: ﺪﻨﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺮﻈﻧا (١) A. Sen: Employment, Technology and Development, Oxford, London, 1975.
: ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻧا (٢) kenneth W. Clarkson and Rogar E. Meiners: “Government Statistics as a Guide to Economic Policy:
Food Stamps and the Spurious Increase in the Unemployment Rates, in: Policy Review, Summer 1977, pp. 25-31.
ﻪـﻣﺪـﻘـﺗ يﺬـﻟا يدﺎـﺼـﺘـﻗﻻا ﻦـﻣﻷا ﺮـﻴـﻓﻮـﺘـﺑ ﺔـﻠﻴﻔﻜﻟا ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا نﺎﻤﻀﻟﺎﺑ ﺪﺼﻘﻳ (٣) ﻦـﻣ ﻦـﻳﺮـﺸـﻌـﻟا نﺮـﻘـﻟا ﻲـﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا نﺎﻤﻀﻟا ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ ترﻮﻄﺗ ﺪﻗو ..تﻼﺋﺎﻌﻟاو داﺮﻓﻸﻟ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊا ﺔﻟﺎﻋإ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻬﺗرﺪﻗ دﺪﻬﺗ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﻃﺎﺨﻣ ﺪﺿ لﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﻲﻄﻐﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا Wﻣﺄﺘﻠﻟ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑ دﺮﺠﻣ ﺔﺛرﻮﻟاو ﺔﺧﻮﺨﻴﺸﻠﻟ Wﻣﺄﺘﻟاو ﺔﻳﺎﻤﳊا ﺮﻴﻓﻮﺗ ﻞﻤﺸﺘﻟ ىﺪﻣ ﻊﺳوأ ﺞﻣاﺮﺑو ﻂﻄﺧ ﻰﻟإ ،ﻢﻬﻳوذو ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧأ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا نﺎﻤﻀﻟا ﻂﻄﺧ ﺖﻴﻘﻟ ﺪﻗو .تﺎﻴﻔﺸﺘﺴ7ﺎﺑ جﻼﻌﻟاو ﻲﺤﺼﻟا Wﻣﺄﺘﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺰﺠﻌﻟاو ﻰـﻠـﻋ ءﺎﻀﻘﻠﻟ ةادأ ﺎﻬﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﺎﺒﻴﺣﺮﺗ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا لوﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻫﺮﻴﻏو ةﺪﺤﺘ7ا تﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟاو ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺻأ نأ ﺪﻌﺑ زﻮﻌﻟاو نﺎﻣﺮﳊا
ّ.تﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺑرﻷا ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﻄﻳﺮﺑ ﻲﻓ جدﺮﻔﻴﺑ ﻢﻴﻟو ﺮﻴﺳ ﻂﻄﳋا هﺬﻫ ﻞ
: ﺮﻈﻧا Sir William Beveridge : “Social Insurance and Allied Services’, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1942.
نﺎـﻤـﻀـﻟا تﺎـﻋوﺮـﺸـﻣ ﺺـﻴـﻠـﻘـﺘـﻟ ﺔـﻨـﻫاﺮـﻟا ﺔـﻧوﻵا ﻲـﻓ تﻻوﺎـﺤﻣ كﺎﻨﻫ نأ ﻰﻟإ ةرﺎﺷﻹا رﺪﲡ ﻦﻜﻟو : ﺮﻈﻧا ـ ﺐﻳﺮﻘﻟا ﻲﺿﺎ7ا ﻲﻓ هﺎﻓﺮﻟا ﺔﻟود ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﺪﺣأ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ نأ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻا L. H. Thompson: “The Social Security Reform Debate,” in : Journal of†Economic Literature, vol. xxi, December 1983.
