CONCLUSION AND RESULTS
4.4 Syntactic Level
“Dame” in the British honor system. In addition, in sample 2, the author employed the word “
เจ้ำคุณ
” which was the title for persons whose ranks were higher than “พระยำ
” ( Phraya) . To translate this word and help facilitate the target language readers, the translator used the word “lord”, an appellation for a person with authority and power in England.In sample 1, the source language text is “
แสงแดดอ่อนๆของฤดูออทัมน์
.” The translator had rearranged the word order in this noun phrase by placing the words “ soft” and“autumn” before the noun “sunlight,” resulting in the phrase “the soft autumn sunlight.”
In sample 2, the translator had translated the source language text “
ควำมดื้อที่สุจริตของผม
”into the phrase “my sincere stubbornness” in which the word “stubbornness” was placed at the final position of the noun phrase, acting as a head noun modified by “my sincere”
placed in front of it. Similarly, in sample 3, the translator translated the source language text “
กิโมโนแพรสีขำว
” into “a white silk kimono” in which the word “kimono” was placed in the final position of the noun phrase modified by two adjectives “ silk” and “ white”placed in front of it.
4.3.2 Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa
Using the “ Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa” technique was employed for 34 times, or 18.04%, which example details could be as follows;
Table 4.14 Syntactic Level: Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa Syntactic Level: Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa
No. Source Language Target Language
1. “
แสดงถึงภำพล ำธำรที่ไหลผ่ำนเชิงเขำแห่ง หนึ่ง ซึ่งมีต้นไม้ใหญ่ขึ้นอยู่หนำทึบตำมลำด เขำ
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 2)“It depicts a stream flowing by the foot of a mountain densely covered with tall trees” (Barang, 2009, p. 4)
2. “
เจ้ำคุณอธิกำรบดีชะโงกตัว เอื้อมมือมำตบ ไหล่ข้ำพเจ้ำเบำๆ และชมเชยว่ำข้ำพเจ้ำจัดหำ บ้ำนให้เป็นที่พอใจมำก
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 10)“Lord Athikarnbordee leaned over and, patting me on the shoulder, praised me for having found such a pleasing residence.” (Barang, 2009, p. 11)
Table 4.14 Syntactic Level: Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa (Cont.) Syntactic Level: Changing Sentences to Phrases and Vice Versa
No. Source Language Target Language
3. “
เรำได้ออกมำอยู่ในโลกอีกโลกหนึ่งซึ่ง เพื่อนร่วมโลกของเรำ ก็มีแต่สำยน ้ำ ก้อนหิน และล ำเนำไม้เท่ำนั้น
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 67)“…we were in another world, inhabited only by the stream, the rocks and the woods.” (Barang, 2009 , p. 63)
As displayed in Table 4. 14, in sample 1, the subordinate clause in the source language text “
ซึ่งมีต้นไม้ใหญ่ขึ้นอยู่หนำทึบตำมลำดเขำ
” was converted to the past participial phrase “ densely covered with tall trees” to suit the context of the target language.Similarly, in sample 4, the subordinate clause “
ชมเชยว่ำข้ำพเจ้ำจัดหำบ้ำนให้เป็นที่พอใจมำก
” was converted into the past participial phrase “ praised me for having found such a pleasing residence” which reflected well the translator’s language style. In sample 17, the translator had translated the subordinate clause “ซึ่งเพื่อนร่วมโลกของเรำ ก็มีแต่สำยน ้ำก้อน หินและล ำเนำไม้เท่ำนั้น
” into the past participial phrase “inhabited only by the stream, the rocks and the woods” which was concise and natural.4.4.3 Modifying Negative Sentences
Using the technique “ Modifying Negative Sentences” was employed 18 times, or 9. 27% , which could be classified into two groups, a group of negative clauses were edited and a group of other forms of negativity were used.
