The Effect of Cognitive Task Difficulty and Articulation on Postural Sway
Rezvan Azimi1 , Behrouz Abdoli2 , Mohammad Ali Sanjari3 , Reza Khosrowabadi4
1. Corresponding Author, Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected]
2. Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science and Technology in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Email:[email protected]
3. Department of Basic Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Biomechanics Lab., Rehabilitation Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected]
4. Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
27 April 2022 Received in revised form 21 November 2022 Accepted
23 November 2022 Published online
23 November 2022
Keywords:
articulation, dual-task paradigm, unconscious control .
Introduction: Many studies evaluate the interaction between cognition and posture but the effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control.
Methods: Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) performed four random conditions while standing on a force platform. Conditions involved combinations of two level of cognitive task difficulty (easy and difficult cognitive task) and two level of verbal response (simultaneous and final).
Results: Two-way ANOVA (significant level P<0.05) results demonstrated marked increased in the standard deviation and area of 95% confidence ellipse of the center of pressure in the difficult cognitive task condition with simultaneous verbal response. (P<0.05). Also, in the final response condition, difficult cognitive task reduced area of 95% confidence ellipse.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently, attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes. Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of cognitive task and articulation.
Therefore, for designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of the difficulty and articulation of cognitive task.
Cite this article: Azimi, R., Abdoli, B., Sanjari, M A., & Khosrowabadi, R. (2022). The Effect of Cognitive Task Difficulty and Articulation on Postural Sway. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning,14 (3 ),69-81.
DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSMDL.2022.342190.1651 .
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
ExtendedAbstract
Introduction
Research examining posture and cognition strongly suggests that postural control synergies are sensitive to cognitive manipulations. Therefore, the effect of cognitive task on postural control is evaluated in dual-task paradigm that studies in this field have led to contradictory results. Many studies evaluate the interaction between cognition and posture but the effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control.
Methods
Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) signed informed consent forms according to the procedures approved by the Shahid Beheshti University (IR.SBU.ICBS.98/ 1008). Participants performed four random conditions while standing on a force platform.
Conditions involved combinations of two level of cognitive task difficulty (easy and difficult cognitive task) and two level of verbal response (simultaneous and final). The easy cognitive task was comprised of thirty 3-digit random numbers that were presented every 2 seconds on the computer screen.
In the final response condition, the participants were instructed to mentally count the total number of times that one of the pre- selected digits were appeared and in the simultaneous response condition, participants were instructed to count aloud pre- selected digits. Participants had to simultaneously search for the specified digit in each 3-digit number and keep a running total in their mind without counting by fingers. To avoid memorization, the pre-selected digits were not the same across all trials. The difficult cognitive task was comprised of twenty 5-digit random numbers that were presented every 3 seconds on the computer screen. To confirm cognitive involvement of participants, another two random single digits were appeared on the monitor; the participants were instructed to mentally count the total number of times that one of the two pre-selected digits were appeared. Participants had to simultaneously search for the specified digit in each 5-digit number and keep a running total in their mind without counting by fingers. To avoid memorization, the pre-selected digits were not the same across all trials. At the end of trials, participants were instructed to verbally give the total count to ensure cognitive involvement for the entire duration of the trial. Rest break between conditions was 5 minutes, while between trials was 1 minute, if requested.
Results
SD of CoP
The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that when participants had a final verbal answer, the SD of the CoP in the conditions with difficult cognitive task was significantly lower than in the condition of easy cognitive task (P=0.02). When participants had verbal responses simultaneously, no significant difference was seen between difficult cognitive task and easy cognitive task conditions (P=0.13). On the other
hand, in the conditions of a difficult cognitive task, the simultaneous verbal response compared to the final verbal response led to an increase in the SD of CoP (P=0.008). This effect was not seen in easy cognitive task conditions (P=0.44).
Area of 95 % of confidence ellipse of CoP
The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that when participants had a final verbal answer, the area of 95%
confidence ellipse of CoP was significantly lower in conditions with difficult cognitive task than in easy cognitive task conditions (P=0.03). When participants had verbal responses simultaneously, a significant difference was seen between the conditions of difficult cognitive task and easy cognitive task (P=0.001). On the other hand, in the conditions of difficult cognitive task, the simultaneous verbal response compared to the final verbal response led to an increase in the area of 95% confidence ellipse of CoP (P=0.001). This effect was not seen in easy cognitive task conditions (P=0.70).
Figure 1- Standard deviation of CoP position in the anterior-posterior direction (AP) in different conditions.
Figure 2- Area of 95 % of confidence ellipse of CoP position in the anterior-posterior direction (AP) in different conditions.
Conclusion
According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently, attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes.
Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of cognitive task and articulation. Therefore, for designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of the difficulty and articulation of cognitive task.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines: Participants signed in formed consent forms according to the procedures approved by the Shaid Beheshti university (IR.SBU.ICBS.98/1008).
Funding: The authors received no financial support.
Authors’ contribution: All authors contributed equally.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments: Authors would like to thank students of Shahid Beheshti and Bonyan Sanat Novin Co.(BSN) for developing a custom program for cognitive task presentations.
