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*

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Abstract Evaluation of the Labor Unit System Development of Srithat Hospital, Udon Thani Province

Prapon Kruacharoen*

*Srithat Hospital, Udon Thani Province

This evaluation research was aimed at assessing the results of service system devel- opment of the Labor Unit of Srithat Hospital, Udon Thani, and its problems and provid- ing a basis for making recommendations for the further development of the Labor Unit.

The qualitative data were obtained from relevant document reviews, in-depth interviews, participatory and non-participatory observations, from October 1, 2007 to February 29,

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2008. It was revealed that the Labor Unit had improved its service system in both process and outcome as follows: (1) Capacity-building. The administrators assigned multidis- ciplinary staff members to the Labor Unit. A staff member visited Kumpawapee Hospi- tal, the model hospital, to gain insight into the Labor Unit’s service system development.

The Unit organized training for staff to improve the quality of care for pre-labor, labor, post partum, newborn, discharge plan and special equipment applications; (2) Facility improvement. There was also structural development in that the pre-labor attending room was separated from the Inpatient and Emergency Units. Essential equipment was pro- cured and allocated to the unit; (3) Process improvement. Three service practice guide- lines were developed by the multidisciplinary team to ensure good quality of care for both normal and high-risk labor. The three practice guidelines were (a) care map for in- tra-partum and immediate post-partum care: low risk, (b) pregnancy-induced hyperten- sion (PIH) care practices guidelines and (c) birth-before-admission practices guidelines.

A post-partum and newborn care handbook was also developed and distributed to mothers before they were discharged from the unit in order to educate them on how to look after themselves and their children. The results of improving the system were satisfactory. Client satisfaction with the services of the Labor Unit increased from 75.2 percent to 88.4 per- cent. There was no infant and maternal death. Maternal complications also decreased.

Problems encountered in developing the Labor Unit service system were unfamiliarity with the practice guidelines of staff for both normal and high-risk labor. Reporting on the care given to patients was still incomplete. Recommendations for further development included training on applications of the service practice guidelines, simplifying the prac- tice guidelines, monitoring the reporting and establishment of continuous and system- atic evaluation of the performance of the Labor Unit.

Key words: labor unit service system development, labor unit

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»√’∏“µÿ.

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·π«∑“ß°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ ®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ¥√∏“π’.

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∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥∑—Èß√–∫∫ µ—Èß·µà«—π∑’Ë Ò °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å - ÛÒ  ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». Úıı ·≈–‰¥â»÷°…“º≈°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫

∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥ µ—Èß·µà·√°√—∫®π∂÷ß®”Àπà“¬°≈—∫∫â“π∑’Ë‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ «à“∫√√≈ÿ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥, ·°â ªí≠À“Õÿª √√§·≈–«“ß·π«∑“ß„π°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫„À⥒¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ.

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ÚÙ ™—Ë«‚¡ß ¡’欓∫“≈«‘™“™’æ Ù §π ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥„π

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¥Ÿß“π¡“æ—≤π“√–∫∫∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥„π‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ

‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∑’¡∫ÿ§≈“°√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥‰¥â»÷°…“‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡§«“¡√Ÿâ∑—°…–

·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥Õ¬à“ߧ√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡ ·≈–‡°‘¥

§«“¡§ÿâ¡§à“„π°“√®—¥°“√∫ÿ§≈“°√ µÕ∫ πÕߧ«“¡µâÕß°“√

¢ÕߺŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«.

- °“√®—¥√–∫∫∫√‘°“√ºŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–∑“√° ¡’°“√æ—≤π“

√–∫∫°“√®—¥∫√‘°“√°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–∑“√°À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥·≈–

∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ ´÷Ëß¡’°“√‡µ√’¬¡

§«“¡æ√âÕ¡°àÕπ°“√§≈Õ¥ „Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥ª√°µ‘„π√–¬–∑’Ë Ò, Ú, Û ·≈– Ù ¢Õß°“√§≈Õ¥‚¥¬√«¡, ∫√‘°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥

·≈–∑“√°·√°§≈Õ¥®π∂÷ß Ú «—πÀ≈—ߧ≈Õ¥. À“°‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√

