

ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﺪﻨﻫد

و ﻦﯾﺮﺗراﻮﺷد ﻒﯾﺎﻇو

ﯽﺷزرو ار ﺮﺑ هﺪﻬﻋ ﯽﻧﺎﻀﻣر) ﺪﻧراد ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺣر و ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺟﺮﯿﻣ ،داﮋﻧ

،ﺎﯿﻧ 2013 .(

و ﺖﯿﻤﺳا ،ﯽﻠﮑﺳﺎﮐ

ﻦﯾر

5 ) 2008 ﯽﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ شزرو رد ﻒﯾﺎﻇو ﻦﯾﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﺖﻗﺎﻃ و ﻦﯾﺮﺗراﻮﺷد زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار توﺎﻀﻗ ،(

رﺎﯿﺴﺑ شزرو رد يرواد .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺶﯿﭘ ،(ﺦﺳﺎﭘ) ﺶﻨﮐاو رد ﺖﻗد ،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ،ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ،ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﺰﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ ﯽﺑ ،ﯽﻨﯿﺑ

ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ بﻮﺧ يرﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻓﺮﻃ

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يزﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻮﺗﻮﻣوﺮﭘ و نﻮﮑﻧﺎﻣ ،ﺲﻟﺎﻓ ،ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗﻮﯾد) ﺖﺳا يرواد ﺰﯿﻣآ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

،6

2017 .(

ﻟد ﻪﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ نارواد ،ﯽﻤﺳر تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ رد ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يدﺎﯾز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻞﯿ

ﺢﯿﺤﺻ لﺎﻤﻋا و هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ و صﺎﺧ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﻖﯿﻗد يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نارﺎﮑﺷزرو و نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﺘﺣ ﯽﻧاور و ﯽﻤﺴﺟ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ هﺮﯿﻏ و يزﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،ﯽﻨﻓ ردﺎﮐ و نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا ،ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗﻮﯾد 2020

؛ ﯽﻧﺎﻀﻣر داﮋﻧ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2013

ﯿﻏ ﻪﺑ .(

ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ،يرواد ﻒﯾﺎﻇو ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﺮ

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ياﺮﺑ نارواد زا تﺎﻌﻗﻮﺗ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و ترﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و يزﺎﺑ ﻮﺟ و ناﺮﮔﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ﺶﻨﮐاو ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ لﺎﻤﻋا و ﻖﯿﻗد يﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نارواد رﺎﺘﻓر و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ )

ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ و مﺎﻫﺎﮕﻨﯿﻧﺎﮐ ،7

2020

؛ ﻦﮔﺎﻫ و ﻦﺳﺪﻧﻮﻣآ ،ﻦﺴﻧﺎﻫﻮﺟ

8؛ 2018 ( رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ .

ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ ،ﯽﻠﮐ يزﺎﺑ هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ و ﺰﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ يﺎﻫ

) ﺲﮑﯾر ،كﻮﮑﻧﺎﻫ -

ﯽﺗﻮﮐ و رﻮﯿﻟ ،9

2015

؛ يﺮﻣ و ﺰﺘﻠﻓ ،ﮓﯾﺮﻟ

10 ، 2016 ( و

ﯽﻣ هﺮﯿﻏ و ناﺮﮔﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ و نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ رﺎﺸﻓ ﯽﺗﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻪﺑﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﯽﺗﺎﻫﺎﺒﺘﺷا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا

ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا نداد ﺖﺳد زا ،باﺮﻄﺿا و سﺮﺘﺳا )

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗﻮﯾد 2020

؛

،ﺰﻟﻮﮑﯿﻧ يﻮﻟ و ﻦﻤﻟﻮﭘ

11؛ 2010 ( ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﯽﮔدﻮﺳﺮﻓ ،

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﺴﻧﺎﻫﻮﺟ

، 2018 ( ددﺮﮔ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻦﯾا ندﺮﮐ ﺎﻫر ﯽﺘﺣ و )

ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ و مﺎﻫﺎﮕﻨﯿﻧﺎﮐ

؛ 2020

،كﻮﮑﻧﺎﻫ ، ﺮﮔﻮﯾآ و نﻮﺳواد

12 ،

2015 (.

ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ

ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ،ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ،ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧاور يﺎﻫ

هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﻣ رﺎﻬﻇا ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗﺎﺑ نارواد .ﺪﻧراد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد نارواد تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ و رﺎﺘﻓر ﺮﺑ يا

ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ناور يﺎﻫ

ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

دوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ 70 ﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نﺎﺸﺘﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺻرد ﺖﺳا راﺬ

) ﻮﻠﯿﺘﺳﺎﮐ ،رﻻﻮﯿﮔآ -

ﻼﯿﭽﻨﯿﭼ ،ﺰﺋﻮﮕﯾردور -

ﯽﺘﻧاو ،ﺖﺋﻮﮕﻨﯿﻣ -

ﯽﺘﻧاو

13 ، 2021 ﻮﻠﯿﺘﺳﺎﮐ ، -

ﺰﻧﻮﻣ ،ﺰﺋﻮﮕﯾردور -

ﺎﻧﻮﺟرآ ﯽﺘﻧاو ،14

- ،ﯽﺘﻧاو 2021

؛ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗﻮﯾد 2017

( و ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ياﺮﺟا رد نارواد ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .

نآ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ و يزﺎﺑ تارﺮﻘﻣ نآ ،ﻪﻧﻻدﺎﻋ يزﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻦﯿﻤﻀﺗ رد ﺎﻫ

ﯽﮕﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ و تﺎﻔﺻ ياراد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ

1. E Pina, Passos, Maynard, & Sinval

2. Diotaiuti et al

3. Philippe, Vallerand, Andrianarisoa & Brunel

4. Warner, Tingle & Kellett

5. Cuskelly, Zmith & Rynne

6. Diotatiuti, Falese, Mancone & Purromuto

7. Cunningham, & Sullivan

8 . Johansen, Ommundsen, & Haugen

9. Hancock, Rix-Lièvre & Côté

10. Lirgg, Feltz & Merrie

11. Nicholls, Polman & Levy

12. Dawson & Auger

13. Aguilar, Castillo-Rodriguez, Chinchilla-Minguet & Onetti-Onetti

14. Muñoz-Arjona

(6)

ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ﯽﺷزرو

،مود ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ، نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ

1401

74

ﻪﺘﺴﯾﺎﺷ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﻒﯾﺎﻇو ﺪﻨﻫد مﺎﺠﻧا يا

) ﻢﯾﺪﻠﯾ و ﺮﯿﻠﯿﺑ ،ﻦﯿﻫﺎﺷ ،1

2020 ( رد ﻪﮐ يرواد دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺮﺑ راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا ﯽﮑﯾ .

يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ نﺎﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻪﻫد ﯽﻣ2

ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) اروﺪﻨﺑ ،3

2012

؛

،ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ و نﻮﺴﻠﯿﮔ

ﺪﯿﺑرﻮﺴﯾد ،4

2019 ( ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ . هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا اروﺪﻨﺑ5

) ،اروﺪﻨﺑ 1997 ( ناﺰﯿﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ و

ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ رد دﺮﻓ دﺎﻘﺘﻋا دراد ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ تﻻﺎﺣ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ رد يﺪﯿﻠﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ و هﺪﺷ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ رﺎﮐ ﮏﯾ ﺰﯿﻣآ

) ﯿﮑﺳا ،ﮏﮑ

لﻮﮔ ،ﺎﮐووﺎﺳ ،سﺎﺘﻟازوا ،ﯽﺴﯿﺗﺎﺳ ،6

2019 ( . يﺎﻫدروﺎﺘﺳد ِﯽﺳﺎﺳا ﺮﺼﻨﻋ رﺎﻬﭼ ﺮﺑ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ًﺎﺗاذ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﮏﯾ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ

ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﺨﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ و ﯽﻣﻼﮐ يزﺎﺳﺪﻋﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺎﯾ عﺎﻨﻗا ،ﯽﻨﯿﺸﻧﺎﺟ تﺎﯿﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،يدﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ -

ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ،مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا راﻮﺘﺳا ﯽﮑﯾژﻮﻟﻮﯾﺰﯿﻓ

ﺑﺎﯾزرا شزرو بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا و دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ زا ﯽﻨﯿﻌﻣ حﻮﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯿﺘﺳد ياﺮﺑ داﺮﻓا ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ،دﻮﺷ ﯽ

تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﺰﯿﻣآ

ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ هﺪﺷ يﺰﯾر دراﺬﮔ

) ﻞﮕﮐآ و ﻞﯿﻓارﺎﮐ ،7

2021 ( . ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧاور هزﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ شزرو رد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا

فﺎﻄﻌﻧا و ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ تﻻﺎﺣ و هﺰﯿﮕﻧا ،رﺎﺘﻓر ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد يﺮﯾﺬﭘ

) ،ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ و مﺎﻫﺎﮕﻨﯿﻧﺎﮐ

2020

؛ ،گﺮﯿﻟ و ﺰﺘﻠﻓ 2011

؛ زﺮﯿﻣ ﻒﻟوو و ﺰﺘﻠﻓ ،8

،9

2008 ( نارﺎﮑﺷزرو يور ﺮﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺜﮐا ، )