ﺄﺗ ﺛﯿ ﺮ راﻮﺷد ي ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ اﺪﺻ و ي رﺎﺘﻔﮔ ي ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺮﺑ
ﯽﻤﯿﻈﻋ ناﻮﺿر
1
،
ﯽﻟﺪﺒﻋ زوﺮﻬﺑ
، 2
يﺮﺠﻨﺳ ﯽﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ
، 3
يدﺎﺑآوﺮﺴﺧ ﺎﺿر
4
1 ةﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ. لوﺆﺴﻣ
، رﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ ي
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽ
، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽ
، ﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯿﺪ ﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
2 رﺎﺘﻓر مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ. ي
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽ
، ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽ
، ﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯿﺪ ﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﯽ
، ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
3 ﺎﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هوﺮﮔ. ﯾ
،ﻪ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ مﻮﻠﻋ ﯽ
ﺎﻣزآ و ﯾ هﺎﮕﺸ ﺑﯿ ﻧﺎﮑﻣﻮ ﯿ
،ﮏ ﻘﺤﺗ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯿ تﺎﻘ ﺸﺨﺒﻧاﻮﺗ ﯽ
، ﮑﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
اﯾ
،ناﺮ ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
4 ﺪﮑﺸﻫوﮋﭘ. ة مﻮﻠﻋ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﺰﻐﻣ و ﯿﺪ
ﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﯽ ا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﯾ
ناﺮ . [email protected]
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻟﺎﻘﻣ
ﮥ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 07 / 02 / 1401
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 30
/ 07 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 02 / 09 / 1401
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 02 / 09 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
،ﻪﻧﺎﮔود ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يﻮﮕﻟا ،رﺎﯿﺸﻫﺎﻧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ .
ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ : مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ و ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺮﺛا نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺎﻣا
ﺮﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ
ﻨﺷور ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﯽ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ زا .
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ) يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا (ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺸﻧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺳرد ﻦﯾا
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ فﺪﻫ
و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺮﺛا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ
.
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور 20
ﺐﻠﻃواد ناﻮﺟ ﯽﻨﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ) ﻢﻟﺎﺳ 3/
2
± 22 ياﺮﺟا ياﺮﺑ ،(لﺎﺳ 4
يور ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ
ﮥﺤﻔﺻ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ .ﺪﻧدﺎﺘﺴﯾا وﺮﯿﻧ ﮐﺮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﯿ ﺐ ود يراﻮﺷد ﺢﻄﺳ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ (راﻮﺷد و نﺎﺳآ) و ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ) ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و
.دﻮﺑ (نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ : ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻪﻫارود
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ راد ي 05 /0
<
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،P ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﯽ ار رد ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ رد
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ راﻮﺷد
) داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ 05
/0
<
(P ﻨﭽﻤﻫ . ﯿ ﻦ
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ترﻮﺻ رد نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ
، ) ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد ﺎﻣا 05
/0
<
.(P
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي : ﺎﺑ ﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﯾ ﺞ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻪﺑ ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻪﮐ ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﺑ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ گرﺰﺑ
ﺮﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ زا ي
زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ دراد ﯽﺘﻣﺎﻗ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ زا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ندﺮﮐ رود ﻪﺑ و ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ار ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺎﺗ دراد هزﺎﺟا رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ شزادﺮﭘ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .
ﯽﺑﺎﺗزﺎﺑ و ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ،رﺎﯿﺸﻫﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ
ترﻮﺻ .ﺪﻨﮐ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ يﺮﺗﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﺮﺛا زا ﻊﻧﺎﻣ و هﺪﺷ ﻣ
ﯽ دﻮﺷ تاﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ تﻼﺧاﺪﻣ ﯽﺣاﺮﻃ رد ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد . ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ
ﺑ يروﺮﺿ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻪ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر .
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ناﻮﺿر ،ﯽﻤﯿﻈﻋ
؛ زوﺮﻬﺑ ،ﯽﻟﺪﺒﻋ
؛ ﺎﺿر ،يدﺎﺑآوﺮﺴﺧ و ؛ﯽﻠﻋﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،يﺮﺠﻨﺳ )
1401 .(
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿﺮ راﻮﺷد ي ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ اﺪﺻ و ي رﺎﺘﻔﮔ ي ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺸﻧ.
ﯾﻪ و ﺪﺷر
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ
، ) 3(
14
، 69-81 .
