CONCLUSION AND RESULTS
4.1 Conclusion of the Study
In order to complete this research, the researcher analyzed the data through the considering process of translation editing with three theoretical frameworks of three scholars; 1) Chantaket (1985), 2) Baker (1992), and 3) Saibua (1999). After that, the frequency of the results were 194 tokens which can be divided into three levels as follows;
Table 4.1 Frequency of the Translation Editing Techniques Found in Each Level Levels No. Types of Translation Editing
Techniques Frequency Percentage 1. Sound &
Orthographical
1. Structure of Words 20 10.30
2. Sound 18 9.27
2. Lexical 1. Using a More Neutral or Less Expressive Word
20
10.30
Table 4.1 Frequency of the Translation Editing Techniques Found in Each Level (Cont.) Levels No. Types of Translation Editing
Techniques Frequency Percentage
2. Omitting Words or Phrases 15 7.73
3. Using Phrases or Sentences to Substitute a Word
10
5.15
4. Using Words Referring to General Meaning
9
4.63
5. Adding Explanation 7 3.60
6. Using the Proper Word Register
2 1.03
7.
Cultural Substitution 1 0.51
Using a Loan Word or a Loan
Word Plus Explanation 1 0.51
8. Adding Conjunction or Linking Word
0
0
3. Syntactic
1. Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa
34
17.52
2. Rearranging Word Order 30 15.46
3. Modifying Negative Sentences
18 9.27
4. Modifying Active and Passive Voices
5 2.57
5. Paraphrasing by Using an Unrelated Word
2
1.03
6.
Paraphrasing By Using a Related Word
1
0.51
Adding or Cutting Words 1 0.51
Total 194 100
For this research's results of the translation editing in the Sound and Orthographical level, there were 38 tokens. The most found technique was Structure of Words, which was 20 tokens or 10. 30% , and the least found technique was Sound, which was 18 tokens or 9.27%.
In order to analyze the data of the Lexical level, the researcher found 65 tokens of the frequency of the translation editing, which can be orderly sorted from the most found technique to the least found technique; 1) Using A More Neutral or Less Expressive Word which was 20 tokens ( or 10. 30% ) , 2) Omitting Words or Phrases, which were 15 tokens (or 7.73%), 3) Using Phrases or Sentences to Substitute a Word was ten tokens ( or 5. 15%) , 4) Using Words Referring to General Meaning were nine tokens ( or 4. 63% ) , 5) Adding Explanation which was seven tokens ( or 3. 60% ) , 6) Using the Proper Word Register, which was two tokens ( or 1. 03% ) , 7) , there were two techniques; Cultural Substitution and Using a Loanword or A Loanword Plus Explanation, which were one token in each (or 0.51%).
The findings of the Syntactic level were 91 tokens which can be orderly presented from the mostly found technique to the least found technique as follows; 1) Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa, 34 tokens (or 17.52%), 2) Rearranging Word Order which was 30 tokens (or 15.46%), 3) Modifying Negative Sentences, which were 18 tokens ( or 9. 27% ) , 4) Modifying Active and Passive Voices were five tokens (or 2.57%), 5) Paraphrasing by Using An Unrelated Word which was two tokens (or 1.03%), 6) Paraphrasing by Using A Related Word and Adding or Cutting Words found one token in each (or 0.51%).
Table 4.2 Suggestions and Types of Non-Equivalence Techniques Employed for Handling Specific Types of Problem
No. Types of Non-Equivalence Techniques
1. Culture-Bound Item. - Cultural Substitution
- Paraphrasing Using Unrelated Words.
- Using a Loanword or Loanword Plus an Explanation
Table 4.2 Suggestions and Types of Non-Equivalence Techniques Employed for Handling Specific Types of Problem (Cont.)
No. Types of Non-Equivalence Techniques
- -Using the Proper Word Register 2. The Source Item Is Lexicalized but
in a Different Form in TL
- Paraphrasing Using Related Words.
3. Unequal Meanings Between SL&TL -Using A More Neutral/Less Expressive Word.
4. Clarifying & Drawing More Visualization
-Adding Explanation
5. Word Repetition -Omitting Words or Phrases
6. Lack of a Specific Word -Using Words Referring to General Meaning
According to this study, the researcher found that in translating the Thai literary work “ Behind The Picture” into the English language, six critical problems of Non- Equivalence are listed as; Culture-Bound Item, The Source Item Is Lexicalized but in A Different form in Target Language, Unequal Meanings Between Source Language
& Target Language, Clarifying & Drawing More Visualization, Word Repetition, and Lack of a Specific Word can be handled with the following translation strategies.
For Number 1 of the table above will be a problem with the Culture-Bound Item, which is the word or expression where both cultures of the source and target language are not equal, so this can cause problems during translation. The translator, therefore, needs to use and understand these strategies, including Cultural Substitution accurately, Paraphrasing Using Unrelated Words, Using A Loanword or Loanword Plus an Explanation, and Using the Proper Word Register as in the following examples.