ﺖﻨﮐ و ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ

10 ، 2003 ( نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ و

) ،ﻒﻟوو و ﺰﺘﻠﻓ ،زﺮﯿﻣ 2008

( ﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ نارواد رد و هﺪﺷ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺘﻣ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ را

ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ )

2011 ( دﺎﻌﺑا ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا دﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ شزرو ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺪﯿﮐﺄﺗ

يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻪﮐ يدراﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﺶﺨﺑﺮﺛا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ و يرواد

ﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﻫ

توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ و ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ ،ﯽﺷﺰﯿﮕﻧا ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

(ﯽﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧا) يﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نﺎﺴﻧا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺮﺑ دراﺬﮔ

) ،اروﺪﻨﺑ 1997 ( . ) اروﺪﻨﺑ 2012 ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ رد و ﻪﺘﺷاد روﺎﺑ ار نﺎﺷدﻮﺧ داﺮﻓا ﺮﮔا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ (

،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ تﺎﺒﺛ و رﺎﮑﺘﺸﭘ ،تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ نآ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺲﻧﺎﺷ ،هدارا و تﺎﺒﺛ ﻦﯾا

ﯽﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار ﺎﻫ .ﺪﻫد

رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ داﺮﻓا

.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﮑﺘﻣ دﻮﺧ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ تﻻﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ يﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ دﻮﺧ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ درﻮﻣ رد توﺎﻀﻗ باﺮﻄﺿا ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ يﺎﻫروﺎﺑ

ﻮﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﺴﺣا و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ تﻻﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻘﺘﺳا و ترﺪﻗ دﺎﺠﯾا ،ﯽﮔدﺮﺴﻓا و هد

) ﻪﮐﻮﻟ و اروﺪﻨﺑ

11 ، 2003 ( تارﺎﻈﺘﻧا ﺮﺑ و

ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ يا يﺎﻫدﺎﻨﺳا و12

ﯽّﻠﻋ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ13

ﺖﺴﮑﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نﺎﺸﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ .دراﺬﮔ ﺮﺑ ،ﺪﻧراد نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ

نآ و ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺎﯾ ندﺮﮐ هﺎﺒﺘﺷا ناﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ ،ﺪﻨﻫد مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﯾﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﭼ

) ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2019

( . ﻪﻧﺎﻌﻃﺎﻗ و ﺮﺗﺰﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ فاﺪﻫا ،صﺎﺧ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﮏﯾ رد ﻻﺎﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻊﻗاو رد ﯽﻣ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ار يﺮﺗ

.ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ فﺪ

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ار دﺮﻓ يراﺬﮔ ﯽﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺪﺸﺨﺑ

دﻮﺷ ﺮﺗراﺪﯾﺎﭘ دﻮﺧ فﺪﻫ ﻆﻔﺣ رد دﺮﻓ دﻮﺷ )

،تﻮﺑ ،ﻞﯿﮔ

،ﻦﯾد 202214

؛ ﺰﺗرآﻮﺷ و ﺰﺘﻟﻮﺷ ،ﺎﮑﺴﻨﯾﺰﺷﻮﻟ

15 ، 2005 ( ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،ﯽﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ . هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﺶﯿﭘ ﮏﯾ ،ﻻﺎﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧا ﯽﻨﯿﺑ

هﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ و ﺖﺒﺜﻣ يﻮﻗ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ

ﺶﯿﭘ و ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﺳا باﺮﻄﺿا ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ

) يا ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﻨﯿﭘ 2021

؛ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2019

( . ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ،يرواد ﻪﻄﯿﺣ رد ﯽﻣ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ حﻮﻄﺳ رد ﺰﯿﻣآ

مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

15. Şahin, Bilir, & Yıldırım

2. Self-Effecacy

3. Bandura

4. Guillén, Feltz, Gilson, & Dithurbide

5. Social cognitive theory

6. Eskiyecek, Satici, Ozaltas, Savucu, & Gul, 2019

7. Karafil & Akgül

8. Myers

9. Wolfe

1. Kent 0

10. Locke

11.Outcome expectations

12. Causal attributions

13. Gill, Butt & Din

14. Luszczynska, Scholz, & Schwarzer

(7)

75

،ﻒﯾﺎﻇو ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺖﻗد و ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ﻪﻓﺮﺣ/ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،ﺮﺘﻤﮐ سﺮﺘﺳا و ﺎﻄﺧ