DOI:http//doi.org/10.22059/JSMDL.2022.342190.1651
ﺎﻧ ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺮﺷ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ﺷزرو ﯽ و .ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺮﺑ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
73
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺳ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺑﯿ ﺎﻨ و ﯽﻘﻤﻋ ﺲﺣ ،ﯽﯾ ﻠﻫد
ﯿﺰ رد ي لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ و ﺖﺳا ﻢﻬﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ1
تﻻﻼﺘﺧا ﻦﯾا رد
ﺳ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ار
لﻼﺘﺧا رﺎﭼد ﻣ
ﯽ .ﺪﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا ﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ
ﯿﺮ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ و
يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ
ﯽ يﺮﺸﻗ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ رد ﺮﯿﮔرد
ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺰﻐﻣ ﺖﺳا . تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ نﺎﺸﻧ هداد ﺪﻧا ﺳ ﻪﮐ ﯿ ﻢﺘﺴ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ، ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ تﺎﺟرد ﻪﺑ
ﯽ ﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ زا ﯿ زﺎ دراد ) ،رﻮﺋاﺮﺑ
كﻮﮐ يﻮﻣﺎﺷ و تﺎﮐﻮﻟو ،2
2002
؛ ﻦﻧﻮﺠﮐ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،3
2002 ،ﮓﻨﯾو و ﺮﻠﯾﺎﻣ ؛ 1996
( . ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد ﻬﻨﯿﻣز
لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ياﺮﺒ
ﻪﻧﺎﮔود ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يﻮﮕﻟا ﺖﻣﺎﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا4
هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا ) ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و زﺮﭼوﺮﺳد ،ﻦﯾﻮﺗﻮﭘ ،5
2017 (.
ﭘﯿ ﺶ ضﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﮔود ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يﻮﮕﻟا
ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻢﻬﺳ ،يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ شزادﺮﭘ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ رد ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ود ﺮﻫ ﺎﯾ ﮏﯾ ياﺮﺟا رد لﻼﺘﺧا و دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻦﯾا زا ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺮﻫ
،ﺖﺳا دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﭽﻧآ زا ﺶﯿﺑ ﯽﺘﯿﻓﺮﻇ ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ ترﻮﺻ ﺖﺳا
) تﺎﮐﻮﻟوو و ﻮﯿﺳ ،6
2007 .(
ﺎﺑ دﻮﺟو ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد رﺎﯿﺴﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ا ي
ﺖﺳا فﻼﺘﺧا و ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ارﺎﺑ 2012
( ﯽﺧﺮﺑ . ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺎﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ هداد ﺪﻧا مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﮏ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ا ﺖﻟﺎﺣ رد ﯾ
هدﺎﺘﺴ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺐﺟﻮﻣ و نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ رد
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ دﻮﺷ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ار دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻞﯿﻟد و
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺿﺮﻓ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ7
هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا
) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺴﻟﻮﭘ 2015
؛ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رزﺮﭼوﺮﺳد 2017
؛ ،ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و ﺮﭽﯾر 2020
؛ ﮏﯿﺑ و ﮏﯾدﺮﯾور ،ﺰﯿﺘﺳا ،8
2011 (،
ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﻦﯾا رد
ﻢﻬﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ،ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ گرﺰﺑ
ﺮﺗ زﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ زا ي اد
در و رد ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﯽﺘﻣﺎﻗ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ زا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ندﺮﮐ رود ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛
ﯽﺑﺎﺗزﺎﺑ و ﻊﯾﺮﺳ ،رﺎﯿﺸﻫﺮﯿﻏ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا و ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ نوﺪﺑ ار ﺖﻣﺎﻗ تﺎﻤﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﺎﺗ دراد هزﺎﺟا رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ
ترﻮﺻ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺮﺗﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ
ﺪﻫد ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﮑﻧاد 2007
ﺎﯿﺷ و ﻦﯾﻮﻨﮑﻣ ،ﻒﻟو ؛ 2001
(.
،ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا ﯾ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺮﮐذ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ياﺮﺟا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﯽﮕﺘﺨﯿﮕﻧا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ود ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ار ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ
) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺖﯾﺎﺳ 2014
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﯾرﺰﻨﻟ ؛ 2015
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﮓﻨﻣ ؛ 2019
،ﺎﯾﮋﻠﭘ ؛ 2003
؛ ،تﺎﮐﻮﻟو و كﻮﮐ يﻮﻣﺎﺷ 2000
(.
ﻞﯾﻻد زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﯿﺑدا ا
دﺎﺠﯾ ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﺢﻄﺳ ار ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ راﻮﺷد
ﺗ ي ﻒﯿﻠﮑ ﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﺘﺧ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺪﻟﻮﻬﺴﮐﻮﻫ 2006
؛
،اﺮﺘﯿﻣ 2003 ،ﺎﯾﮋﻠﭘ ؛ 2003 (،
ﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﺎﻣا اﺰﻓا
ﯾ ﺶ راﻮﺷد ي ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻨﮐ .ﻢﯿﺘﺴﻫ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ نﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ل
ﯽﻀﻌﺑ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ شراﺰﮔ ار راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ رﻮﻀﺣ رد ﺖﻣﺎﻗ
هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا ) ،ﻦﻤﻓﺎﻫ و ﺮﺘﻧﺎﻫ 2001
،ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺴﻟﻮﭘ ؛ 2016
؛
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻟدرﺎﯾ 2001
( ﯾ ﺎﻣا ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﯾ زا اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻦﯾرﺰﻨﻟ 2015
،ﺎﯾﮋﻠﭘ ؛ 2003 ( . ياﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ
يﻮﺟﻻ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺴﻟﻮﭘ
9 ) 2016 ( ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .ﺖﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ار داﺪﻋا شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﮏﯾ يراﻮﺷد حﻮﻄﺳ
ﺖﯿﺳ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و10
) 2014 ( سﻮﮑﻌﻣ شرﺎﻤﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺢﻄﺳ ود 3
و ﻢﻗر 13 حﻮﻄﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ رد ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺗ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ار ﻢﻗر
ﻦﯾراﺰﻨﻟ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮑﻧ شراﺰﮔ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و11
) 2015 ( ا يراﻮﺷد ﺢﻄﺳ ود ﺎﺑ ﯽﻨﻫذ تﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﮏﯾ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ
دﺮﮐ ﺪﻧ
.ﺖﺳا هاﺮﻤﻫ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺎﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ و ﺘﮑﻧ
ﮥ نﺎﯾﺎﺷ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﺟﻮﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ياﺮﺑ
،ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ زا
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽ و
هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻠﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﺄﺗ ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ ناﺰﯿﻣ
ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ) ﻦﮔﺮﻓﻮﺘﺳا
12 ، 2007 (.
