Layer 1: Convolution of 96 filters, size 7 x 7, stride 2, padding 3
2. Materials and methods 1. Materials
3.3. Factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural extension activities
This section reviews research papers related to the assessment of factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural extension activities applying CSA. The most influential factors in the decision- making process about what CSA practices to adopt are primary occupation, type of farming system, household size, age, and membership of farmer groups. It seems that the immobilization of assets has restricted farmers from continuing with existing activities rather than switching to new, more profitable activities, a situation that could be resolved by the outside intervention of the stakeholders such as government agencies or other organizations. Creating awareness targeting remote rural areas as well as institutions to reduce farmers' access to credit and information will contribute to higher adoption rates, potentially leading to increased enhance food security and living standards for rural people as their agricultural production and productivity improve (Obi &
Maya, 2021).
Table 2. Synthesize relevant studies
No. Authors Research Objectives Methods Results from Models analysis
1 Atsan et al. (2009)
Factors affecting agricultural extension services in Northeast Anatolia region
Find out the factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural extension in Northeast Anatolia, then find solutions to improve the efficiency of agricultural
extension work.
Probit regression analysis
Education level and age of household head
2 Bahua (2013)
Factors affecting the performance agricultural extension and their impact at Behavior Maize Farmers in Gorontalo Province
(1) Determining the factors affecting the effectiveness of extension activities in the development of maize farming in Gorontalo province, (2) assessing the impact of agricultural extension on the behavior change of maize farmers in the province of Gorontalo
Multivariate linear regression analysis
Farm household characteristics, farmer capacity, farm motivation, and self-reliance of the household
3 Ragasa et al. (2015)
Factors Affecting Performance of Agricultural Extension:
Evidence from Democratic Republic of Congo
Evaluation of the performance of the agricultural extension system as well as its influencing factors
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis
(1) Organizational structure of agricultural extension; (2) Quality of agricultural
extension staff; (3) Farmers'
awareness; (4) Facilities for implementing agricultural extension work.
4
Baradaran
&
Ghanian (2016)
An analysis of factors affecting improvement of performance of extension agent from the farmers’
viewpoint in Zahak township
analysis of factors affecting the results of agricultural extension activities from the perspective of farmers in Zahak town as a basis for proposing solutions to improve agricultural extension efficiency
Multivariate linear regression analysis
Consulting and support, infrastructure- technology, and education- communication.
5 Tran & Ly (2017)
Analysis of factors affecting the results of agricultural extension policy
implementation in Hau Giang province, Vietnam
Evaluate the results of the implementation of the above agricultural extension policies and determine the factors affecting the results of the implementation of agricultural extension policies in Hau Giang province
Descriptive statistical analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
(1) the
improvement of the agricultural extension organization system and the quality of the extension workers, (2) the
understanding and awareness of farmers, and (3) the reasonable allocation of funds for each extension activity, means, and equipment for implementation.
The literature review revealed that no studies have combined the efficiency of agricultural extension activities with climate-smart agriculture. Results from studies related to factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural extension activities could be used as the basis for future research for modeling and evaluating the factors affecting the effectiveness of agricultural extension activities applying climate-smart agriculture (Table 2).
4. Conclusion
Climate change is becoming the most serious human and environmental crisis of the current generation. While the awareness of the existence and the consequences of climate change is becoming widespread, the specific impacts on agriculture and the extent to which climate-smart agricultural (CSA) innovation practices are being explored are still unknown. The review of studies on agricultural extension and climate-smart agriculture aims to synthesize relevant information for supporting future efforts in improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension activities applying climate-smart agriculture in agricultural-producing countries.
The effectiveness of agricultural extension work includes farmers having full and timely access to the relevant services, with appropriate incentives to apply new technology if appropriate to the socio-economic and local agricultural conditions. What is important for adoption is the ability to take advantage of innovative technology, access to modern inputs and resources, and the ability to return at an acceptable risk level.