Table 4.15 Syntactic Level: Modifying Negative Sentences
Syntactic Level: Modifying Negative Sentences
No. Source Language Target Language
1. “
ท่ำนทั้งสองได้รับควำมพอใจตั้งแต่แรกย่ำง เหยียบเข้ำไปในบ้ำนและไม่มีควำมผิดหวัง อะไรมำขัดจังหวะ
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 11)“They were both satisfied from the moment they set foot in the house and there was no mishap to spoil the mood.”
(Barang, 2009, p. 11)
2. “
โปรดอภัยให้แก่ควำมดื้อที่สุจริตของผม ร้อยทั้งร้อยเขำจะปฏิเสธไม่ยอมเชื่อ
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 30)“Please excuse my sincere stubbornness.
No one will believe you” (Barang, 2009, p. 28)
3. “
ข้ำพเจ้ำมองเห็นหม่อมรำชวงศ์กีรติเป็นอีก คนหนึ่ง เธอมิใช่คนเงียบขรึมนัก
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 18)“Princess Keerati I saw was an entirely different person. She was no longer so reserved.” (Barang, 2009, p. 18)
As seen in the table 4.15, this kind of editing could be seen in sample 1 in which the negative sentence in the source language text “
ไม่มีควำมผิดหวังอะไรมำขัดจังหวะ
” was translated to “ there was no mishap to spoil the mood” in which the negative determiner “ no” was placed before the noun “ mishap. ” In sample 4 , the negative sentence “ร้อยทั้งร้อยเขำจะปฏิเสธไม่ยอมเชื่อ
” was translated to “No one will believe you” in which the pronoun “ no one” was used to convey negative meaning for this clause.Moreover, in sample 3, the negative sentence “
เธอมิใช่คนเงียบขรึม
” was translated to “She was no longer so reserved” in which the negative word ‘ no’ functioned as a modifier for the adverb “longer.”4.4.4 Modifying Active and Passive Voices
According to this technique, it was found that the translation editing at the syntactic level using the “ Modifying Active and Passive Voices” technique was employed for five times or 2. 5% . This technique was employed in order to emphasize the receiver of the action.
Table 4.16 Syntactic Level: Modifying Active and Passive Voices Syntactic Level: Modifying Active and Passive Voices
No. Source Language Target Language
1. “
ข้ำพเจ้ำย่อมทรำบดีว่ำ ผู้เขียนได้เขียนภำพ นั้นด้วยชีวิต
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 4)“I know perfectly well that the picture was painted with the artist’s life.”
(Barang, 2009, p. 5) 2. “
ถนนสำยที่เรำก ำลังเดินอยู่นั้นอยู่ห่ำงจำกหลัง
บ้ำนเรำไปเล็กน้อย เป็นถนนที่สงบและร่มรื่น ด้วยเงำของต้นไม้สองข้ำงทำง
”(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 20)“The road we took was not far from the back of our house. It was shaded by trees on both sides” (Barang, 2009, p. 19)
3. “
ผมรู้แน่แต่ว่ำควำมรักมีอ ำนำจเหนือผม
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 85)“All I know for sure is that I was overcome by love.” (Barang, 2009, p.
81)
As shown in sample 1, the source language text “
ผู้เขียนได้เขียนภำพนั้นด้วยชีวิต
” was written in the active voice, having “ผู้เขียน
” as a subject and “ภำพ
” as an object of the sentence. However, the translator translated this sentence into “the picture was painted with the artist’s life” in the passive voice. In addition, in sample 3, the source language text “ควำมรักมีอ ำนำจเหนือผม
” was written in the active voice, having “ควำมรัก
” as a subject and “ผม
” as an object of the sentence. This source language text was translated into “I was overcome by love” which was in the passive voice. Furthermore, in sample 2 , the source language text “เป็นถนนที่สงบและร่มรื่นด้วยเงำของต้นไม้สองข้ำงทำง
,” which waswritten in the active voice, was converted to “ It was shaded by trees on both sides”
which was in the passive voice form. The subject “
ถนน
” was substituted by the pronoun“It” to avoid repetition.
4.4.5 Paraphrasing by Using a Related Word
The translation editing at the syntactic level using “ Paraphrasing by Using a Related Word” technique was employed for only one time or 0.5%.
