KY NIEM 34 N A M GIAI PHONG MI^N NAM
^ (hi dao {ac ben, kien (juyet, linli hoat dia Bang
TRONG T6NG TlhcdNG VANdlDAVXUANimS
Dai ta, TS NGUYEN XUAN TU*
Su chi dao chien luac sdc ben cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng, cua Bp Chinh tri vd cdc cdp chi huy qudn dpi Id mot trong nhirng nhdn td quan trpng ddn tdi thdng lai vidgi cua ddn tpc Viet Nam trong cudc khdng chiin chdng My, ciiru nudc. Ddc biet tai cdc chien dich trong cupe Tdng tien cdng vd ndi day miia Xudn ndm 1975, lanh dao Ddng, cdc cdp chi huy qudn dpi phdt huy cao dp tinh thdn kien quyit, linh hoat, sdng tqo de ra hinh thiire tdc chien cd hieu luc lan nhdt; lai dung vd khoet sdu sai ldm cua dich, ddnh dich bdt ngd, manh Hit vd thdn tdc, dua den thdng lai trpn ven cong cudc gidi phdng mien Nam.
1. Dau nam 1975, tren co sd phan tich the va thang 3-1975 "mgi yeu cau ciia chien dich deu lyc ciia ta va cua dich, xu the phat trien ciia tinh cd gang dam bao dugc. Quan no, lyc lugng Idn, hinh, can cir vao sy bd tri lye lugng va am muu vu khi luong thye du, tinh than phan chan, khi chien luge cua My - nguy tren chien trudng va the cao"'.
kit qua cdng tae chuan bj cua ta trong hai nam De tiep tuc tao yeu td bat ngd, bao dam danh 1973 - 1974, Bg Chinh trj, Quan iiy Trung uong tran then chdt thang lgi, cdng tac chi dao dugc quylt djnh lya chgn hudng tiln cdng chinh la tien hanh sang tao, linh hoat trong bd tri nghi Nam Tay Nguyen, mue tieu chii ylu, tran md binh, dieu ddng lyc lugng vdi tinh than "tranh diu la danh ehilm Budn Ma Thudt. Sau mdt thii bat ngd cao do, bao dam tran dau thang gidn thdi gian chuin bj rit khin truong dudi sy chi gia"l Quan triet tinh than chi dao ciia Bd Chinh dao tap trung, thong nhit ciia Ban Chip hanh trj, Quan iiy Trung uong, d mat tran Tay Trung uong Dang, vdi sy tham gia cua tat ca cac Nguyen, ta da kien tri, bao dam bi mat chien nganh, cac cip trong va ngoai quan ddi, den dau dich va lye lugng ta d hudng tac chien chii yeu la Budn Ma Thudt, ddng thdi tich cyc hoat ddng nghi binh tren hudng Playcu, Kon Tum, lam cho
* Tap chi Gido due Ly ludn chinh tn qudn su cac co quan tinh bao My va Sai Gdn liing tiing,
TAP CHi LICH S I > O A N G - S O 4/2009 35
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mau thuan nhau trong phan tich danh gia tinh hinh, dan tdi nhung sai lam trong phan doan hudng tien cdng eua ta. CJ hudng Tay Nguyen, trong khi djch tang cudng lyc lugng phdng giif d phia Bac la Playcu va Kon Tum, trong khi ta dang tap trung lyc lugng de danh vao Budn Ma Thudt. Tren chien trudng toan Mien, djch ddn vao hudng phdng thu chinh la Quan khu I, lyc lugng dy bj chien luge ciing tap trung cho hudng nay, ta tap trung lyc lugng bat ngd danh manh vao Tay Nguyen, md dau cho cudc Tdng tien cdng va ndi day giai phdng mien Nam.
Md man chien djch, lyc lugng ta tien cdng vao Budn Ma Thudt. Vdi sy chi dao kien quyet, linh boat, bao dam phdi hgp tae chien chat ehe giua cac lyc lugng dae cdng, phao binh, xe tang, phdng khdng, bd binh ta da tao nen sire manh to Idn, nhanh chdng gianh thang Igi. Tran Budn Ma Thudt "mdt ddn diem triing huyet"
gay phan irng day chuyen, toan bd he thdng phdng thu cua quan ddi Sai Gdn bj rung ddng dan tdi sy tan vo, khiing hoang nhanh chdng ve quan sy, chinh trj trong lyc lugng quan ddi va bd may chinh quyen.
