Layer 1: Convolution of 96 filters, size 7 x 7, stride 2, padding 3
5. Limitations of the study
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A SYNTHESIS OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION FOR CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE
Huynh P. Long *, Pham T. H. Nhung and Nguyen B. Dang
1Faculty of Economics, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
*Email: [email protected] Abstract
This research aims at synthesizing agricultural extension service (AES) for climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The literature review shows that AES plays an important role in agriculture production and rural development, especially in the context of climate change and food insecurity.
More new and effective extension methods are being employed such as extension service via SMS (Short Messaging Service) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services), discovery learning, and information and communication technologies. Globally, CSA(s) are becoming popular, however, the application of CSA is impeded by many factors, including perceived benefits, ease of use, financial constraints, etc. making farmers adopt CSA timidly. Although the public extension service normally plays the leading role and brings some achievements in transferring knowledge and technical advances to farmers, it is not as effective as the private extension service in many cases. The effectiveness of AES has been measured differently across the literature. Some researchers evaluated AES results through the technical efficiency of production, others linked the effectiveness of AES to farmers’ participation in extension services, and to farmers’ adoption of a given production technique or method. Many factors were found to affect the effectiveness of agriculture extension services, including proficiency of extension staff, farmers’ demographical characteristics, perceived benefits of CSA, the cost for application, financial efficiency, natural conditions of production, etc.
Keywords: agriculture extension, climate-smart agriculture, effectiveness, rural development.
1. Introduction
Agricultural extension is an important tool for agricultural development, a bridge in transferring new techniques and technologies to farmers (Pham et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2011). Through agricultural extension activities, farmers will gain a deep understanding of new technologies and know how to apply them to agricultural production processes, thereby raising farmers' awareness and improving local agriculture (Qamar, 2005). Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture that takes into account the issues of climate change, in order to achieve development goals, both short and long-term in the context of climate change (Meybeck & Gitz, 2010).
Agricultural extension has great potential to improve agricultural productivity and increase incomes through the transfer and facilitation of knowledge, skills, and technology (Feder et al., 1999; Swanson & Rajalahti, 2010). However, evidence from case studies shows mixed results regarding the effectiveness of extension activities (Sulaiman & Davis, 2012; Benin et al., 2010), therefore, the application of CSA practices in agricultural production can help achieve three main goals: (i) ensure food security through growth in food production and increase income, increase economic efficiency; (ii) increase the adaptability to climate change of agricultural production systems; (iii) reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities. Currently, the application of CSA practice in agricultural producing countries has a low and medium rate (<30%
or between 30-60% of farmers in the production system) (CIAT & World Bank, 2017). However,
the application of CSA is impeded by many factors, including perceived benefits, ease of use, financial constraints, etc.; farmers adopt CSA timidly. Although public extension service normally plays the leading role and brings some achievements in transferring knowledge and technical advances to farmers, public extension service is not as effective as private extension service in many cases. The effectiveness of agricultural extension services has been measured differently across the literature. Research on the application of CSA practices is currently limited. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize extension services with CSA, especially in the context of climate change and food insecurity.
2. Materials and methods