·∑√°´âÕπ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√®”Àπà“¬°≈—∫∫â“π (´÷Ë߇¥‘¡®–‰¥â√—∫°“√

¥Ÿ·≈√«¡°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬À≠‘ß∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë·ºπ°ºŸâªÉ«¬„π) µ≈Õ¥®π∑”

Àπâ“∑’Ë¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–‡ ’ˬߠŸß ·≈–¿“«–·∑√°´âÕπ∑’ˉ¡à

√ÿπ·√ß, ‡µ√’¬¡·≈–¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–∑“√°·√°§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–

‡ ’ˬßÀ√◊Õ¿“«–·∑√°´âÕπ√ÿπ·√ß°àÕπ°“√ àßµàÕ∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈∑’Ë

¡’»—°¬¿“æ ŸßµàÕ‰ª.

¡’ ° “ √ ª √— ∫ ª √ÿ ß ° “ √ ∫— π ∑÷ ° ∑ “ ß ° “ √ æ ¬ “ ∫ “ ≈ ‡ æ◊Ë Õ æ—≤π“°“√∫—π∑÷°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ¬à“ß¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ, ®—¥∑”§Ÿà¡◊Õ ”À√—∫

¡“√¥“„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈µπ‡Õß·≈–∫ÿµ√ ”À√—∫°“√ Õπ·≈–·®°®à“¬

„À⺟â§≈Õ¥·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«»÷°…“¢≥–Õ¬Ÿà‚√ß欓∫“≈·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ

°≈—∫‰ªÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫â“π ‚¥¬∑’¡ß“πœ ´÷Ëߧ√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡°“√„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑—Ë«‰ª,

°“√„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√¥Ÿ·≈, °“√∫—π∑÷°°‘®°√√¡°“√¥Ÿ·≈, °“√‡µ√’¬¡

·≈– à߇ √‘¡»—°¬¿“æ¢ÕߺŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–§√Õ∫§√—«.

¡’°“√æ—≤π“·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡“√—∫°“√∫√‘°“√

∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈ ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–

§√√¿å‡ ’ˬߠŸß∑’Ëæ∫∫àÕ¬ ‚¥¬ª√– “π∑’¡π”°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬¥â“π

‡«™°√√¡ ·≈–∑’¡¥”‡π‘π°“√ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ∑’¡ À “¢“«‘™“™’æ ª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬ ·æ∑¬å ‡¿ —™°√ 欓∫“≈«‘™“™’æª√–®”ÀâÕß

§≈Õ¥·≈–ÀâÕßºà“µ—¥ √à«¡°—πª√—∫ª√ÿß·≈–æ—≤π“·π«∑“ß°“√

¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥‚¥¬·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ëæ—≤π“ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬

ÒÚı¯

°“√ª√–‡¡‘πºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–°“√

√“¬ß“π

°“√µ√«®∑“ßÀâÕߪؑ∫—µ‘°“√

°“√√—°…“

¬“

°‘®°√√¡

Õ“À“√

°“√„À⧔·π–π”

¥â“𮑵„®·≈– —ߧ¡

·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈°àÕπ°≈—∫

∫â“π

´—°ª√–«—µ‘·≈–µ√«®√à“ß°“¬À“¿“«–‡ ’ˬߵà“ß Ê

√“¬ß“π·æ∑¬å∂â“æ∫¿“«–‡ ’Ë¬ß : µ√«®«—¥ —≠≠“≥™’æ∑ÿ° Ù ™—Ë«‚¡ß

: „π√–¬–·Ωß : V/S ∑ÿ° Ù ™¡., FHS ∑ÿ° Ú ™¡.,

°“√À¥µ—«¡¥≈Ÿ°∑ÿ° Ú ™¡. (¬°‡«âπÀ≈—∫) : √–¬–§≈Õ¥ : V/S ∑ÿ° Ú-Ù ™¡., FHS ∑ÿ° Ò ™¡.,

°“√À¥µ—«¡¥≈Ÿ°∑ÿ° Ò ™¡.