يﻮﺳ زا ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺾﻘﻧ ،يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﺿر ،نارﺎﮑﺷزرو ددﺮﮔ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ تﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣا ﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا و

) ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ و مﺎﻬﮕﻨﯿﻧﺎﮐ

؛ 2020 ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و گﺮﯿﻟ ، 2016

؛

ﻮﻨﺋﻮﮔرﻮﺑ ،رﻻﻮﯿﮔآ

1؛ ﻮﻠﯿﺘﺳﺎﮐ - ﯽﺘﻧاو ،ﺰﺋﻮﮕﯾردور -

،ﯽﺘﻧاو 2022

؛ ﺮﻤﻋ ،ﻦﯾﺪﻟاﺮﻈﻧ -

يزﻮﺋﺎﻓ ﯾد ،2

ﻦ ، 2009 ( يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ناﺪﻘﻓ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد .

ساﻮﺣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ رد ﺎﻄﺧ و ﺮﯿﺧﺎﺗ ،ﯽﺗﺮﭘ

ﺶﻨﮐاو و يﺮﯿﮔ ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﯽﮔدﻮﺳﺮﻓ و سﺮﺘﺳا ،ﺎﻫ

) ،ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ

2011 ( . شزرو رد اﺪﺘﺑا رد نارواد ياﺮﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻤﯿﺗ يﺎﻫ

) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زﺮﯿﻣ 2008

( ﯽﻣ رﻮﺼﺗ و ياراد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ

) يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺪﻌﺑ رﺎﻬﭼ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ،(GK

) يﺮﯿﮔ ) يزﺎﺑ رﺎﺸﻓ ،(DM

) تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و (PR

(CM

ﺖﺳا3

) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﺴﻧﺎﻫﻮﺟ

2018 ( ﺲﭙﺳ . ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ لﺪﻣ )

2011 ( ﺰﯿﻣ و ﻪﺟرد ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ نارواد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧا

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ و يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ،ﺪﻧراد ار دﻮﺧ ﻞﻐﺷ رد ﺰﯿﻣآ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا شزرو هزﻮﺣ رد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ

نآ ،لﺪﻣ ﻦﯾا رد .دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﻬﻟا ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ِنارواد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ﺎﻫ

يﺮﯿﮔ دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ ﻖﯿﻗد

رد و ﺮﺗ

سﺮﺘﺳا و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد نﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ،نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ زا يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ماﺮﺘﺣا ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺗارﺎﮐ دﻮﺧ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ زا ﻪﺘﺳد رﺎﻬﭼ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ نارواد ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ار توﺎﻀﻗ زا يﺮﺘﻤﮐ ا ﺮﺑ ار يرواد اروﺪﻨﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ يدﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ سﺎﺳ

) 1997 ، 1977 ( سﺎﯿﻘﻣ هدﺮﺧ ، ﯽﺷزرو دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ

4

) (SSCQ

) ﺮﻧرﺎﮔ ،ﯽﻠﯾو -

ﯽﺑﻮﮐﺎﯿﮔ ،ﯽﺷﺎﯾﺎﻫ،ﻦﻤﻟﻮﻫ ،5

1998 ( (ﻒﻟا) ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد ﻪﺋارا نارواد زا ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا و

لﺎﺳ ،لﺎﺜﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ) ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ د ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ يﺎﻫ

داﺮﻓا ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ و ﯽﻧﺎﺒﯿﺘﺸﭘ (ب) ،(ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ درﻮﻣ رد ﺶﻧاد و ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ ،يروا

(ج) ،(نارواد ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ و بﺎﯾزرا درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ،ﻦﯾﺪﻟاو /نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ /نﺎﻨﮑﯾزﺎﺑ درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ،لﺎﺜﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ) ﻢﻬﻣ /(يرواد ﻢﯿﺗ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ (د) و ﯽﻧاور و ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ؛(ﺎﻫ)رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ،ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺪﺟاو نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ًﻼﺜﻣ) ﻂﯿﺤﻣ

يﻮﻗ ،ﺮﺤﺒﺗ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ نﺎﯿﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ (ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﯽﯾاﻮﻫ و بآ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ؛ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ؛(ﺎﻫ)رﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

،ﻪﻣادا رد .دﻮﺑ يرواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ رد ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ

) 2011 ( يرواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺶﺷ ،دﻮﺧ ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد

ترﺎﻬﻣ ،(دﻮﺧ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﯿﻧاﻮﻗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ و شزرو زا ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ﺶﻧاد) يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻖﯿﻗد ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ) يدﺮﺒﻫار و ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ

ﺶﯿﭘ و يزﺎﺑ زا ترﺎﻬﻣ ،(ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ) يﺮﯿﮔ

