Layer 1: Convolution of 96 filters, size 7 x 7, stride 2, padding 3
2. Materials and Methods 1. Experiment design
3.4. The enzyme inhibition activity of the extract
α-amylase and α-glucosidase are two main enzymes that play a role in digesting and converting starch into glucose, which is absorbed into the blood. The excessive absorption of sugar has been associated with an increased risk of diabetes, a fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease. One of the strategies and methods adopted to cure diabetes mellitus involves the inhibition of α- amylase and α-glucosidase in the gastrointestinal glucose absorption thereby lowering postprandial glucose level. This study is an attempt to seek bioactive ingredients from C. minax with increased effectiveness and lesser side effects than current drugs. The enzyme inhibition
a) b) c) c) d)
+ +
+ - +
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S S -
S S
activity of C. minax Hance is presented in Table 4. The extract showed potential inhibition of α- amylase and α-glucosidase activity at low concentrations of 100 µg.L-1 and 820 µg.L-1 respectively. This result is in agreement with previous studies (Pavlić et al., 2021). Acarbose is used as a reference (with diet only or diet and other medications) to treat type 2 diabetes (condition in which the body does not use insulin normally and therefore cannot control the amount of sugar in the blood). Acarbose works by slowing the action of certain chemicals that break down food to release glucose into your blood. Slowing food digestion helps keep blood glucose from rising very high after meals (National Library of Medicine, 2017).
Table 4. IC50 values for enzyme inhibition activity of the C. minax extract
No. Sample The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50).
α-amylase α-glucosidase
1 C. minaxextract 100 ± 0.02 (µg.L-1) 820 ± 0.10 (µg.L-1) 2 Acarbose 0.012 ± 0.0001 (µg.L-1) 1.7 ± 0.0001 (µg.L-1)
This inhibitory activity of the C. minax stem extract might be due to the presence of several phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Some phenolic acids such as vanillic, syringic acids and gallic acid are involved in modulating the activity of starch digestive enzymes but remain unclear (Aleixandre et al., 2022). The study also demonstrated that 10% of the phenolic acids were retained during starch gelatinization and prone to interact with α-amylase. Those effects were not really evident with α-glucosidase, likely due to the small molecular size of maltose substrate (Aleixandre et al., 2022). Similarly, Barrett et al.
(2013) proved that larger and more complex tannins, more effectively inhibited the enzymes than did less polymerized tannins. Interaction of the tannins with the enzymes was confirmed through calorimetric measurements of changes in enzyme thermal stability. Tannins could bind to the digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, thereby inhibiting starch hydrolysis.
4. Conclusion
C. minax Hance contains large amounts of beneficial substances such as polyphenols, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, lipids, and proteins. Besides, it exhibited a potential source of natural antioxidants with IC50 value of 0.092 mg.mL-1 and in vitro antibacterial activity to four strains. Interestingly, C. minax Hance had the inhibition activity to α-amylase and α-glucosidase at IC50 values of 100 µg.L-1 and 820 µg.L-1, respectively. The study has provided the important information for further uses of C. minax Hance in the development of herbal medicines.
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge support from the Faculty of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology and Research Institute for Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University HCM city.
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CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF LEIOLEPIS GUTTATA RAISING IN BINH DINH PROVINCE
Nguyen T. B. Lien1, Vo T. L. Na1, Nguyen T. Thuong2 and Vo M. Trieu1
1 Nong Lam University, Gia Lai Campus, Viet Nam
2 Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
*Email: [email protected] Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance and productive characteristics of Leiolepis guttata raised in semi-natural environment farms in My Thang commune, Phu My district, Binh Dinh Province. The farm had a total 18,000 lizards in all ages including 5,400 lizards one month, 4,900 lizards 6 months, 3,200 breeding lizards, 4,500 lizards for meat. The data was collected randomly in 20 adult males and 20 adult females., the result showed L.
guttata grew highly in sand after 3 months of raising. Adult males had greater body mass and colorful skin than adult females. The body weight of adult male and female was 290.45 ± 93.7 0g, 211.63 ± 34.69 g, respectively. The body length of adult male and female was 192.94 ± 22.34 mm; 171.84 ± 9.60 mm, respectively. Both body weight and body length of adult males were more than their adult females (P < 0.05). The survival rate was high 90 - 95%. Their food was mainly vegetable. Female lizards laid about 3 - 6 eggs depending on body size. L. guttata was fast growing and seasonal reproduction and rarely got infectious diseases. L. guttata raised in semi-natural enviroment farms was not only the great potential for the wild lizard breeding but also for ecological sustainability.
Keywords: Binh Dinh province, characteristics, Leiolepis guttata, performance, reproduction.
1. Introduction
Leiolepis guttata (Cuvier, 1829) is a colorful lizard species endemic to the coastal dunes of southern Vietnam. This lizard is from the genus Leiolepis, subfamily Leiolepidinae, family Agamidae, suborder Sauria, order Squamata (Tran, 2015). Leiolepis guttata has been being in Vietnam, recorded in Thua Thien Hue (Thuan An, Huong Phu and Phu Loc), Da Nang (Son Tra), Binh Dinh (Quy Nhon), Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang), Ninh Thuan Thap Cham, Ninh Hai and Nui Chua National Park), Binh Thuan (Hoa Thang and Mui Ne) (Nguyen, 2020). The lizard adapts to a terrestrial lifestyle, and lives in dry and few trees or shrub areas. Meat of this lizard has a good smell, salty and sweet taste, and is neutral, non-toxic. Besides, its effect relieves pain, stimulates digestion, detoxicates, dries wounds and has high nutritional ingredients (Nguyen, 2010). Leiolepis guttata was historically hunted largely for subsistence consumption by human populations during the first (1945–1954) and second (1954–1975) Indochinese wars.
Its flesh was said to be healthy for wounded and weak people (quoted by Rochette et al., 2015).
Nowadays, this lizard meat is a special food in restaurants. For highly demanding market and more income, many coastal provinces develop commercial farming of Leiolepis guttata such as Binh Thuan, Ninh Thuan, Quang Nam etc…including Binh Dinh.
Binh Dinh is a central coastal province where agricultural production is the main sector, and husbandry plays a major role. This place has the hard climate, especially My Thang commune - a small commune located close to the sea. Although, this area is difficult to develop agriculture, it is suitable for breeding lizard. Development of commercial farms improves farmer business. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological characteristics and performance of Leiolepis guttata raised in Binh Dinh province for farming trade.
2. Materials and methods
Study site: The study was surveyed on 18,000 Leiolepis guttata including baby lizards and mature lizards. The farm was in My Thang commune, Phu My district, Binh Dinh province.
The survey was carried out from February to April in 2020. The research was conducted on characteristics of color, weight, size and reproduction of Leiolepis guttata raised in semi-natural environment farms on coastal dune.
Data collection: Collecting information about food, diseases and behavior of Leiolepis guttata.
20 adult male lizards and 20 adult female lizards were randomly collected. Using magnifying glass observed color in body, head, fore-legs, hind-legs and belly. Tape measure was used to evaluate the length from the tip of the mouth to the cloaca. Electronic scale was used to determine body weight. Besides, directly observing and describing their behavior from when they left the nest until they returned.
Analysis statistic: Data was analyzed by one-way Anova, Minitab version 16.2. Mean values were compared by Turkey and proportions were compared with χ2 and the difference was significant when P < 0.05.
3. Results and Discussions