«’¥’Õ“√å·Õ≈, Œ’¡“‚∑§√‘µ, ·∂∫ªí  “«–

·π–π”°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«·≈–„À⇴Áπ„∫¬‘π¬Õ¡

: ∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥º‘«Àπ—ß : °“√ «π∑«“√Àπ—°

: µ‘¥µ“¡°“√§≈Õ¥‚¥¬„™â Partograph

©’¥‡¡‡∏Õ√宑π Ò À≈Õ¥‡¢â“°≈â“¡„π°√≥’·√ߥ—π‡≈◊Õ¥

µË”°«à“ ÒÙ/˘ ¡¡.ª√Õ∑, ·≈–‰¡à¡’‚√§À—«„®

À√◊Õ‚√§§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß

„ÀâπÕπæ—°∫π‡µ’¬ß, ‰¡à®”°—¥°‘®°√√¡

Õ“À“√ÕàÕπ, ߥπȔߥՓÀ“√„π√–¬–°—¡¡—πµå Õ∏‘∫“¬„À⺟âªÉ«¬·≈–≠“µ‘∑√“∫∂÷ß°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«¢≥–Õ¬Ÿà

„πÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥, °“√‡¬’ˬ¡

: Õ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√§≈Õ¥ °“√‡∫àߧ≈Õ¥ °“√

ºàÕπ§≈“¬°≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕ Õ¬à“ߧ√à“«Ê : Õ∏‘∫“¬∂÷ß°“√√—°…“欓∫“≈µà“ßÊ

: ™’È·®ß∂÷ßÕ“°“√∑’˵âÕß·®âß„À⇮â“Àπâ“∑’Ë∑√“∫ ‰¥â·°à ª«¥∑âÕß¡“°, √Ÿâ ÷°Õ¬“°‡∫àß, ª«¥»’√…–, µ“¡—«, ÕàÕπ‡æ≈’¬

: ™’È·®ß‡√◊ËÕß§à“„™â®à“¬  ‘∑∏‘„π°“√√—∫°“√√—°…“

°“√ª√–§—∫ª√–§Õß®‘µ„®ºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–≠“µ‘

ºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–≠“µ‘‡¢â“„®∂÷ß°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«¢≥–Õ¬ŸàÀâÕß

§≈Õ¥

: ºŸâªÉ«¬¡’Õ“°“√ºàÕπ§≈“¬ √Ÿâ ÷°‡ªìπ°—π‡Õß°—∫‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë : ºŸâªÉ«¬„À⧫“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ„π°“√„Àâ°“√√—°…“欓∫“≈

«—¥V/S ∑ÿ° Û π“∑’ Ú §√—Èß ·≈– °àÕπ¬â“¬‰ª ÀÕºŸâªÉ«¬

 —߇°µ‡≈◊Õ¥∑“ß™àÕߧ≈Õ¥, °√–‡æ“–ªí  “«–§—Ëß,

·º≈§≈Õ¥∫«¡·≈–¡’°âÕπ‡≈◊Õ¥, °“√À¥µ—«¢Õß

¡¥≈Ÿ°

ª√–‡¡‘πÕ“°“√ª«¥, §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°µ—«

„Àâ∑“√°¥Ÿ¥π¡¡“√¥“

: ™—ËßπÈ”Àπ—°, «—¥Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘∑“ß∑«“√Àπ—°

: ‡™Á¥µ“ À¬Õ¥µ“, ‡™Á¥ –¥◊Õ, «‘µ“¡‘𠇧 Ò : ©’¥«—§´’π‰«√— µ—∫Õ—°‡ ∫∫’„Àâ·°à∑“√°

: 𫥧≈÷ß¡¥≈Ÿ°‡ªìπ√–¬–

:  «πªí  “«–°√≥’¡’ªí  “«–§—Ëß À√◊Õ‰¡àªí  “«–

„ÀâπÕπæ—°∫π‡µ’¬ß ߥπȔߥՓÀ“√

 Õπ«‘∏’„Àâπ¡∑“√°,

«‘∏’°“√𫥧≈÷ß¡¥≈Ÿ°

: ·®âßÕ“°“√º‘¥ª√°µ‘∑’˵âÕß·®â߇®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë ‰¥â·°à ‰¢â, ª«¥∑âÕßÀ√◊Õ·º≈ΩÁ∫¡“°, ‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ°∑“ß™àÕß

§≈Õ¥¡“°, ¡¥≈Ÿ°À¥µ—«‰¡à¥’, ªí  “«–‰¡à –¥«°/

‰¡à¡’, ∑“√°¡’ªí≠À“

: Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ—«À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥

°“√ª√–§—∫ª√–§Õß®‘µ„®ºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–≠“µ‘

„Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈¢≥–§≈Õ¥·≈–À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥Õ¬à“ߥ’

¡“√¥“·≈–∑“√°ª≈Õ¥¿—¬‰¡à¡’¿“«–·∑√°´âÕπ πÈ”π¡¡“‡√Á«·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡ “¬ —¡æ—π∏å·¡à≈Ÿ°

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥ª√°µ‘·≈–À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥∑—π∑’

°“√¥Ÿ·≈∑’ËÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥ √—∫„À¡à - °“√§≈Õ¥ À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥ -Ú ™¡.

ÒÚı˘

·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√§≈Õ¥ª√°µ‘ (√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¥—ß µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò ·≈–·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ò), ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’

¿“«–§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß (√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¥—ß·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ú) ·≈–°“√

¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–∑“√°·√°‡°‘¥∑’˧≈Õ¥°àÕπ∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈

(√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë Ú), °“√¡’·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥

∑—Èߪ√°µ‘·≈–§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß ·≈– ·π«∑“ß

°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥·≈–∑“√°·√°‡°‘¥∑’˧≈Õ¥°àÕπ∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈

®–™à«¬„Àâ∑’¡ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√∑ÿ°§π “¡“√∂„Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈‰¥â∂Ÿ°µâÕß

‡À¡“– ¡ µ“¡¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë¡’¡“µ√∞“π, ™à«¬ √â“ߧ«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®,

≈¥¿“«–·∑√°´âÕπ.

·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ò ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√§≈Õ¥ ‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ

°“√¥Ÿ·≈√–¬–√Õ§≈Õ¥

- √–¬–·Ωß v/s ∑ÿ° Ù ™¡.

FHS ∑ÿ° Ú ™¡.

- √–¬–§≈Õ¥ v/s ∑ÿ° Ú ™¡.

FHS ∑ÿ° Ò ™¡.

- µ‘¥µ“¡§≈Õ¥‚¥¬„™â Parthograph

°“√¥Ÿ·≈√–¬–√Õ§≈Õ¥

- ‡∫àßπ“π G1 > Ò ™¡, G2 > Û π“∑’

- §≈Õ¥µ‘¥‰À≈à

- ¿“«–¢“¥ÕÕ°´‘‡®π¢≥–

§≈Õ¥

Intra uterine resuscitation - ¢’ȇ∑“‡À𒬫

- FHS > ÒÚ §√—Èß/π“∑’, Òˆ §√—Èß/π“∑’

- Graph µ°‡ âπ action line

°“√¥Ÿ·≈√–¬–√Õ§≈Õ¥

- Radiant warmer - ÕÕ°´‘‡®π - ‡§√◊ËÕߥŸ¥ - ∑àÕÀ≈Õ¥≈¡§Õ - ∂ÿß·Õ¡∫Ÿ - °≈âÕß°≈àÕ߇ ’¬ß

- ·Õ¥‡√π“≈’π - D/W ı%, πÈ”‡°≈◊ÕπÕ√å¡—≈

πÈ”‰√⇙◊ÈÕ

‡µ√’¬¡∑’¡

- ·æ∑¬å - 欓∫“≈

- ºŸâ™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâªÉ«¬

- ∑à“º‘¥ª√°µ‘/ à«ππ”º‘¥ª√°µ‘

- µ°‡≈◊Õ¥°àÕπ§≈Õ¥

- Preclampsia/Eclampsia √ÿπ·√ß -  “¬ –¥◊Õ‚º≈à¬◊Ëπ

-  ¿“æ∑“√°§—∫¢—π

- BP < ˘/ˆ ¡¡.ª√Õ∑, À¡¥ µ‘

- PROM

- ¡¥≈Ÿ°À¥µ—«°àÕπ‡«≈“

- §√√¿å·Ω¥

- ‡§¬ºà“∑âÕߧ≈Õ¥

- Post term

- ¡“√¥“ Ÿß < Òı ´¡.

- EFW < Ú, °., Û, °.