ﻞـﻴـﻐـﺸـﺘـﻟا ﺺـﻘـﻧ ةﺮـﻫﺎﻇ نأ ﻰﻟإ Wﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺾﻌﺑ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ (٤) Underemployment
ءﻻﺆـﻫ ﻞـﻤﺸﺗ ﻻ
ﺖـﻗﻮـﻟا ﺾـﻌـﺒﻟ نﻮﻠﻤﻌﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا part-time
ﺎـﺘـﻗو نﻮـﻠـﻤـﻌـﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺬﻟا ءﻻﺆﻫ ﺎﻀﻳأ ﻞﻤﺸﺗ ﻞﺑ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ
ﻲﻓﺎﺿﻹا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا اﺬﻫ اوﺪﻘﻓو ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺿإ overtime
.ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗأ تﺎﻋﺎﺳ دﺪﻋ نﻮﻠﻤﻌﻳ اﻮﺤﺒﺻأ ﻢﻬﻧأ وأ
ﺎـﻤـﻨـﻴـﺤـﻓ .ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ناﺪﻠﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ دﺎﺴﻜﻟا تﺎﻳاﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺤﺿاو ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺘﻟا ﺺﻘﻧ ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﻟا اﺬﻫ وﺪﺒﻳو
،يروﺪﻟا دﺎﺴﻜﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ لﻮﺧﺪﻠﻟ دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻞﻴو ،تاداﺮﻳﻹاو رﺎﻌﺳﻷا رﻮﻫﺪﺘﺗو تﺎﻌﻴﺒ7ا ﺾﻔﺨﻨﺗ نﻮﻈﻔﺘﺤﻳو ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿﻹا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا تﺎﻋﺎﺳ ءﺎﻐﻟإ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ رﻮﻫﺪﺘ7ا ﻒﻗﻮ7ا ﺔﻬﺟاﻮn لﺎﻤﻋﻷا لﺎﺟر مﻮﻘﻳ مﺪـﻋو لﺎـﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ ظﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻا لﺎﻤﻋﻷا لﺎﺟر ﻞﻀﻔﻳ ﺎnﺮﻓ ﻒﻗﻮ7ا رﻮﻫﺪﺗ ﺮﻤﺘﺳا اذإو .ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻛ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ بﺎﺤﺻأ ﻆﻔﺘﺤﻳ ﺔﻟﺎﳊا هﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ .ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺘﺿﺎﻌﺘﺳا ﺔﺑﻮﻌﺻو ﻢﻬﺗرﺪﻧو ﻢﻬﺗارﺎﻬ7 اﺮﻈﻧ ﻢﻬﺤﻳﺮﺴﺗ دﻮـﻘـﻔـﻣ ﻞـﻤـﻋ ﺖـﻗو كﺎـﻨـﻫ نﻮـﻜـﻳ ﺬـﺋﺪـﻨـﻋو .ﻞﻗأ تﺎﻋﺎﺳ ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟو ،ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟﺎﺑ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا time-lost
دﺎﺴﻜﻟاةﺮﺘﻓ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﺗ نأ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻧأ ﻰﻠﻋ .ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻮ¥ ﺔﻋﺮﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒﻛأ ﺔﻋﺮﺴﺑ ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻹاو جﺎﺘﻧﻹا رﻮﻫﺪﺘﻳو ﻞـﻘـﺗو ﺔـﻴـﺟﺎـﺘﻧﻹا ﻊﻔﺗﺮﺗو ،جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ةدﺎﻳز ﻰﻟإ نوﺄﺠﻠﻳ لﺎﻤﻋﻷا بﺎﺤﺻأ نﺈﻓ شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا أﺪﺒﻳو يروﺪﻟا ةﺮـﺘـﻓ ﻊـﻣ ﺔـﻧرﺎﻘ7ﺎﺑ ﺔﻌﻔﺗﺮﻣ تﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹاةدﺎﻳز ﻢﻬﻨﻜﻣأ ﺎnرو .ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﻞﻴﻐﺸﺗ ﺺﻘﻧ ﺔﺟرد
ﻲـﺘـﻟا ﺔـﻤـﻬـ7ا ﺔـﺠـﻴـﺘﻨﻟاو .ﺔﻴﻓﺎﺿإ ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻋ ﻒﻴﻇﻮﺗ ةدﺎﻳز ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺟﺎﳊا نود ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا شﺎﻌﺘﻧﻻا ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻞﻗأ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻲﻓ ثﺪﲢ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻟا نأ :ﻲﻫ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﺗ يﺬﻟا نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا ءارو ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊا هﺬﻫ نأ وﺪﺒﻳو .ﺔﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ةروﺪﻟا ةﺮﺘﻓ ﺮﺒﻋ جﺎﺘﻧﻹا ﻲﻓ ثﺪﲢ ﻦﻛوأ رﻮﺛرأ ﻪﻔﺸﺘﻜﻣ ﻢﺳﺎﺑ فﺮﻋ Arthur Okun
ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﻞﻛ نأ ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟا اﺬﻫ ﺺﻧ ﺚﻴﺣ ،
ﻦﻜﻤ7ا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﰋﺎﻨﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘ7ﺎﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﰋﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ %٢ Potential GNP
ﻲﻓ ةدﺎﻳز ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻳ
ﰋﺎـﻨـﻠـﻟ ﺔـﺒـﺴـﻨـﻟﺎـﺑ ﻲـﻟﺎـﻤـﺟﻹا ﻲـﻣﻮـﻘـﻟا ﰋﺎـﻨﻟا نﺎﻛ اذإ ،لﺎﺜ7ا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻌﻓ .%١ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا لﺪﻌﻣ
،ﻦﻜﻤ7ا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ﰋﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ %٩٨ ﻰﻟإ ﺾﻔﺨﻧا ﻢﺛ %١٠٠ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟ ﺎﻳوﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻜﻤ7ا ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺟﻹا ﻲﻣﻮﻘﻟا ةﻮـﻗ ﻦـﻣ %٧ ﻰـﻟإ %٦ ﻦـﻣ ،ﻼـﺜـﻣ ،ﻊـﻔـﺗﺮـﻳ نﺄـﻛ ،%١ ﺔـﺒﺴﻨﺑ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻳ ﺔﻟﺎﳊا هﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا لﺪﻌﻣ نﺈﻓ : ﺮﻈﻧا .ﻞﻤﻌﻟا Arthur Okun: The Political Economy of Prosperity, Norton, New York, 1970.
: ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺟار (٥) Paul Wonnacott ant Ronald Wonnacott: “Economics”, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Third Edition, 1986, p. 145.
ﻢـﻴـﻫاﺮـﺑإ ﺪـﻤـﺤـﻣ .د ﺔـﻤـﺟﺮﺗ ،ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟاوﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا ،ﻲﻠﻜﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ـ نﺎﻤﺟﺪﺑا ﻞﻜﻳﺎﻣ : ﺮﻈﻧا (٦) .٤٣٧ ص ،١٩٨٨ ،ضﺎـﻳﺮـﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺦﻳﺮ7ا راد ،رﻮﺼﻨﻣ : ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ نرﺎﻗ (٧) Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus: “Economics,” Fourteenth Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1992, p. 569.
،صﺎﳋاو مﺎﻌﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﺧﻻا ،ﻲﻠﻜﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ـ بوﺮﺘﺳ درﺎﺠﻳرو ﻲﻨﺗارﻮﺟ ﺲﻤﻴﺟ :ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺟار (٨) ص ،١٩٨٨ ضﺎﻳﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﺮـﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺦﻳﺮـ7ا راد ،ﺪـﻤﺤﻣ ﻢـﻴﻈﻌﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ .د ،ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ حﺎﺘﻔﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ .د ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ .٢٠٢
،Wـﻳﺪـﻘـﻨـﻟا ﺮـﻈـﻧ ﺔـﻬـﺟو ،دﺎـﺼـﺘـﻗﻻاو كﻮـﻨﺒﻟاو دﻮﻘﻨﻟا ، ،ﻞﺠﻴﺳ يرﺎﺑ : لﺎﺜ7ا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻈﻧا (٩) .٦١٤ ص .ضﺎﻳﺮﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﺸﻨﻠﻟ ﺦﻳﺮ7ا راد ،ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ حﺎﺘﻔﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ .دو رﻮﺼﻨﻣ ﻪﻠﻟاﺪﺒﻋ ﻪﻃ .د ﺔﻤﺟﺮﺗ .١٥٠ ص ،هﺮـﻛذ ﻖـﺒﺳ رﺪﺼﻣ ..دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻢﻠﻋ ـ تﻮﻛﺎﻧو ﺪﻟﺎﻧورو تﻮﻛﺎﻧو لﻮﺑ :ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ نرﺎﻗ (١٠) تﺎﺟارﺪﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟ ﻊﻨﺼﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻼﺜﻣ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ نأ ﺔﻠﻄﻌﺘ7ا ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﻟا اﺬﻬﻟ ﻦﻜﻣأ ﻮﻟ ﻪﻧأ ،ﻆﺣﻻ (١١) بﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ ﺐﻳرﺪﺘﻟا ةدﺎﻋإو ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻟا وأ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﻹا ﻦﻛﺎﻣأ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﺟﺎﳊا نودو ،ﺔﻴﻋارﺰﻟا تاراﺮﳉا وأ نأ ﻰﻟإ Wﻳدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﺾﻌﺑ ﺮﻴﺸﻳو .ﺔﻴﻛﺎﻜﺘﺣا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺑ ﻦﻋ ثﺪﺤﺘﻧ نأ ﻦﻜ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺎﻨﻧﺈﻓ ،ىﺮﺧأ تارﺎﻬﻣ ﺾـﻌـﺒـﻟا ﻦﻜﻟ .ﺔﻴﻛﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟاو ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا Wﺑ ﺔﻗﺮﻔﺘﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺐﻌﺼﻳ ةﺮﻴﺜﻛ تﻻﺎﺣ كﺎﻨﻫ لﻮـﺼـﳊا نأ ﺎـﻤـﻛ ،ﺎـﻨﻣز لﻮﻃأ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺑ ﺔﻴﻛﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻴﻬﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا نأ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ
،ﺪﻌﺑأ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻰﻟإ لﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﺎﻗﻹا نﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﺳأ اﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻣإ ﺐﻠﻄﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ةدﺎﻋ ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻔﻴﻇو ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻛﺎﻜﺘﺣﻻا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا نأ Wﺣ ﻲﻓ ،ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ تارﺎﻬﻣ بﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ ﺐﻳرﺪﺘﻟا ةدﺎﻋإو ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﺣﺮn روﺮ7ا ﺎﻣإو ﻪـﻠـﻤـﻋ ﻦـﻃﻮـﻣ ﻦـﻋ اﺪـﻴـﻌـﺑ ﻞـﻴـﺣﺮـﻟا وأ ةﺪـﻳﺪـﺟ تارﺎـﻬﻣ بﺎﺴﺘﻛﻻ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻞﻃﺎﻌﻟا جﺎﺘﺤﻳ ﻻو ﺎﻨﻣز ﻞﻗأ .١٥٠ ص ،ﻖـﺑﺎـﺴﻟا رﺪﺼ7ا : ﺮﻈﻧا .ﻪﻨﻣ حﺮﺴ7ا ﻲﻠﺻﻷا .٢٠٤ ص ،هﺮـﻛذ ﻖـﺒﺳ رﺪﺼﻣ ،..ﻲﻠﻜﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ،بوﺮﺘﺳ درﺎﺠﻳرو ﻲﻨﺗارﻮﺟ ﺲﻤﻴﺟ :نرﺎﻗ (١٢) ﺎﻫرﺎﺛآو ﻲ7ﺎﻌﻟا دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ﻞﻳوﺪﺘﻟا ةﺮﻫﺎﻇ ـ ﻲﻛز يﺰﻣر :ﻞﻳوﺪﺘﻟا وأ ﺔ7ﻮﻌﻟا ﻰﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻧا (١٣) .١٩٩٣ :ﺖـﻳﻮـﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﻄﺨﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺪﻬﻌ7ا تﺎﻋﻮﺒﻄﻣ ﻦﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻟا دﻼﺒﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮـﻴﻏ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ضﺮﻋ ﻦﻋ ﻪﺘﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻟﺎﳊا ﺎﻨﻧﺮﻗ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﳋا ﻲﻓ ﺲﻳﻮﻟﺮﺛرأ ﺪﻨﺘﺳا ﺪﻗو (١٤)
ﺔﺼﻴﺧﺮﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﺐﺤﺳ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ لﺎ7ا سأر ﻢﻛاﺮﺗ ﻞﻳﻮ1 نﺎﻜﻣإ ﺮﻳﺮﺒﺘﻟ ،ةﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ دوﺪﶈا ﻞﻤﻌﻟا ةﻮﻗ ضﺮﻋ مادﺎﻣ ﻢﻛاﺮﺘﻟا ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳو .ىﺮﺧﻷا تﺎﻋﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ لﺎﻐﺘﺷﻺﻟ ﻲﻋارﺰﻟا عﺎﻄﻘﻟا ﻦﻣ : ﺮﻈﻧا ـ دوﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ W. Arther Lewis : ‘Economic Development with unlimited Supply of Labour’, in: The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, May 1954.