ﻌﻃﺎﻗ و ﺖﻗد ،ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺎﺑ توﺎﻀﻗ يﺮﯿﮔ ترﺎﻬﻣ ،(ﺖﯿ

يﺎﻫ

ناور ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ و تﺎﻫﺎﺒﺘﺷا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ،رﺎﺸﻓ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺶﻣارآ ﻆﻔﺣ ،ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ) ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻊﻗاو فاﺪﻫا ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ و بﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ

،(ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯿﺑ

ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ و يزﺎﺑ رد ﺮﯿﮔرد داﺮﻓا ﺎﺑ طﺎﺒﺗرا يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاﻮﺗ) يزﺎﺑ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ/طﺎﺒﺗرا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ) ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ و (يزﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ

ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ شزرو ﺮﺜﮐا رد ﯽﺳﺎﺳا ﻞﺻا ﮏﯾ .ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ار (ﺎﻫ

ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ لﺪﻣ عوﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ )

2011 ( ﺪﯿﺑرﻮﺴﯾد و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ ،ﺰﺘﻠﻓ ،زﺮﯿﻣ ، )

2012 ( هزاﺪﻧا راﺰﺑا ﮏﯾ ًﺎﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ

يرواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ

6 ) ﻪﺘﺷر رد (REFS

و لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ ،لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽﻤﯿﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ ار ﯽﯾﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ،(ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ) يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﻬﭼ ياراد ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ .ﺖﺳا (ﻪﯾﻮﮔ رﺎﻬﭼ) تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و (ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ) رﺎﺸﻓ ،(ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ) يﺮﯿﮔ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾاور زا يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﮔﺪﻧزاﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻞﯾﺪﻌﺗ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﺋارا لﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و7

ﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻋ .داد نﺎﺸﻧREFS

ﺮﺑ هوﻼ

1. Burgueño

2. Nazarudin, Omar-Fauzee

3. Game knowledge, decision-making, pressure, and communication

4. Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire

5. Vealey, Garner-Holman, Hayashi & Giacobbi

6. Referee Self-Efficacy Scale

7. satisfactory adjustment indexes

(8)

1401

76

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ،ﻦﯾا ﻦﯿﺑ ،ﺎﻫ

86 /0 ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ياﺮﺑ و يﺮﯿﮔ

91 /0 ﯽﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ .دﻮﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ رﺎﺸﻓ ياﺮﺑ

.ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ دﺎﻌﺑا زا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺑﺮﺠﺗ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ و هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺋارا اﺮﮔاو و اﺮﮕﻤﻫ ﯽﯾاور درﻮﻣ رد هدﺮﮐ شﻼﺗ ﺮﮕﯾد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧا

ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ارREFS

ﺖﻓﺎﺑ رد و ﯽﺷزرو نارواد زا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ

"

"REFS

،

هزﻮﺣ يزﺎﺑ زا ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ) يزﺎﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺳ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻟآ لﺎﺒﺗﻮﻓ نارواد رد تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و رﺎﺸﻓ ،(يﺮﯿﮔ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ و ﺶﻧاد يﺎﻫ

دﻮﺑ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و كدﻮﺑﻻ 2019

( ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ، ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﺑREFS

ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ )

2011 ( ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﻪﺑ ،

ﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﮐﺮﺗ لﺎﺒﺘﮑﺴﺑ نارواد رد ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ﺪﻌﺑ )

رﻮﻟﻮﭘ ،1

2017 ( ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور . ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ردREFS

،ﻦﺴﻧﺎﻫﻮﺟ يﺎﻫ ﻦﺳﺪﻧﻮﻣآ

) ﻦﮔﺎﻫ و 2018 ﻦﯿﺑ رد ( 191 ﮓﯿﻟ لﺎﯿﺗﻮﻓ ﻪﺒﺨﻧﺮﯿﻏ و ﻪﺒﺨﻧ رواد ژوﺮﻧ يﺎﻫ

) 2018 ( و يد ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗا 2020

ﻦﯿﺑ رد ( 445

لﺎﺒﯿﻟاو ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ و ﯽﻠﻣ رواد )

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺗﻮﯾﺎﺗﻮﯾد 2020

( ﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﻢﻫ ) ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ و مﺎﻬﮕﻨﯿﻧﺎﮐ ًاﺮﯿﺧا .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ 2020

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺰﯿﻧ (

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور دﻮﺧ رد ارREFS

174 ﻪﺘﺷر زا دﺮﻣ و نز رواد هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﯿﮑﺳا و ﺲﮐﻮﺑ ،ﺲﯿﻨﺗ ،ﯽﺘﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ

ﻧا .ﺪ

هزاﺪﻧا و ﻪﯿﻟوا مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﭼﺮﮔا يﺮﯿﮔ

درﻮﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد ،يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ياﺮﺟا ياﺮﺑ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﻞﺑﺎﻗ راﺰﺑا ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑREFS

دﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ و شزرو عﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ هزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﺎﻣا ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ )

،ناﻮﯿﻟﺎﺳ و مﺎﻬﮕﻨﯿﻧﺎﮐ 2020

( .