Cultural Substitution
SL: “
จะมีน ้ำทิพย์แห่งควำมหวำนชื่นที่หล่อเลี้ยงอยู่ชั่วนิจนิรันดร
”(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 54)
TL: “refreshing ambrosia sustaining them forever”
(Barang, 2009, p. 50)
Paraphrasing Using Unrelated Words
SL: “
ได้พำกันมำซักถำมข้ำพเจ้ำถึงประวัติและควำมเป็นไปของหม่อมรำชวงศ์กีรติ
ก่อนที่จะแต่งงำนกับเจ้ำคุณอธิกำรบดี
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 15)TL: “ came up and asked me all manner of questions about Princess Keerati's background prior to her marriage to Lord Athikarnbordee” (Barang, 2009, p. 16)
Using A Loanword or Loanword Plus an Explanation
SL:
“ ในเวลำที่ได้รับควำมเบิกบำนใจในกำรสนทนำกับข้ำพเจ้ำสองต่อสอง”
(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 2)
TL: “ When she was enjoying our conversation en tête- à- tête”
(Barang, 2009, p. 4) Using the Proper Word Register
SL:
“ท่ำนจะออกมำประเทศญี่ปุ่นพร้อมด้วยภรรยำใหม่ของท่ำนหม่อมรำชวงศ์กีรติ”
(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 5)
TL: “ he would be travelling to Japan with his new wife, Princess Keerati” (Barang, 2009, p. 6)
As for Number 2, the issue is related to The Source Item Is Lexicalized but in A Different form in Target Language, or when the source language already has a word or expression as well as in the target but in other “ form” , which will have a different appearance, this problem can be solved by using Paraphrasing Using Related Words technique, for example:
SL:
“เจ้ำคุณยินดีจะยืดเวลำอยู่โตเกียวออกไปอีกสองสัปดำห์ ในระหว่ำงเวลำที่ได้ยืด
ออกไปนั้นมีก ำหนดกำรส ำคัญอยู่สองอย่ำง”
(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 94)TL: “His Lordship was happy to extend their stay in Japan by another two weeks During that fortnight, two side trips featured in their
programme.” (Barang, 2009, p. 89)
Number 3 is Unequal Meanings Between Source Language & Target Language, which is a problem with the meanings of words not being at the same level as the words.
Furthermore, it is often found that words or expressions have a wide range of meanings to be expressed. Therefore, the translator can use Using A More Neutral/ Less Expressive Word to preserve and convey the meaning as much as possible. For example:
SL:
“ดิฉันหลอกเธอว่ำหมอให้มำซื้อยำ และหมอทรำบควำมจริงดีว่ำดิฉันจะไปไหน”
(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 151)
TL: “ I told her the doctor had told me to go and buy medicine, but the doctor knows the truth about where I was going”
(Barang, 2009, p. 141)
Furthermore, Number 4 is Clarifying & Drawing More Visualization. It is a problem in which the translator has to explain, visualize or illustrate more in the target language for better understanding. Therefore, the translator uses the Adding Explanation technique as the following example.
SL:
“เมื่อเจ้ำคุณอธิกำรยังมีชีวิตอยู่ พ่อเคยได้ยินสรรเสริญภรรยำคนนี้มำก”
(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 130)
TL: “ When he was alive, I heard him speak very highly of his new wife.” (Barang, 2009, p. 120)
In addition, Number 5 is Word Repetition, which is very common and is found regularly. Therefore, it will appear as the repetition of words or gists that already exist.
In order to avoid redundancy and confusion in the target language, the translator, thus, can use the strategy of Omitting Words or Phrases to help solve the problem.
For example:
SL: “
แต่ดูเหมือนเธอพยำยำมจะซ่อนเร้นมิให้ปรำกฏ เพื่อที่จะได้แสดงควำมชื่นชมยินดี
ต่อข้ำพเจ้ำได้เต็มที่
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 148)TL: “ but she seemed to be trying to hide it so as to appear to me perfectly delighted” (Barang, 2009, p. 138)
The last problem encountered in Number 6 is the lack of a Specific Word when the target language has no specific words as in the source language. Therefore, the translator must find the word that conveys the meaning as close as possible.
Therefore, the strategy Using Words Referring to General Meaning will be used as an example below;
SL:
“เมื่อวันอำทิตย์หรือวันหยุดงำน คู่ผัวเมียและคนหนุ่มคนสำว ตลอดจนบิดำมำรดำก็
มักจะพำบุตรธิดำเดินทำงไกลไปเที่ยวเล่นตำมสถำนที่ต่ำงๆ
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 63)TL: “ When Sundays or bank holidays came round, sweethearts, husbands and wives, and parents with children would all go off on outings to such places.” (Barang, 2009, p. 59)