ﺎﺿﺮﻋ ﺪﺠﺘﺳو
ً
ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ .ةﺪﻳﺪﳉا ﺔﻴﺳﻮﺘﻟﺎ7ا ﺔﻓاﺮﺧو ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﺴﻟا ﺔﻠﻜﺸ7ا ـ ﺎﻨﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا هﺬﻬﻟ
ص ،١٩٨٤ ﺖﻳﻮﻜﻟا ﺔﻟوﺪﺑ بادﻵاو نﻮﻨﻔﻟاو ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻠﻟ ﻲﻨﻃﻮﻟا ﺲﻠﻟﻤﺠا ﺎﻫرﺪﺼﻳ (٨٤) ﻢﻗر ﺔﻓﺮﻌ7ا ﻢﻟﺎﻋ .١٨٧ ـ ١٧٨ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺮﻴﺸﻳ (١٥) Peter N. Hess
و Clark G. Ross نزاﻮﺘﺗو ،ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا لﺪﻌﻣ دﻮﺴﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻧأ
وأ ﻲـﻠـﻌـﻔـﻟا ىﻮـﺘـﺴـﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻳوﺎﺴﻣ رﺎﻌﺳﻸﻟ ﻊﻗﻮﺘ7ا ىﻮﺘﺴ7ا نﺄﺸﺑ لﺎﻤﻌﻟا تﺎﻌﻗﻮﺗ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻞﻤﻌﻟا قاﻮﺳأ رﺎﻌﺳﻷا نﺄﺸﺑ ﻢﻬﺗﺎﻌﻗﻮﺗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﻟإ لﺎﻤﻌﻟا ﻊﻓﺪﻳ ﺎﻣ دﻮﺟو مﺪﻋ ﻰﻟإ يدﺆﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻮﻫو .رﺎﻌﺳﻸﻟ ﻖﻘﺤﺘ7ا : ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ نﻻﻮﻘﻳ ﺎﻤﻫو .ﻞﺒﻘﺘﺴ7ا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﶈا
“The natural rate of unemployment is the rate of unemployment consistent with equilibrium in the labor market - where the aggregate price level (or inflation rate) expected by labor equals the actual price level (or inflation rate) in the economy. Thus, at the natural rate of unemployment, there would be no tendency for workers to adjust their price expectations.”
: ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻧا Peter N. Hess and Clark G. Ross: Principles of Economics: an analytical approach, West Publishing Company, New York, Los Angeles, San Fransisco, 1993, p. 543.
: ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻧا (١٦) Campbell R. McGonnell and Stanley L. Brue: Economics: Priciples, Problems and Policies, Twelfth Edition, McGraw- Hill, Inc., International Edition, 1993, p. 135.