ﻦﯾا ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ زا ﯽﮑﯾ يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﯿﻌﻗاو

ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نآ ناﺮﮕﻧ نارواد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻤﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺳا كﺪﻧا رﺎﯿﺴﺑ )

ﮓﻧاﻮﻫ ،هدا ،ﺰﺘﻠﻓ و2

2011

؛ ،ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ و ﻦﻠﯾﻮﮔ 2003

( نﺎﺑز ﻪﺑ يرواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ راﺰﺑا ﺮﮔا . رد يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ سﺮﺘﺳد هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ار نآ ناﻮﺗ

ﻣ درﻮﻣ يﺮﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ لﺎﺣ رد اﺮﯾز ،داد راﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄ

سﺮﺘﺳد رد نﺎﺑز ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻘﻓREFS

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ و ﺖﺳا ﻊﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﯿﻔﻣ يراﺰﺑا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ درﻮﻣ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ

هداد يروآ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﮏﯾ زا ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ يروﺮﺿ شزرو رد ﻢﻬﻣ ﯽﯾاور ﻪﭼﺮﮔا .ﺪﺳر

و ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽﻠﺻا د يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ يروا

ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﺋارا نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻫد ﻦﯾا

راﺰﺑا

،ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﯾاور ﺎﻣا

ﻦﯾا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﺗ

ﻪﺑ زوﺮﻣا رد ﻦﯿﺑ نارواد ﯽﻧاﺮﯾا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ راﺮﻗ

ﺖﺳا . مﺪﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻣ

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ،يرواد ﻪﻄﯿﺣ رد ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ و ﯽﻓﺎﮐ راﺰﺑا دﻮﺟو ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ دوﺪﺤﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻫ

ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﻦﯾا راﺰﺑا

،ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﯽﻣ

ناﻮﺗ .دﻮﻤﻧ فﺮﻃﺮﺑ يدوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ار ءﻼﺧ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد

ﺎﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﻪﺨﺴﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ فﺪﻫ

) نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا (REFS

شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ناور فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ﮥﺨﺴﻧ ﯽﺠﻨﺳ

رواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽﻔﯿﺻﻮﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ عﻮﻧ زا ،ﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا نا

- ﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤ

.ﺖﺳا

حﺮﻃ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ و ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ 5

ﺎﺗ 10 ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ﻪﯾﻮﮔﺮﻫ يازا

) ﻦﯿﻠﮐ ،3

2015 ( ار ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا يرﺎﻣآ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ، 228

نارواد زا ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺘﺷر

ﯽﻨﺳ ﮥﻨﻣاد ﺎﺑ يداﺮﻔﻧا و ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ 20

ﺎﺗ 60 لﺎﺳ

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﻪﺑ ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ) ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ يازا 17

ﺖﯾﺎﻔﮐ ﯽﯾاور ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ (ﺮﻔﻧ

ﯽﻣ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ زا و ﺪﻨﮐ

1. Pulur

2. Ede, Hwang

3. Kline

(9)

77

راﺰﺑا

ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻠﺻا راﺰﺑا ﮥﻣﺎﻧ

13 ﺪﯿﺑوﺮﺘﺴﯾد ﻦﯿﻟﻮﮔ ،ﺰﺘﻠﻓ ،زﺮﯿﻣ نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﯽﻟاﺆﺳ )

2012 ( ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا .دﻮﺑ

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد دﺎﻌﺑا ياراد 3

ﻞﻣﺎﺷ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ،لاﺆﺳ 4

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ،لاﺆﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ يﺮﯿﮔ

3 ﻞﻣﺎﺷ رﺎﺸﻓ و لاﺆﺳ 3

ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا لاﺆﺳ

هﺮﻤﻧ ةﻮﯿﺷ ياراد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ يراﺬﮔ

5 ) ﻢﮐ ﯽﻠﯿﺧ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺷزرا 1

) ﻢﮐ ،(

2 ) ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ،(

3 ) دﺎﯾز ،(

4 ) دﺎﯾز ﯽﻠﯿﺧ و ( 5

ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا (

هﺮﻤﻧ 13 هﺮﻤﻧ ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ و 65

) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زﺮﯿﻣ .ﺖﺳا 2012

نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ نارواد رد ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور (

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ و ﯽﯾاور زا نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ﻪﮐ داد ﻞﺑﺎﻗ

ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ لﻮﺒﻗ )

،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زﺮﯿﻣ 2012

( .

ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ياﺮﺟا ﺪﻧور

ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ نآ ﮥﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ هزﺎﺟا و ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ ﮥﻨﯿﻣز رد ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ةﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﺒﺗﺎﮑﻣ اﺪﺘﺑا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ياﺮﺟا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ

ﻪﺑ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز

ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺪﺷ و رد ﮏﯾ ﮥﺴﻠﺟ

،كﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ

ﺎﻫ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻢﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﺷ هداد

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ ﻪﻤﺟﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ و ﺪﺷ نادﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز ﺺﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﮏﯾ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻊﻓر و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد ﮏﯾ رد ،ﺪﻌﺑ

ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﯿﻟوا ﮥﺨﺴﻧ

رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد 30

حﺮﻄﻣ ﻢﻬﺒﻣ نﺎﮔژاو و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نارواد زا ﺮﻔﻧ لدﺎﻌﻣ هﺪﺷ

و يزﺎﺳ تﺎﻣﺎﻬﺑا

حﺮﻄﻣ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد هﺪﺷ حﻼﺻا و ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣادا رد .ﺪﺷ ﻊﻓر هﺪﺷ 260

عﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد و ﺪﺷ هداد راﺮﻗ رواد 228

ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ

نﻮﻣزآ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻣادا رد .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ -

،دﺪﺠﻣ نﻮﻣزآ 30

ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ود ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ نارواد زا ﺮﻔﻧ ار ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ًادﺪﺠﻣ لوا نﻮﻣزآ زا يا

.ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ

يرﺎﻣآ شور

ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗو يرﺎﻣآ زا شور ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ لﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺘﺒﻣ تﻻدﺎﻌﻣ

يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ ﮥﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ

ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ نورد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ زا ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ و خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ زا ﯽﻧورد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ و نﻮﻣزآ شور و يا

- ﺎﺑ دﺪﺠﻣ نﻮﻣزآ

ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ود ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ يا

ﺖﻬﺟ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا مﺎﺠﻧا

تﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ يرﺎﻣآ

مﺮﻧ ود زا ﮥﺨﺴﻧ سا.سا.ﯽﭘ.سا راﺰﻓا 26

مﺮﻧ و لرﺰﯿﻟ راﺰﻓا

ﮥﺨﺴﻧ 8/

8 .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

هﺪﻨﻨﮐ و (لﺎﺳ) يرواد ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ،يرواد ﻪﺟرد ،هﺎﻣ رد يرواد داﺪﻌﺗ ،ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ

ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ .ﺪﻫد

لوﺪﺟ 1 ﯽﮔﮋﯾو . ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﺤﺗ ﮥﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ

ﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ي داﺪﻌﺗ

ﺪﺻرد

ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ

174 3/

76

يداﺮﻔﻧا 54

7/

23

هﺎﻣ رد يرواد داﺪﻌﺗ زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ

5 يزﺎﺑ 155

68

زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ 5 يزﺎﺑ 73

32

يرواد ﻪﺟرد ﻪﺟرد

3 ﻪﺟرد 2 ﻪﺟرد 1ﯽﻠﻣ 78 61

33 46 2/

34 8/

26 5/

14 2/

20

(10)

1401

78

ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا 10

4/

4

(لﺎﺳ) يرواد ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ

5 لﺎﺳلﺎﺳ10 ﺎﺗ5

10 ﺎﺗ 20 لﺎﺳ20 زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ لﺎﺳ 92 52

50 34 3/

40 8/

22 /92 21 /91 14

تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﻢﻠﭙﯾد

ﯽﻧادرﺎﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﺪﺷرا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ

يﺮﺘﮐد 32 23

91 62 20 14 1/

10 9/

39 2/

27 8 8/

نﺎﻤﻫ رﻮﻃ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ 1

ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺐﻠﻏا .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا رد هﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نارواد ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺷر دﻮﺷ

ﻪﺟرد يﺮﮕﯿﺑﺮﻣ ياراد داﺮﻓا 3

نآ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ كرﺪﻣ و زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ

5 زا ﺮﺘﻤﮐ يرواد ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ و هﺎﻣ رد يزﺎﺑ 5

ﯽﻣ لﺎﺳ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ لوﺪﺟ 2 ﺳا فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ هزﺎﺳ دﺎﻌﺑا تاﺮﻤﻧ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘ

.ﺪﻫد

لوﺪﺟ 2 ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ دﺎﻌﺑا رﺎﯿﻌﻣ فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ.

ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ

دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا فاﺮﺤﻧا

يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد 30

/ 12 99

/ 1

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ يﺮﯿﮔ 64

/ 12 93

/ 1

رﺎﺸﻓ 56

/ 11 95

/ 3

تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا 55

/ 16 76

/ 2

(ﻞﮐ) يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ 80

/ 53 72

/ 7

نﺎﻤﻫ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ رﻮﻃ 2

ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ) ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻞﮐ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ،نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ هزﺎﺳ رد دﻮﺷ

13 ﺮﺜﮐاﺪﺣ و (

) ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ هﺮﻤﻧ 65

ﯽﻣ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﺣ زا ،(

ﺪﻨﭼ و هﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﮏﺗ ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺟا زا ﻞﺒﻗ ،ﻪﻣادا رد .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

هداد هﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺎﻫ

مﺮﻧ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﯾدرﺎﻣ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا و لرﺰﯿﻟ راﺰﻓا

هداد ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ةﺪﻨﻫد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﺎﻫ

) دﻮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ 05

/0

P>

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ نورد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ و خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ زا ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ .(

نﻮﻣزآ شور ﻪﺑ يا -

نﻮﻣزآ

لوﺪﺟ رد ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﺪﺠﻣ 3

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ

لوﺪﺟ 3 . ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺎﭘ ﯾﺎ ﯽﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﺎﻔﻟآ ي خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ ) n= 228 ( و ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ نورد

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ يا ) n=30 (

ﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﯾﻮﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ

ﺎﻫ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ نورد ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ يا

يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد 3

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 831

/ 0 81

/ 0

ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ يﺮﯿﮔ 3

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 765

/ 0 79

/ 0

رﺎﺸﻓ 3

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 783

/ 0 77

/ 0

تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا 4

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 817

/ 0 76

/ 0

(ﻞﮐ) يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ 13

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ 825

/ 0 76

/ 0

(11)

79

نﺎﻤﻫ لوﺪﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ 1

ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ يﻻﺎﺑ نآ دﺎﻌﺑا و نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ سﺎﯿﻘﻣ ياﺮﺑ خﺎﺒﻧوﺮﮐ يﺎﻔﻟآ ﺐﯾﺮﺿ ددﺮﮔ

7/

0

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ راﺪﻘﻣ) ﯽﻣ و ﺖﺳا (ندﻮﺑ لﻮﺒﻗ

ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ياراد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ راﺰﺑا ﻪﮐ ﺖﻔﮔ ناﻮﺗ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻟﻮﺒﻗ

ﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ زا تﻻاﺆﺳ و دﺎﻌﺑا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﯾآ ﻪﮐ دﻮ

ﻪﯾﻮﮔ و ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ

فﺮﻌﻣ رد ؟ﺮﯿﺧ ﺎﯾ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ ﮏﯿﻨﮑﺗ

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ

،يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ترﺪﻗ ﮥﻄﺑار ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯿﺑ

ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ) (نﺎﻬﻨﭘ و ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﮥﻠﯿﺳو ﻪﺑ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ رﺎﺑ

ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ

رﺎﺑ .دﻮﺷ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ يراﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺮﻔﺻ و ﮏﯾ رﺎﺑ ﺮﮔا .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ

ﺮﺘﻤﮐ زا 3/

0

،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار ﻒﯿﻌﺿ رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ و زا نآ فﺮﺻ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ رﺎﺑ .ددﺮﮔ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ

ﻦﯿﺑ 3/

0 ﺎﺗ 6/

0 ﻞﺑﺎﻗ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ و لﻮﺒﻗ

زا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ و ﺖﺳا 6/

0 ﻖﺒﻃ ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﺟوﺮﺧ

مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا زا تﻻاﺆﺳ ﻪﻤﻫ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ،لرﺰﯿﻟ 6/

0 زا نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ

لﺪﻣ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ شزاﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺷ) دراد

ةرﺎﻤﺷ 1 هرﺎﻤﺷ لوﺪﺟ و 4

لاﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﮐ يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ياﺮﺟا زا ﺲﭘ .(

12 ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ) يزﺎﺑ ﺶﻧاد ﺪﻌﺑ زا 69

/ 0 لاﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ و ( 8

و 9 ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻋ رﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ) 97

/0 بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﺣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا (

ﯽﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ

ﻞﮑﺷ 1 . لﺪﻣ دروآﺮﺑ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا ﮥﺒﺗﺮﻣ لوا تﻻاﺆﺳ ﮥﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ نارواد يﺪﻣآرﺎﮐدﻮﺧ