- ¡“√¥“¡’‚√§ª√–®”µ—« ‡™àπ ‚√§

À—«„®, ‡∫“À«“π - πÈ”§√Ë”‡¢’¬«

- πÈ”§√Ë”πâÕ¬

- ∑“√°¥‘ÈππâÕ¬≈ß

ÒÚˆ

º≈°“√»÷°…“

À≈—ß®“°¥”‡π‘π°“√¡’°“√µ‘¥µ“¡ª√–‡¡‘πº≈°“√¥”‡π‘π

°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√¢ÕßÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥ ‰¥â¡’°“√„Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈µ“¡·π«∑“ß

°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥ª√°µ‘, ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß

√–À«à“ß¡’§√√¿å √«¡∑—Èß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥°àÕπ∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈

√«¡∑—Èß·®°§Ÿà¡◊Õ¡“√¥“„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈∑“√°∑’Ë∫â“π·°à¡“√¥“ ¡’

ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥∑—Èß ‘Èπ Úı √“¬ ‡ªìπºŸâ§≈Õ¥„π‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ Ò˘Ù √“¬, §≈Õ¥°àÕπ∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ ®”π«π ÒÒ √“¬ ‡ªìπ°“√§≈Õ¥ª√°µ‘ Ò˜˜ √“¬, ™à«¬§≈Õ¥‚¥¬

‡§√◊ËÕߥ÷ß Ÿ≠≠“°“» ˆ √“¬. ¿“«–§√√¿å‡ ’ˬߠŸß ‰¥â·°à ¿“«–

§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß√ÿπ·√ß√–À«à“ß¡’§√√¿å ı √“¬, ‡§¬‰¥â√—∫°“√

ºà“µ—¥§≈Õ¥ Ò √“¬, ¿“«–‡®Á∫§√√¿å§≈Õ¥°àÕπ°”Àπ¥ Ú √“¬

´÷ËߺŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–§√√¿å‡ ’ˬߠŸß‰¥â√—∫°“√ àßµàÕ‡æ◊ËÕ√—∫°“√

·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘∑’Ë Ú ·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’·√ߥ—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß√–À«à“ß¡’§√√¿å ª√–‡¡‘π ¿“æ·√°√—∫

´—°ª√–«—µ‘ µ√«®√à“ß°“¬ µ√«®§√√¿å µ√«® —≠≠“≥™’æ

Mild PIH BP _≥ ÒÙ/˘, _≤ Òˆ/ÒÒ

¡¡.ª√Õ∑

‚ª√µ’π„πªí  “«– Ò+, Ú+

„∫Àπâ“·≈–À≈—ß¡◊Õ∫«¡

Severe PIH BP _≥ Òˆ/ÒÒ ¡¡.ª√Õ∑

‚ª√µ’π„πªí  “«– Û+, Ù+

ª«¥»’√…–√ÿπ·√ß µ“æ√à“¡—«

®ÿ°·πàπ≈‘Èπªïò

√’∫„Àâ MgSO

4 À√◊Õ

‰¥Õ–´’·æ¡ ∑—π∑’

·≈â« àßµàÕ‰ª√æ».

√—∫‰«â„π√æ.‡æ◊ËÕπÕπæ—°

∫—π∑÷°·√ߥ—π‡≈◊Õ¥ ∑ÿ° Ù ™—Ë«‚¡ß

‰¡àµâÕß„À⬓≈¥·√ߥ—π

∫—π∑÷°ª√‘¡“≥ªí  “«–

ª√–‡¡‘πÕ“¬ÿ§√√¿å, µ√«®¥â«¬§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß

§«“¡∂’Ë Ÿß, π—∫≈Ÿ°¥‘Èπ, ™—ËßπÈ”Àπ—°

Õ“°“√§ß∑’Ë

®”Àπà“¬

‡®Á∫§√√¿å GA > Û˜  —ª¥“Àå À¬ÿ¥°“√§≈Õ¥

Nepressol Úı ¡°. (Ò À≈Õ¥) + πÈ”‡°≈◊Õ πÕ√å¡—≈ „Àâ Ò ¡≈. «—¥ BP ´È”∑ÿ° Òı π“∑’