Table 4.17 Syntactic Level: Paraphrasing by Using a Related Word Syntactic Level: Paraphrasing By Using a Related Word
No. Source Language Target Language
1. “
เจ้ำคุณยินดีจะยืดเวลำอยู่โตเกียวออกไปอีก สองสัปดำห์ ในระหว่ำงเวลำที่ได้ยืดออกไป นั้น มีก ำหนดกำรส ำคัญอยู่สองอย่ำง
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 94)“His Lordship was happy to extend their stay in Japan by another two weeks.
During that fortnight, two side trips featured in their programme.” (Barang, 2009, p. 89)
From the source language text “
ในระหว่ำงเวลำที่ได้ยืดออกไปนั้น
” in order to identify the amount of time stated in this sentence, the readers had to make a reference to the prior sentence “เจ้ำคุณยินดีจะยืดเวลำอยู่โตเกียวออกไปอีกสองสัปดำห์
”. However, this source language text was translated into “During that fortnight…” in which the amount of time was clearly specified for the readers’ ease of understanding.4.4.6 Paraphrasing by Using an Unrelated Word
Considering the table “ Paraphrasing by Using an Unrelated Word” at the syntactic level, it was found two times or 1%, detailed as follows;
Table 4.18 Syntactic Level: Paraphrasing by Using an Unrelated Word Syntactic Level: Paraphrasing By Using an Unrelated Word
No. Source Language Target Language
1. “
และรวมทั้งผู้ชำยบำงคนด้วย ได้พำกันมำ ซักถำมข้ำพเจ้ำถึงประวัติและควำมเป็นไป ของหม่อมรำชวงศ์รำชวงศ์กีรติ ก่อนที่จะ แต่งงำนกับเจ้ำคุณอธิกำรบดี
”(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 15)
“They, and some of the men as well, came up and asked me all manner of questions about Princess Keerati’s background prior to her marriage to Lord Athikarnbordee.”(Barang, 2009, p. 16)
2. “
คุณหญิงจงเข้ำใจเถิด มันไม่ใช่อื่นไกลเลย มันคือนพพรของคุณหญิง
”(Sriburapa, 1973, p. 106)“please understand: it is nothing alien; it is your Nopphorn.” (Barang, 2009, p. 99)
In sample 1, “
ประวัติและควำมเป็นไป
” which means that an event or story of something going on in their way. Therefore, the translator kept the meaning from the source language and paraphrased it to “ all manner of questions,” which is meant as a general question in line with the etiquette of conversation to simplify the words and make it easier for the reader to read understand in the target language.Furthermore, in sample 2, the phrase “
มันไม่ใช่อื่นไกลเลย
” in the source language can be something close or intimate. It is in the kind of idiomatic expressions that are unique and difficult to understand for readers in other languages. So, the translator has paraphrased as “ it is nothing alien” by the word “ alien” in the sentence in this target language will cover the word “ nothing” to convey the meaning to be close, strange, or unfamiliar at all. Thus, it is easier for the reader to understand and maintain the taste that is going on.4.4.7 Adding or Cutting Words
From “ Adding or Cutting words” at the syntactic level, the frequency of translation editing is found one time, or 0.5%, which can be described as follows;
Table 4.19 Syntactic Level: Adding or Cutting Words
Syntactic Level: Adding or Cutting Words
No. Source Language Target Language
1. “
แต่ต่อมำข้ำพเจ้ำก็ถอนควำมพยำยำม ด้วย บอกแก่ตนเองว่ำเป็นกำรเลือกวิสัยที่ป้องกัน
” (Sriburapa, 1973, p. 60)“But then I gave up trying, telling myself that there was nothing I could do to protect myself.” (Barang, 2009, p. 57)
The author used the word “
ป้องกัน
” which the translator adapted and added“ myself” to the end of the word “ protect” because in the English structure, the word
“protect” is a transitive verb, meaning that it is a verb that needs an object to be supported. Therefore, the translator had added the word “ myself” to complete the function of the structure in the target language.