ﻞﺻا رد ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ناﺰﯿﻣ ندﺮﮑﻧ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﺖﻔﮔ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
1. Postural control
2. Brauer, Woollacott, & Shumway-Cook
3. Kejonen, Kauranen, Ahasan, & Vanharanta
4. Dual-task paradigm
5. Potvin-Desrochers, Richer, & Lajoie
6. Siu & Woollacott
7. Automatic control
8. Stins, Roerdink, & Beek
9. Polskaia & Lajoie
10. Ceyte
11. Lanzarin
12. Stoffregen
74
ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷزرو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر 1401
.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ هوﻼﻋ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﺘﻣﺎﻗ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ندﺮﮑﻧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ يراﻮﺷد حﻮﻄﺳ يرﺎﮑﺘﺳد ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿﺮ ﺪﻫد راﺮﻗ ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ارﺎﺑ 2007
؛ ﻦﯿﺴﺘﻧﻮﻣ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2020
؛ ﻊﯿﻔﺷ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و هداز
؛ ﻦﯾوﺮﭘ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و رﻮﭘ
2020 ( ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﯽﺘﻣﺎﻗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ . ﺎﻫرﺎﮐوزﺎﺳ
ي ؛ﺪﻧراد ﯽﺗوﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﻟﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺑ
ياﺮ لﺎﺜﻣ ، ﯽﻧﺎﻣز راﺪﯾﺎﭘﺎﻧ ﺢﻄﺳ يور دﺮﻓ ﻪﮐ ﻣ
ﯽ اﯾ ﺪﺘﺴ
، ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ﻪﮐ
ﺎﺑ (راﺪﯾﺎﭘ) ﻦﯿﻣز ﺢﻄﺳ يور ﺪﺷ
، ﻦﮕﻟ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ2
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ) ﺮﻨﺸﻧ و كارﻮﻫ ،3
1986 ( ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ و رد
ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﺠ ﮥ ﻦﯾا توﺎﻔﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺮﺛا ،
دﺮﯿﮕﺑ راﺮﻗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ .
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ،ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ
ار ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻣ
ﯽ ناﻮﺗ » ياﺪﺻ
يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ
« ياﺮﺟا ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد .دﺮﮐ ﺮﮐذ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﮏﯾ ياﺮﺟا لﻮﻃ رد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ نﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﯾ4
هﺪﺷ لﺎﻌﻓ ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﻦﯿﺣ رد ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺰﮐاﺮﻣ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ و
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻞﺧاﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ درﻮﺧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .
ﺰﯿﻧ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يراﺪﯿﻨﺷ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻞﺧاﺪﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا )
گﺮﺒﻨﻓا و ﯽﯾﺎﻗ ،5
2017 (.
عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻤﻫا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ
» يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ
« ﻪﺑ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻧ
ﺘﻓﺮﮕ ﻪ .ﺖﺳا
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ تﺎﯿﺑدا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﯽﻠﮐ -
ﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺳا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ رد تﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ تﺎﻌ
، ﺎﻣا
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ رد ﻗد
ﯿ ﻖ ﺮﺗ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هﺪﯾد ﻪﺑ
ﻮﭼ ﯽﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ و هدﻮﺒﻧ تﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ندﺮﮑﻧ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ن
نآ ﺮﺛا ندﺮﮐ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ نوﺪﺑ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﻣﺎﻗ ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ دوﺪﺤﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﺎﻫ ي هﺪﺷ ﺾﻗﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺐﺒﺳ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا
ﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ندﺮﮑﻧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ »
يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ
« ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد حﻮﻄﺳ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ تاﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠ
ﺮﺛﺆﻣ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
ياﺪﺻ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﺸﯿﭘ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﯾدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻊﻓر ﺎﺑ ﻢﯾراد ﺪﺼﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﮔ
ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ) يرﺎﺘﻔ
دﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ود ﻦﯾا ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و (ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿﺮ راﺮﻗ د ضﺮﻓ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد .ﻢﯾزادﺮﭙﺑ ،ﺪﻫ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺢﻄﺳ زا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺮﺛا
ﺪﺻ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ يا .دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ
شور ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﺒﺷ ﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﻘﺤﺗ حﺮﻃ ﯿ ﻖ ﺮﺳ ي - ﻧﺎﻣز ﯽ .ﺖﺳا ﺗ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ داﺪﻌ مﺮﻧ
راﺰﻓا روﺎﭘ ﯽﺟ يرﺎﻣآ ناﻮﺗ بﺎﺴﺘﺣا ﺎﺑ و6
8/
0،
زاﺪﻧا ة ﺮﺛا 3/
0 و ﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﮥ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا 95 /0 ، 15 ﺪﺷ دروآﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ
، ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ لﺎﺣ ،شﺰﯾر بﺎﺴﺘﺣا ﺎﺑ ، 20
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ
. ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻦﯾا
ﺮﺘﺧد نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﻣﯿ ﮕﻧﺎ ﯿ ﻦ ﯽﻨﺳ 3
± /2 22 لﺎﺳ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ نﺎﯾﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ﻬﺷ
ﯿﺪ ﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ رد ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﯽ
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ داﺮﻓا
ﺑ ﺺﻘﻧ ﯿ ﺎﻨ ﺎﯾ ﯽﯾ حﻼﺻا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺳو ﯿﻠ ﮥ و ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﮏﻨﯿﻋ ﻟدﺎﻌﺗ لﻼﺘﺧا
،ﯽ ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺎﻫ ي ﺘﻠﮑﺳا ﯽ ﻧﻼﻀﻋ ﯽ تﻻﻼﺘﺧا و
ﺒﺼﻋ ﯽ .ﺪﻧدﺮﮑﻧ شراﺰﮔ ار ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ر ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ار دﻮﺧ ﺖﯾﺎﺿ ﺎﺿر
ﯾ ﺖ ﮥﻣﺎﻧ مﻼﻋا ﯽﺒﺘﮐ ﺮﮐ
ﺪﻧد ﺘﯿﻤﮐ زا قﻼﺧا ﺪﮐ ياراد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾا . ﮥ
رد قﻼﺧا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺸﻬﺑ ﺪﯿﻬﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺘﺴﯾز ي رﺎﻤﺷ
ة
IR.SBU.ICBS.98/1008
.ﺖﺳا
1. Montecinos
2. Hip strategy
3. Horak & Nashner
4. Articulation
5. Ghai, & Effenberg
6. Power*G
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺮ راﻮﺷد ي ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ اﺪﺻ و ي رﺎﺘﻔﮔ ي ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺮﺑ
75
راﺰﺑا
ﮏﯾ يور ندﺎﺘﺴﯾا ،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺤﻔﺻ
ﮥ وﺮﯿﻧ .دﻮﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد حﻮﻄﺳ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺎﺑ1
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ .دﻮﺑ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ و نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ود ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽ ،ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﻫ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ .ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ
رﻮﻃ ﯽﻠﮐ هداد ﺎﻫ ي رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ
2
نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ياﺮﺟا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رﺎﻬﭼ ﺖﺤﺗ -
نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ياﺮﺟا ،نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ -
ﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ياﺮﺟا ،ﯽ
راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ -
راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ياﺮﺟا و نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ -
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ .ﺪﺷ ﺖﺒﺛ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نﺎﺳآ
30 دﺪﻋ
ﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﯽ 3 ﻤﻗر ﯽ دﻮﺑ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ 2 ﻧﺎﺛ ﯿﻪ ور ي ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ارﯾ ﻪﻧﺎ ﻪﺋارا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ . ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ رﻮﻀﺣ تﺎﻌﻓد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هداد شزﻮﻣآ ﯾﮑ
ﯽ مﺎﻗرا زا
ﭘ زا ﯿ ﺶ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هﺪﺷ ﻨﻫذ ار نﺎﺘﺸﮕﻧا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نوﺪﺑ و ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻊﻤﺟ و شرﺎﻤﺷ
. ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ رﻮﺒﺠﻣ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ
ﻢﻗر ﺺﺨﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ ار
ﺮﻫ رد دﺪﻋ 3 ﻤﻗر ﯽ ﺖﺴﺟ و اﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻮﺟ ي
ﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﯿﺮ ي ﭘ زا مﺎﻗرا ،ندﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ زا ﯿ
ﺶ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هﺪﺷ رد ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ .دﻮﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﯽ
راﻮﺷد ﻞﻣﺎﺷ 20 ﻓدﺎﺼﺗ دﺪﻋ ﯽ
5 ﻤﻗر ﯽ دﻮﺑ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ 3 ﻧﺎﺛ ﯿﻪ ور ي ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ارﯾ ﻪﻧﺎ ﻪﺋارا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷ .
ﺪﻧور اﺮﺟا ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ رﻮﻀﺣ تﺎﻌﻓد داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺷ هداد شزﻮﻣآ ود
ﭘ زا ﻢﻗر ﯿ ﺶ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هﺪﺷ ﻨﻫذ ار ﺑ و ﯽ نﺎﺘﺸﮕﻧا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نوﺪ ﻊﻤﺟ و شرﺎﻤﺷ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ . ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ رﻮﺒﺠﻣ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ
ا ﻗر ﺎ م ﺺﺨﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ ﺮﻫ رد ار دﺪﻋ 5 ﻤﻗر ﯽ ﺖﺴﺟ ﻮﺟو ﻨﻨﮐ ﺪ.