·√ߥ—π‰¥·Õ ‚∑≈‘§

> ÒÒ ¡¡.ª√Õ∑

Õ’·§≈¡‡™’¬

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·√°‡°‘¥‰¥âÕ¬à“߇À¡“– ¡µ“¡√–¬–°“√§≈Õ¥µà“ß Ê ´÷Ëß  Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√»÷°…“¢Õß ∫ÿ≠‡Õ◊ÈÕ ™¡∫ÿ≠^(˜), æ√√≥’ ∏’√–∫ÿ≠-

™—¬°ÿ≈^(¯), «‘‰≈æ√√≥  «— ¥‘æ“≥‘™¬å^(˘), æ√‡æÁ≠ «‘√–√—ß…‘-

¬“°√≥å^(Ò), ¬Ÿ√‘ “ · πÀ¡Ÿ^(Ú), æ‘√‘¬“ »ÿ¿»√’^(ÒÒ) ∑’Ëæ∫«à“°“√

¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡µ“¡√–¬–°“√§≈Õ¥ ®–™à«¬≈¥§«“¡

‡ ’ˬ߄π°“√§≈Õ¥¢Õß¡“√¥“·≈–∑“√°À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥‰¥â µ≈Õ¥

®π°“√æ—≤π“·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥∑’Ë¡’¿“«–‡ ’ˬߠŸßµàÕ

¿“«–§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß ®–™à«¬„À⺟â§≈Õ¥¡’§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π

°√–∫«π°“√§≈Õ¥¡“°¢÷Èπ Õ’°∑—È߬—߇ªìπ°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫

∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥„À≥â§ÿ≥¿“æ¡“µ√∞“πµ“¡π‚¬∫“¬°“√

æ—≤π“§ÿ≥¿“æ ∂“π∫√‘°“√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢µàÕ‰ª.

¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–

°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫∫√‘°“√ÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ Õ”‡¿Õ»√’∏“µÿ ®—ßÀ«—¥Õÿ¥√∏“π’ ‰¥â¡’°“√æ—≤π“∑—Èß‚§√ß √â“ß

»—°¬¿“æ∫ÿ§≈“°√ «— ¥ÿÕÿª°√≥å √–∫∫°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√∑”„À⇰‘¥

º≈≈—æ∏嵓¡«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡’§«“¡µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·≈–æ—≤π“

¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ§«√¡’°“√Õ∫√¡°“√„™â·π«∑“ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈∫√‘°“√§≈Õ¥·°à ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⺟â„Àâ∫√‘°“√∑ÿ°§π “¡“√∂ªÆ‘∫—µ‘‰¥âÕ¬à“ß

‡À¡“– ¡µ“¡·π«∑“ß √«¡∑—Èߧ«√ª√—∫ª√ÿß„À⇢Ⓞ®ßà“¬

°√–µÿâπ·≈–§«∫§ÿ¡„Àâ¡’°“√∫—π∑÷°°“√„Àâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈Õ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ

√«¡∑—Èß¡’°“√®—¥√–∫∫°“√µ‘¥µ“¡ª√–‡¡‘πº≈Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß

·≈–π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¡“𔇠πÕ·°àºŸâ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕ߇æ◊ËÕ°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫

ÒÚˆÙ

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

Ò. °√¡Õπ“¡—¬ °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢.  √ÿªº≈°“√¥”‡π‘πß“πª√–®”ªï ÚıÙı. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕߧ尓√∑À“√ºà“π»÷°; ÚıÙˆ.

Ú. ¬Ÿ√‘ “ · πÀ¡Ÿ. °“√ √â“ß¡“µ√∞“π°“√欓∫“≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥„π√–¬–∑’Ë Àπ÷ËߢÕß°“√§≈Õ¥. √“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“Õ‘ √–ª√‘≠≠“欓∫“≈»“ µ√

¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“°“√∫√‘À“√°“√欓∫“≈ ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬

¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ; ÚıÙÛ.

Û. ‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ.  √ÿª√“¬ß“πº≈°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ß“πÀâÕߧ≈Õ¥‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ ª√–®”ªïß∫ª√–¡“≥ ÚıÙˆ. ¡.ª.∑.; ÚıÙ˜.