Sau chien thang Budn Ma Thudt, Bd Chinh trj, Quan iiy Trung uong da chi dao tap trung lyc lugng, phat trien tien cdng linh boat, khan truong, manh bao; ddng thdi yeu cau lanh dao, chi huy eac chien trudng phai kien quyet thye hien ke hoach ban dau khan truong va manh bao hon. Bd Tdng tu lenh cung chi dao kjp thdi mat tran Tay Nguyen, nhan manh nhiem vu cap bach la tap trung lyc lugng, nhanh chdng tieu diet toan bd quan djch d Budn Ma Thudt va vien
binh cua chiing. Nhirng chi dao nay da dugc Bd tu lenh chien djch Tay Nguyen trien khai nhanh chdng den cac don vj. Dae biet tir ngay 12 den ngay 18-3-1975, bang sy chu ddng, sang tao chi dao kien quyet cua cac cap, ta da thye hien mot loat tran danh xuat sac, dap tan hoan toan cudc phan kich "tai ehilm Budn Ma Thudt", day nhanh tdc do phat trien cua chien djch, lam cho quan ddi Sai Gdn them liing timg, hi ddng, rdi loan ve chi dao chien luge.
Theo ddi nhiing ddng thai ciia djch, chieu ngay 15-3, nhan djnh kha nang djch rut chay khdi Kon Tum va Playcu, ta chi dao gap riit trien khai ke hoach danh chan va td chirc lyc lugng truy kich tieu diet djch. Chieu ngay 16-3, Bg tu lenh chien djch Tay Nguyen nhan dugc lenh: " Djch riit chay theo dudng sd 7, td chirc truy kich ngay". Lenh cua Bd da dugc trien khai ngay. Dudi sy chi dao chat ehe, kien quyet, sang tao, linh boat cua cac cap lanh dao va chi huy, cudc truy kich than tdc tir ngay 17 den 24-3 da gianh thang lgi gidn gia; am muu va ke hoach riit chay bat ngd nham co cum, bao toan lyc lugng cua djch bj dap tan. Cudc rut chay Idn dien ra vdi ket cue bi tham bao hieu sy sup dd khdng the tranh khdi cua quan ddi Sai Gdn.
2. Vao dau thang 3-1975, cac lyc lugng vii trang tren chien trudng Tri - Thien bat dau no sung tien cdng djch tren nhieu khu vyc. Den giua thang 3, ciing vdi viec phat hien djch rut quan d Tay Nguyen, dua lye lugng ve co cum d ddng bang, ta cdn phat hien nhung dau hieu quan djch d Quang Trj se rut ve Hue va Da Nang de bao toan lyc lugng. Thudng vu khu uy va Quan khu Trj- Thien chi dao phai kien quyet.
36 TAP CHi UCH SIJ D A N G - SO 4/2009
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tao bao diing toan bd lyc lugng vu trang d tuyen tiep xuc Quang Tri bat ngd tien cdng djch tren toan tuyen. Nhtfng tran tien cdng ciia lyc lugng vii trang ket hgp quan chiing ndi day ciia ta lam cho djch bd Quang Tri ve Hue va Da Nang.
Trudc tinh hinh mdi, ngay tir ngay 13-3, Bd Chinh trj da phan doan djch cd the co cum chien luge d Hue va Da Nang. Do dd, Bd Chinh tri da chi dao cho Quan khu Trj - Thien, Quan khu 5 va Quan doan 2 nhanh chdng dua lyc lugng xudng ddng bang, ap sat cac tuyen giao thdng va vimg ven cac thanh phd, thj xa; thye hien chia cit chiln luge. Den ngay 20-3, Bd Chinh trj va Quan uy Trung uong tiep tuc chi dao Quan khu Trj - Thien phai tao bao, khan truang, kien quylt thye hien chia cat chien luge, phat ddng chiln tranh nhan dan d ddng bang va ap sat, bao vay thanh phd Hul. Thudng vu Khu iiy va Quan khu iiy Trj - Thien ha quyet tam va chi dao tranh thii thdi co, doc toan lyc giai phdng Thira Thien - Hul bing mdt cudc tiln cdng tdng lyc, toan dien, khdng dl djch cum lai trong thanh phd Hul. Kien quylt va sang tao trong chi dao thye hanh each danh, Quan doan 2 da td chirc lyc lugng nhanh chdng danh eat dudng 1, lyc lugng djch d Thira Thien dang tren dudng riit chay vao Da Ning phai quay trd lai Hue. Nam chic tinh hinh quan dich d Hul dang lam vao linh trang roi loan, rut chay, Bd Tdng Tu lenh da chi dao Quan doan 2 va Quan khu Trj - Thien diy manh toe do tiln cdng, giai phdng thanh phd Hul, chan dudng biln la con dudng riit chay duy nhit cdn lai ciia djch, tieu diet hoan toan quan djch. Dudi sy chi dao kien quylt, khin truang, kjp thdi ciia Dang, Bd
Tdng tu lenh va cac cap, bd ddi chii lyc da phdi hgp chat ehe vdi lyc lugng vii trang dja phuang danh chiem cac myc tieu, nhanh chdng giai phdng thanh phd Hue.