اﺮﺑ ي ﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﯿﺮ ي مﺎﻗرا ،ندﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ زا
ﭘ زا ﯿ ﺶ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا هﺪﺷ رد ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ .دﻮﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﻬﺗ يﻮﺟﻻ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺴﻟﻮﭘ ﺪﺷ ﻪﯿ
) ،ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺴﻟﻮﭘ 2016
( .
زا ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ تﺎﻌﻓد داﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ﺋارا
ﮥ ﻞﮐ رد ار مﺎﻗرا ﺎﻫدﺪﻋ
ﮏﯾ ي ﻦﻫذ رد ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﻪﮕﻧ
ﺪﻧراد زا ﺲﭘ و
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ياﺮﺟا ﻦﯿﺣ رد داﺮﻓا ،نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ رد ﺎﻣا .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ شراﺰﮔ ار ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ راﺮﮑﺗ داﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺶﺷﻮﮐ مﺎﻤﺗا داﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ياﺪﺻ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺮﻫ ﺎﺑ ار راﺮﮑﺗ مﻼﻋا ﺪﯾﺪﺟ دﺪﻋ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ رﺎﺑ
ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ .
رد ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ ،نﻮﻣزآ ياﺮﺟا زا
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ،ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ مﺎﻤﺗ رد
ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫﺎﭘ زاﺪﻧا ة ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﺷ ضﺮﻋ
، تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ 60 ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ
يور ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯾﺎﺑ وﺮﯿﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﻢﺸﭼ ﺢﻄﺳ رد و ﺮﺗﻮﻠﺟ ﺮﺘﻣ ود ﻪﮐ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﻬﻧآ
ﺖﺷاد راﺮﻗ
، .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ هﺎﮕﻧ ﻣ
ﻌﻗﻮ ﯿ ﺖ ﺎﭘ ي ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ور ي ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﻧﯿ وﺮ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ هﺪﺷ زا ﺎﺗ دﻮﺑ تﺎﺒﺛ ﮔراﺮﻗ ﯿﺮ ي ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ رد ﺎﭘ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﻫ ي يﺪﻌﺑ ﻤﻃا ﯿ نﺎﻨ دﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺮﻫ .
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ
و ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺳ
.دﻮﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﭘ رد
ﯾ نﺎ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺮﻫ ،
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻤﻃا ﯿ نﺎﻨ ﮔرد زا ﯿﺮ ي ﻨﺷ ﺘﺧﺎ ﯽ ﮏﯾ تﺪﻣ مﺎﻤﺗ رد
ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﯿﭘ زا ﻢﻗر رﻮﻀﺣ تﺎﻌﻓد داﺪﻌﺗ درﻮﻣ رد
ﻌﺗ ﯿﯿ ﻦ هﺪﺷ راﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ نآ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﺑ
ﯽﺳرﺮ ﺪﺷ ﺮﮔا . ﺮﻤﻧ ة ﺎﻄﺧ ي
ﺖﮐﺮﺷ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ اﺮﺑ ي ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ زا نﺎﺳآ رﺎﻬﭼ اﺮﺑ و ي ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺑ راﻮﺷد ﯿ ﺮﺘﺸ زا ﺶﺷ دﻮﺑ
، ﻮﮐ ﺶﺷ رد ﺎﭘ ﯾ نﺎ رﺎﮐ راﺮﮑﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺷ .
نﺎﻣز ﺮﻫ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ 60 و ﻪﯿﻧﺎﺛ ﺑ ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا ﯿ
ﻦ ﺶﺷﻮﮐ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳاﻮﺧرد ترﻮﺻ رد ﺖﮐﺮﺷ
نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ 1 ﻗد ﯿ ﻪﻘ دﻮﺑ . ﻫ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻣزآ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﺮﻫ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤ
5 ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﻘﯿﻗد )
،ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺴﻟﻮﭘ 2016
(.