The current extension system is based on a traditional extension method that combines participatory methods. This approach combines technology transfer and knowledge enhancement to farmers through demonstrations, technical training, and encouragement of farmers' participation in the research and extension process. However, there are many limitations of this approach, such as the dissemination of inappropriate techniques and demonstration models, imposition (planned extension, lack of flexibility), poor linkage between research and development and between agricultural research and extension, and lack of real participation of farmers.
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OPTIMIZATION CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH AND INVESTIGATION OF ANTI- BACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF FUNGUS Pycnoporus sanguineus
Do N. T. Mai 1, Hoang M. Hao 2 and Nguyen H. Tri3*
1Faculty of Biology - Biotechnology, University of Natural Sciences, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2Faculty of Food and Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technical Education, Vietnam
3Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
*Email: [email protected] Abstract
Pycnoporus sanguineus is a fungus that serves as an important source of enzymes in various industries and contains numerous antibacterial compounds. Samples of red-orange mushrooms named Pyc-1 and Pyc-2 were collected in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City, and Tan Phu district, Dong Nai province, respectively. Both Pyc-1 and Pyc-2 were identified by morphological analysis combined with molecular biology analysis. The fruiting body is a brilliant reddish-orange in color.
Caps can range from 2.6 - 5.2 cm in diameter, and stems can be 2 - 3 cm long. The fungal spores are white, cylindrical, slightly curved, smooth, and translucent, with a diameter ranging from 4.1 - 6.2 µM in width and 7.5 - 10.2 µM in length. The ITS-rDNA sequence analysis showed that Pyc- 1 (MZ305063) and Pyc-2 (MZ305070) belonged to the species Pycnoporus sanguineus, with the percentage of ITS rDNA homology at 99.69% and 99.84%, respectively. The pH and light intensity were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for fruiting body cultivation. Results showed that P. sanguineus fruiting bodies reached the highest average dry weight of 20.39 ± 1.77 g/bag of 500 g substrate where the initial pH of the substrate was 9.0 and the light level was 50%
(100 - 300 lux). The agar well diffusion method was applied to evaluate the antibacterial activity of mushroom extracts under alcohol and water conditions. The results showed that both samples Pyc-1 and Pyc-2 were resistant to Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, but did not show resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Keywords: antibacterial, fruiting body, ITS-rDNA, phylogeny, Pycnoporus sanguineus 1. Introduction
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill has been reported to be capable of producing biologically significant active pigments such as cinnabarin, cinnabarinic acid and tramesanguin, whose bioactive properties include antioxidants chemical, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities (Correa et al., 2006). Therefore, P. sanguineus could be an important source of bioactive metabolites and compounds with pharmacological properties. P.
sanguineus commonly found growing singly or in clusters on dead hardwood trees in subtropical or tropical countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia. The genus Pycnoporus is composed of nine species reported to date (Ulloa & Hanlin, 2006), of which the four most common are P. sanguineus (L.) Murrill., P. cinnabarinus (Jacq. Fr.) Karst, P. puniceus (Fr.) Ryv., and P. coccineus (Fr.) (Ryvarden & Johansen, 1980). In Vietnam, wild strains of P. sanguineus have been recorded in several localities. This fungus is one of the species of the large mushroom group that find in Huong Thuy town, Thua Thien Hue province (Ngo & Ngo, 2013), and in Lung Ngoc Hoang conservation area, Hau Giang province (Tran et al., 2017). Morphologically, this fungus is bright red with a
stalkless fruit body or a very short, fan-shaped stalk with one side attached to its substrate. The lower surface has small to medium-sized pores of equal diameter (Téllez-Téllez et al., 2016). This study aims to determine the culture conditions for mycelium growth, fruiting bodies forming, and evaluate the antibacterial activity of mushroom fruit extracts from P. sanguineus strain, which was isolated from Ho Chi Minh City and Dong Nai province, Vietnam.
2. Materials and methods