Layer 1: Convolution of 96 filters, size 7 x 7, stride 2, padding 3
3.4. Mobile application
To create an Android application, a web server system was built with the responsibility of analyzing and reporting the type of tree leaves. The web server also supplied URLs through Android applications that may query data.
The Android application allows capture a photo directly or selecting one from a collection, transmitting it to the Web server for processing, and then returning the results to the Android application (Figure 10)
Figure 10. Android application that queries for leaf information.
4. Conclusion
In this research, we collected and built training and testing data sets for 12 distinct types of trees with 400 to 600 photos for each tree. We successfully proposed a convolutional neural network model based on the AlexNet and ZFNet models and verified it against the AlexNet and ZFNet models. Based on the obtained results, we built an Android application that is capable of querying information about plants via photographs of leaves.
In the future, we will continue to collect data on other crops to build a larger dataset, our collected data set is 12 distinct types, it's so small and we need to build a dataset of 30 - 50 different types of trees. With our proposed model, we need to restructure the model or research another model to get a better training result and our target is to improve the model with a recognition accuracy of more than 94%.
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FACTORS AFFECTING SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ CHOICE OF MARKETING CHANNELS FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Ha T. T. Hoa*, Nguyen B. Dang, Dang L. Hoa and Pham T. H. Nhung Faculty of Economics, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
*Email: [email protected] Abstract
This study reviews factors affecting farmers' choice of marketing channels for agricultural products. The choice of farmers' marketing channels contributes to monitoring the quality of products, increasing farmers' income, and stabilizing agricultural production on the market. The review shows that factors affecting farmers' choice of marketing channels are classified into five main categories: (1) demographic factors, (2) farming factors, (3) transaction-specific factors, (4) relationship dynamics factors, and (5) behavioral factors. Farmers choose the appropriate marketing channels based on the types of agricultural products and the characteristics of households. Most studies reveal that agricultural marketing channels include direct marketing channels (farmers' markets, consumers) and indirect marketing channels (middlemen, wholesalers, local traders, cooperatives, processors, exporters, retailers, and food services). Transaction cost economics (TCE) theory has been commonly used in studies on farmers’ choice of marketing channels.
Keywords: agricultural product, choice, farmer, marketing channel, smallholder 1. Introduction
Marketing channels play an important role in achieving the overall goals of food security, and sustainable agriculture, especially for smallholders in developing countries (Melese et al., 2018;
Siddique et al., 2018; Thamthanakoon, 2019). For the distribution of agricultural products, farmers have been choosing effective marketing channels for their products (Xaba & Masuku, 2013; Naeer et al., 2019). In recent decades, small-scale farmers have been able to choose from an increasing number of different types of marketing channels, including consumers, middlemen, wholesalers, local traders, cooperatives, processors, exporters, retailers, etc.
Farmers’ choice of marketing channel is one of the key factors contributing to the success of marketing their products, as different channels are characterized by different costs and benefits (Mmbando et al., 2016; Safi et al., 2018). It is essential to understand the factors that influence the choice of marketing channels and to improve farmers’ income and investment conditions (Soe et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2017; Zeleke, 2018). The choice of marketing channel is important for smallholder farmers, in which many factors and conditions must be considered to make the right decisions.
In recent years, most studies on farmers' choice of marketing channels for agricultural products are empirical studies on specific agricultural products (Abasimel, 2020; Degaga & Alamerie, 2020; Mgale & Yunxian, 2020). Most studies mainly focus on analyzing the magnitude of factors influencing farmers’ choice of marketing channels (Naeer et al., 2019; Kiprop et al., 2020; Mgale & Yunxian, 2020). Other studies investigate the relative efficiency of multiple marketing channels (Xaba & Masuku, 2013; Soe et al., 2015; Safi et al., 2018). Studies synthesizing and classifying factors affecting farmers’ choice of marketing channels for agricultural products seem to be relatively limited. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of factors affecting farmers' choice of marketing channels.
2. Materials and methods