.٦٠٨ ص ،هﺮـﻛذ ﻖـﺒﺳ رﺪﺼﻣ ..دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻢﻠﻋ :سوﺎﻫدرﻮﻧ ﻢﻴﻟوو نﻮﺴﻟﻮﻣﺎﺳ لﻮﺑ : ﻊﺟار (١٧) : ﺮﻈﻧا ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا لﺪﻌﻣ سﺎﻴﻗ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﺜﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا تﻻﺎﻜﺷﻹا لﻮﺣ (١٨) W. R. Garside: The Measurement of Unemployment: Methods and Sources in Great Britain 1850- 1979, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1980; M. Godfrey: Measuring the removable Surplus of agricutural Labour in Low-income Economies, in: The Journal of Economic Studies, Spring 1967, M. Godfrey : Global Unemployment, op. cit., J.J. Hughes: How should we measure Unemployment? in: British Journal of Industerial Relations, xiii, 3/1975, A. Sen: Employment, Technology and Development, Oxford, London, 1975.
ﻲـﺘـﻟا ﺔـﻴـﻤـﻴـﻫﺎـﻔ7او ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹا بﻮﻴﻌﻟا ءﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧأ ﻰﻟإ ،صﻮﺼﳋا اﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ ةرﺎﺷﻹا رﺪﲡ (١٩) ةرﻮـﺸـﻨ7ا ﺔﻴﻤﺳﺮﻟا مﺎﻗرﻷا نﻮﻜﺗ نأ ،ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻚﻟذ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺗﺮﺘﻳ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ يﻮﻄﻨﻳ ﻲـﻜـﻳﺮـﻣﻷا عﺎـﻤـﺘـﺟﻻا ﻢـﻟﺎـﻋ ﺮـﻴـﺸـﻳ ،لﺎـﺜ7ا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋو .ﺔﻘﻴﻗد ﺮﻴﻏ ﻒﻇﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ Jeremy Rifkin
نأ
ﻒﻟأ ٢٣٠ و نﻮﻴﻠﻣ ﻲﻟاﻮﺣ نأ ،١٩٩٣ ﺲﻄﺴﻏأ ﻲﻓ ﺖﻨﻠﻋأ ةﺪﺤﺘ7ا تﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟارﺪﻴﻔﻟا ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊا ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻰﻟإ ﺮﺸﻳ ﻢﻟ نﺎﻴﺒﻟا اﺬﻫ ﻦﻜﻟ .١٩٩٣ مﺎﻋ ﻦﻣ لوﻷا ﻒﺼﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺮﻴﺑﺪﺗ ﺪﻗ ةﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺔﻔﻴﻇو ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﺾﻌﺒﻟ ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻲﻫ ـ %٦٠ ﻪﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺎnو ـ ﻒﺋﺎﻇﻮﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻔﻟأ ٧٢٨ نأ ﻲﻫو ،ﺔﻤﻬﻣ part-
ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﺾﻌﺒﻟ نﻮﻠﻤﻌﻳ ﻦﻣ نإ ﺚﻴﺣو .ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨ7ا رﻮﺟﻷا تاذ تﺎﻣﺪﳋا لﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻞﺜﻤﺘﻳ ﺎﻬﺒﻠﻏأو time
ﺔﺘﻗﺆﻣ لﺎﻤﻋأ ﻲﻓ نﻮﻠﻤﻌﻳ اﻮﻧﺎﻛ اذإ ﺔﺻﺎﺨﺑو ،Wﻠﻃﺎﻌﻟا ةﺮﺋاد ﻦﻤﺿ اﻮﻠﺧﺪﻳ نأ Wﻌﺘﻳ ﻢﻬﺗدارإ ﺮﻴﻐﺑ ﺔﻘﻴﻗد ﺮﻴﻏ ﺪﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﻄﺒﻟا تاءﺎﺼﺣإ نﺄﺷ ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺄﺷ ،ﺔﻟﺎﻤﻌﻟا تاءﺎﺼﺣا نﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ رﻮﺟﺄﺑو : ﺮﻈﻧا ـ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊا ﺲﻜﻌﺗ ﻻو Jeremy Rifkin: The End of Work, The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post - Market Era, G.P.Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1995, p. 167.
ص ،١٩٩٥ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟا ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟا ،١٩٩٥ ﻢﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺮﻳﺮﻘﺗ ـ ﻲﻟوﺪﻟا ﻚﻨﺒﻟا :ﻚﻟذ ﻲﻓ ﺮﻈﻧا (٢٠) .٤٦