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
ﯾ ﮏ هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﻧﯿ وﺮ شﻼﯿﻣ ﻦﯾﻮﻧ ﺖﻌﻨﺻ نﺎﯿﻨﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ
خﺮﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ رادﺮﺑ ي 100
ﺰﺗﺮﻫ هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي .ﺪﺷ اﯾ ﻦ ﻠﺑﺎﻗ راﺰﺑا ﯿ ﺖ هزاﺪﻧا ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﻧﯿ وﺮ ز ﺖﻗد ﺎﺑ ار رﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﺳ رد ﯾ
دﺎ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻧ . ﯿ ﺞﻨﺳوﺮ ﻪﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ي دﺎﻌﺑا ﺎﺑ 8 × 45 × 45
ﺘﻧﺎﺳ ﯽ ﺮﺘﻣ ﺐﻌﮑﻣ ياراد ، 4 ) ﺮﮕﺴﺣ
Strain gaug Zemic
( رد رﺎﻬﭼ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و هﺎﮕﺘﺳد ﻪﺷﻮﮔ 88
/0 .ﺖﺳا هداد ﺎﻫ ي ﺤﻔﺻ ﮥ ﻧﯿ وﺮ ﺎﺑ
زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا مﺮﻧ
راﺰﻓا ﺐﻠﺘﻣ ﺨﺴﻧ ﮥ 2017 شزادﺮﭘ و ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ) ﯽﻔﻠﺧ ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
SD CoPAP
( رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ،3
)
ACE CoP
( ) رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ و4
CoP
(Vm
.ﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ5
زا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ مﺮﻧ
راﺰﻓا ي ياﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ
1. Force plate
2. Center of pressure
3. Standard deviation of center of pressure in anterior posterior direction
4. Area of 95% confidence ellipse of center of pressure
5. Mean Velocity of center of pressure
76
رو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷز
1401
ﻦﯾا مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا
ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ ياﺮﺑ وﯾ
ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ نﺎﻣز ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ،ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ و دﻮﺑ داﺪﻋا ﻢﻗر داﺪﻌﺗ و ﻒﯿﻟﺎﮑﺗ يﺪﻨﺑ
ﻈﺤﻟ ﮥ ار ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺶﯾﺎﻤﻧ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﺖﺒﺛ ﺎﺑ ﺤﻔﺻ
ﮥ ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ وﺮﯿﻧ ﻣ
ﯽ دﺮﮐ .
شور رﺎﻣآ ي
ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ رد هداد
ﺎﻫ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ي ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
- زا رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ و رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ،ﯽﻔﻠﺧ
ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ يرﺎﻣآ شور ﻫارود
ﮥ نورد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ 2 رد (راﻮﺷد و نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ) 2
(ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ و نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ) .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ يرﺎﻣآ ي مﺮﻧ
راﺰﻓا سا.سا.ﯽﭘ.سا ﺨﺴﻧ
ﮥ 26 ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﺎﻨﻌﻣ راد ي 05 /0
<
مﺎﺠﻧاP
ﺖﻓﺮﮔ . ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ اﺮﺑ ي ﻢﺳر ﺎﻫرادﻮﻤﻧ زا مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا
ﺪﭘ فاﺮﮔ ﺨﺴﻧ1
ﮥ 8 هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ .
ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ي ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
هداد ﺎﻫ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺶﯾاﺮﮔ ﺻﻮﺗ
ﯿ ﻒ ﺪﺷ لوﺪﺟ) 1 .(
هوﻼﻋ ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ﭘﯿ ﺶ ضﺮﻓ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ هداد
ﺎﻫ ﺎﺑ
وﺮﯿﭘﺎﺷ نﻮﻣزآ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا -
ﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﮏﻠﯾو و ﺪ
ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ هداد
ﺎﻫ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ي ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ
ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ -
،ﯽﻔﻠﺧ
) دﻮﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ و رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ 05
/0
>
.(P
لوﺪﺟ 1 دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳا فاﺮﺤﻧا و ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ . رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ
ﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺘ
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﯽﻔﻠﺧ ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ
ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ /نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 45
2±91/ / 2 43
250±38/ / 282 34
4±15/ / 8
نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ /نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 24
/ 1±61 / 2 86
/ 270±82 / 298 04
/ 6±03 / 10
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ /راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 13
1±01/ / 2 23
210±01/ / 240 47
2±48/ / 7
نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ /راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 15
/ 3±56 / 3 98
/ 292±45 / 578 95
/ 5±14 / 13
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ
ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻫارود
نورد ﮥ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ
- ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻔﻠﺧ
) ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ 005 / 0
=
η2
، 75 /0
=
،P
09 / 0
= ) 19 و 1(
) يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ﺎﻣا ،دﻮﺒﻧ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ (F
30 /0
=
η2
، 02 /0
=
،P
08 /6
= ) 19 و 1(
(F
ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا و ﺎﻬﻧآ
) 24 /0
=
η2
، 03 / 0
=
،P
32 /5
= ) 19 و 1(
(F
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ راد .دﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ نﺪﺷ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﯿﻟد
،ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا اﺮﺑ
ي ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺟوز ﯽ زا رﻮﺘﺳد
syntax
نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻘﻌﺗ
ﯿﺒ ﯽ ﻧوﺮﻔﻧﻮﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ داﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ
) نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 02
/ 0
= (P
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ داﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ
1. Graphpad
ﺛﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺮ راﻮﺷد ي ﻠﮑﺗ ﯿ ﻒ ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ اﺪﺻ و ي رﺎﺘﻔﮔ ي ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺮﺑ
77
) ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﯾد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ و راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻦﯿﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد 13
/0
= ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .(P
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ،راﻮﺷد ﻣ
ﺮﺠﻨ ) ﺪﺷ 008 / 0
= ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺮﺛا ﻦﯾا .(P
) ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﯾد نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 44
/ 0
= .( P
ﻞﮑﺷ 1 ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﯽﻔﻠﺧ ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ .
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ
ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻫارود
ﮥ نورد ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
) ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا داد نﺎﺸﻧ 25
/ 0
=
η2
، 02 /0
=
،P
51 /6
= ) 19 و 1(
) يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ،(F
45 / 0
=
η2
، 002 / 0
=
،P
59 / 13
= ) 19 و 1(
( F
) ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا و 43
/0
=
η2
، 002 / 0
=
،P
18 / 13
= ) 19 و 1(
(F
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ راد .دﻮﺑ ﻪﺑ
،ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا نﺪﺷ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﯿﻟد اﺮﺑ
ي ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺟوز ﯽ زا رﻮﺘﺳد
syntax
.ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻘﻌﺗ
ﯿﺒ ﯽ ﻧوﺮﻔﻧﻮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ داﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد
) نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ راﻮﺷد 03
/0
= (P
ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز
داﺮﻓا ﻪﮐ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻦﯿﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
) ﺪﺷ هﺪﯾد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ و راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 001
/0
= ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ،راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا .(P
ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
) ﺪﺷ 001 /0
= اﺮﺷ رد ﺮﺛا ﻦﯾا .(P
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻂﯾ
) ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﯾد نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ 70
/ 0
= .(P
ﻞﮑﺷ 2 ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ .
78
رو ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ يﺮﯿﮔدﺎﯾ و ﺪﺷر ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ ،مﻮﺳ ةرﺎﻤﺷ ،ﻢﻫدرﺎﻬﭼ ةرود ،ﯽﺷز
1401
رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ
ﺲﻧﺎﯾراو ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻫارود
نورد ﮥ ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ رد ﯽﻫوﺮﮔ -
اد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻔﻠﺧ يراﻮﺷد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا د
) ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ 06
/0
=
η2
، 28 / 0
=
،P
27 /1
= ) 19 و 1(
) يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺮﺛا ﺎﻣا ،دﻮﺒﻧ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ (F
36 /0
=
η2
، 006 /0
=
،9P
/ 9
=
) 19 و 1(
) ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮﺛا و (F
21 / 0
= η2
، 03 /0
=
،P
12 /6
= ) 19 و 1(
(F
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ راد دﻮﺑ . ﻪﺑ ﺛا نﺪﺷ رادﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻞﯿﻟد
،ﯽﻠﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺮ اﺮﺑ
ي ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺟوز ﯽ
زا رﻮﺘﺳد
syntax
نﻮﻣزآ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻘﻌﺗ
ﯿﺒ ﯽ ﻧوﺮﻔﻧﻮﺑ ﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻦﯿﺑ ار يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﯽ .داﺪ
لوﺪﺟ 2 . ﺎﻘﻣ ﯾ ﻪﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﯽﺟوز
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ P
ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ
ﯽﻀﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ
نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ
ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ
02 / 0 03
/ 0 31
/ 0
نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ
نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ 13
/ 0 001
/ 0 2/
0
نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ
نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ 44
/ 0 7/
0 16
/ 0
راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ
نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ 008
/ 0 001
/ 0 07
/ 0
و ﺚﺤﺑ ﺘﻧ ﯿ ﻪﺠ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي
فﺪﻫ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يور ندﺎﺘﺴﯾا ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ رد ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺑ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ ياﺪﺻ و ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﺮﺛا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺳ
زا ﯽﮑﯾ .دﻮﺑ ﻦﯿﻣز ﺢﻄ
ضﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ يراﻮﺷد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﯽﻓﺮﻃ زا . ﮐ
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼ
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﺖﺤﺗ ار ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ود ﻦﯾا و ﺛﺄﺗ
ﯿﺮ راﺮﻗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻫد راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
ﯽﻣاﺪﻗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد (نﺎﺳﻮﻧ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ) رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ -
و ﯽﻔﻠﺧ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺑ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﻀﯿ
ﺪﺷ
، ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ﻪﮐ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﺮﺠﻨﻣ
ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﭘ
ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎ
راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ
.ﺪﺸﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ نﺎﺳآ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ رﺎﺸﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ رد يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ
ﯽﻧﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﻣﻼﮐ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ راﻮﺷد ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ رﻮﻀﺣ رد ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ شزادﺮﭘ و ﻪﺟﻮﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﮐ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﯿﺑدا ﺎﺑ
رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ .دﻮﺷ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺎﯾﺎﮑﺳﻮﭘ
2015 ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و ﺮﭽﯾر ،(
1 ) 2020 ﺖﻧﺎﻣآ و ( نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
) 2020 ( ار ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻧداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ رﻮﻀﺣ رد ﻪﺑ
ﺖﻣﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﻮﻧ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯽﻄﺧ يﺎﻫدﺮﮑﯾور رد ﻪﮑﻨﯾا نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪﻨﻫد ة ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ
ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻒﯿﻠﮑﺗ رﻮﻀﺣ رد ﺖﻣﺎﻗ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ،ﺖﺳا ﻣ
ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ رﺎﮐدﻮﺧ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ )
،ﯽﯾﻮﺟﻻ و ﺮﭽﯾر 2020
( .
1. Richer & Lajoie
2. Amant