Ù. √“¬ß“πº≈°“√ ”√«®§«“¡æ÷ßæÕ„®ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√ ‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ ªï ÚıÙ˜. ¡.ª.∑.; ÚıÙ˜.

ı. Õπÿ«—≤πå »ÿ¿™ÿµ‘°ÿ≈, ®‘√ÿµ¡å »√’√—µπ∫—≈≈å. §ÿ≥¿“æ¢Õß√–∫∫ ÿ¢¿“æ.

ππ∑∫ÿ√’:  ∂“∫—π«‘®—¬√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢; ÚıÙÛ.

ˆ.  ∂“∫—πæ—≤π“·≈–√—∫√Õߧÿ≥¿“æ‚√ß欓∫“≈. Simplicity in a Com- plex System ·π«§‘¥·≈–ª√– ∫°“√≥å ”À√—∫‚√ß欓∫“≈. ππ∑∫ÿ√’:

 ∂“∫—πæ—≤π“·≈–√—∫√Õߧÿ≥¿“æ‚√ß欓∫“≈; ÚıÙÒ.

˜. ∫ÿ≠‡Õ◊ÈÕ ™¡∫ÿ≠. °“√ √â“ß¡“µ√∞“π°“√欓∫“≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥ª√°µ‘.

√“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“Õ‘ √–ª√‘≠≠“欓∫“≈»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“

«‘™“°“√欓∫“≈·¡à·≈–‡¥Á° ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ;

ÚıÙˆ.

¯. æ√√≥’ ∏’√–∫ÿ≠™—¬°ÿ≈. °“√ √â“ß¡“µ√∞“π°“√«“ß·ºπ®”Àπà“¬∑“√°

§≈Õ¥°àÕπ°”Àπ¥„π‚√ß欓∫“≈¡À“√“™π§√√“™ ’¡“. √“¬ß“π°“√

»÷°…“Õ‘ √–ª√‘≠≠“欓∫“≈»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“°“√∫√‘À“√

°“√欓∫“≈ ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ; ÚıÙı.

˘. «‘‰≈æ√√≥  «— ¥‘æ“≥‘™¬å. °“√欓∫“≈¡“√¥“À≈—ߧ≈Õ¥. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Ú. ™≈∫ÿ√’: ‚√ßæ‘¡æå»√’»‘≈ª°“√æ‘¡æå; ÚıÙı.

Ò. æ√‡æÁ≠ «‘√–√—ß…‘¬“°√≥å. °“√ √â“ß¡“µ√∞“π°“√欓∫“≈ºŸâ§≈Õ¥

ª√°µ‘„π√–¬–∑’Ë Ú, Û ·≈– Ù ¢Õß°“√§≈Õ¥. √“¬ß“π°“√»÷°…“

Õ‘ √–ª√‘≠≠“欓∫“≈»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“°“√∫√‘À“√°“√

欓∫“≈ ∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¢Õπ·°àπ; ÚıÙÙ.

ÒÒ. æ‘√‘¬“ »ÿ¿»√’. °“√欓∫“≈„π√–¬–§≈Õ¥. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Ú. °√ÿ߇∑æœ:

¿“§«‘™“°“√欓∫“≈·¡à·≈–‡¥Á° §≥–欓∫“≈»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬

∫Ÿ√æ“; ÚıÙ. √—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠·Ààß√“™Õ“≥“®—°√‰∑¬ æÿ∑∏»—°√“™

ÚıÙ. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë ı. °√ÿ߇∑æœ:  ¬“¡ ªÕ√åµ´‘𥑇§∑; ÚıÙˆ.

∫√‘°“√Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß.

°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“»

√Õß»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.«ß»“ ‡≈“À»‘√‘«ß»å ‰¥â°√ÿ≥“„À⧔

·π–π”µà“ß Ê „π°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È®π ”‡√Á®≈ÿ≈à«ß‰¥â¥â«¬¥’.

ºŸâ√—∫∫√‘°“√§≈Õ¥·≈–≠“µ‘ ºŸâ„Àâ∫√‘°“√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß·≈–§≥–

°√√¡°“√∫√‘À“√‚√ß欓∫“≈»√’∏“µÿ∑ÿ°∑à“π ∑’ˉ¥â„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µà“ß Ê

∑’ˇªìπª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß„π°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È.