Pighealth Security-X application software is successfully built, an effective tool to assess the levels of biosecurity on the pig farm. The software with advanced features makes the evaluation process more convenient and faster. Pighealth Security-X is looking toward a new era of biosecurity, contributing to improving disease control, improving productivity, and reducing the cost of labor; however, the application is firstly developed and continues to be upgraded in the next higher version.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF WET RICE CULTIVATION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE IN PHU THIEN DISTRICT, GIA LAI PROVINCE
Tran L. N. Khuong1* and Nguyen D. Liem2
1Faculty of Environment and Resources, Gia Lai Sub-campus of Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2Faculty of Environment and Resources, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
*Email: [email protected] Abstract
Crop restructuring in drought-prone and inefficient rice fields is a solution to improve agricultural land-use efficiency and adapt to climate change. This study aimed to evaluate irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for flood alternate wetting and drying paddy cultivation in different conditions of climate, soil type, and crop season in Phu Thien district, the “rice bowl” of Gia Lai province. The CropWat model was used to estimate irrigation water requirements for spring and summer-autumn rice crops grown on three soil types of sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and clay in the baseline from 1986 to 2005, and three high greenhouse gas emission scenarios of normal, wet, and dry year by 2046 - 2065. The validation of AquaCrop was performed against observed rice productivity data in 2005 according to the statistical yearbook of Gia Lai province. Next, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was estimated as the ratio between rice yield simulated from AquaCrop, and the amount of irrigation water simulated from CropWat. The results showed that IWUE for wet rice decreased due to climate change. Rice cultivation in spring crop or on sandy loam soils was projected to maximize irrigation water productivity under the conditions of increased temperature and variable rainfall.
Moreover, rice production in the spring or on sandy clay loam soils was the most climate tolerant.
Keywords: AquaCrop, CropWat, climate change, irrigation water use efficiency, flood alternate wetting and drying paddy.
1. Introduction
Due to the fluctuating situation of the world economy, ensuring agricultural production is the main issue. Global demand for agricultural commodities is predicted to more than double by 2050, mainly to population growth. However, rice (35%) has significant regions that are presently experiencing yield stagnation (Ray et al., 2012). Agriculture is the dominant economic activity of Phu Thien district with the main crops including wet rice, sugar cane, cassava, and hybrid corn. In 2020, the area of flood alternate wetting and drying paddy cultivation is 12,935 ha, accounting for 25.6% and 41.6% of the total land area and total agricultural land area of the district, respectively. The total annual flood alternate wetting and drying paddy cultivation area of the district increased gradually from 2016 to 2020, in which the area of summer-autumn rice was higher than the area of spring rice. In 2020, the area of summer-autumn rice was 6,663 ha, accounting for 51.51% of the district's annual rice growing area. The population of Phu Thien district also increases every year and reaches about 79,656 people in 2020 which maintains an important source of labor for agriculture (Table 1).
However, a major proportion of agriculture is rainfed, so it is very vulnerable to climate change (Babel et al., 2011). Rice productivity is dependent on accessible water of acceptable quality for irrigation (Trinh et al. 2013). In recent years, the maximum five-day rainfall (Rx5day) tends to increase in most of the northern provinces of the Central Highlands, which ranges from 2 to 20% frequent. The lowest annual temperature (TNn) in the Central Highlands grew the most in the nation between 1961 and 2018 with an increase of up to 1.8°C (MONRE, 2020). In addition
to direct impacts such as floods or droughts, climate change also has a direct impact on rice yield through temperature and rainfall (Deb et al., 2016). High-intensity temperatures for short periods of time can lead to the sterility of sprouts in rice (Masutomi et al., 2009). Changes in temperature can alter the evaporation requirements of plants (Tao et al., 2003).
Table 1. Average population and rice growing area in Phu Thien district
Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Average population (person) 76,485 77,101 78,033 78,821 79,656 Planted area of paddy (ha) 12,720 12,522 12,585 12,678 12,935 Planted area of summer-autumn rice
(ha) 6,663 6,468 6,510 6,603 6,663
Planted area of spring rice (ha) 6,070 6,070 6,070 6,075 6,272
Source: Gia Lai Statistical Yearbook of 2020.
Therefore, measuring the performance of agricultural production in the context of climate change in the future is essential for building a sustainable agricultural production system in Phu Thien district and ensuring food security for the whole Gia Lai province in general. A weighted yield for each unit of provided irrigation water or a biomass buildup over water consumption is what is meant by the irrigation water use efficiency, which is one of the variables used to measure the performance of agricultural production systems (Abou-Baker, 2020). The decrease in irrigation water use efficiency will lead to a reduction in irrigated area and a decrease in rice production. This study aimed to evaluate irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for flood alternate wetting and drying paddy cultivation in different conditions of climate, soil types, and crop season in Phu Thien district, the “rice bowl” of Gia Lai province.
2. Materials and Methods