Vao cudi thang 3-1975, quan ddi Sai Gdn d thanh phd Da Nang ngay cang hdn dpn va hoang loan. Nam vifng tinh hinh nay. Bd Chinh trj va Quan iiy Trung uong da phe chuan ke hoach va chi dao quan dan cac tinh, Khu iiy va Bd tu lenh Quan khu 5 tap trung lyc lugng.
day manh tien cdng djch, thye hien chia cat chien luge, tao ban dap tien cdng Da Nang tir phia Nam. Dudi sy chi dao chat ehe, khan truong ciia Dang iiy va Bd tu lenh Quan khu 5, chi sau 5 ngay (tir 21 den 26-3) tien cdng va ndi day, ta da tieu diet, lam tan ra mdt nira lyc lugng chu lyc co ddng ciia djch tren dja ban, hai phin ba quan dja phuang d cac tinh phia Nam Quan khu 1 ciia djch, giai phdng hai tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai. Tuyen phdng thii d ddng bing ven bien mien Trung ciia djch bj pha vo. Thanh pho Da Ning bi chia cat hoan toan vdi chinh quyen trung uong va lyc lugng cdn lai ciia djch dNam Bd.
D I giai phdng nhanh thanh phd Da Nang, Bo Chinh trj da chi dao dilu chuyen Quan doan 1 tir mien Bic hanh quan thin toe bing co gidi vao mat tran Quang Da; gip rut co ddng lyc lugng Quan doan 2, Quan khu Tri - Thien va Quan khu 5 vl hudng Da Ning, hinh thanh the bao va}- thanh phd. Bd Chinh trj cdn dy kiln va chi dao cac don vi chuin bi phuang an danh chiem Da Ning trong tinh huong dich co cum, phdng thii cd td chirc; ddng thdi chuin bj sin sang phuang an tien cdng khi djch bd Da Ning thao chay.
TAP CHi UCH SLfOANG-SO 4/2009 37
KY NIEM 34 NAM GlAl PHONG MIEN NAM
Theo ddi dien bien mdi nhat tren chien trudng, ngay 27-3, Quan uy Trung uong dien chi dao Quan khu 5 va Quan doan 2: bd qua nhung mue tieu dgc dudng, danh thang vao Da Nang nhanh nhat, tao bao nhat vdi nhimg lyc lugng cd the chuyen tdi sdm nhat. Day la sy chi dao het siic kien quyet, sang tao va linh hoat dap irng yeu cau tan dung thdi co chien luge nham danh thang djch, giai phdng Da Nang trudc ddi hdi khan truong nhat.
Vdi quyet tam chien dau cao, thdng nhat hanh ddng theo chi dao cua Bd Chinh trj, Dang iiy, Bd tu lenh Quan khu 5 va Quan doan 2 khan truong dieu ddng lyc lugng, sir dung nhtfng don vj dirng gan Da Nang, tien thang vao thanh phd bang con dudng ngan nhat; phdi hgp vdi lyc lugng vii trang dia phuong va quan ehung ndi day, tien cdng manh liet vao thanh phd, tir sang 28-3. Chi sau 33 gid chien dau toan bd quan dich d Da Nang bj tieu diet va tan ra, ta gianh them the tran mdi de giai phdng hoan toan mien Nam.
3. Trudc nhiing dien bien thuan lgi, ngay 31- 3, Bd Chinh trj nhan djnh thdi co giai phdng Sai Gdn - Gia Djnh da hoan toan chin mudi, ta da cd day dii lyc lugng, kha nang de gianh toan thang trong mdt thdi gian ngan hon dy kien rat nhieu.
Thdi gian luc nay la lyc lugng, la sire manh.
Bd Chinh trj va Quan uy Trung uong ehi dao vdi tinh thin phai het sire khan truong, phai tranh thii timg gid, timg phiit, hanh quan ngay dem cho kjp; chuin bj chu dao, day du lyc lugng dy bj de phat triln tiln cdng lien tuc cho din khi toan thing; sir dung lyc lugng biet ddng tham nhap, gay rdi trong ndi thanh, phao kich san bay...day
manh mgi hoat ddng lam cho dich bj ddng hon, roi loan hon, phai phan tan ddi phd hon.
De pha vd "canh ciia thep" Xuan Lde d ciia ngd Sai Gdn, ta da chi dao kien quyet, sang tao, nit kinh nghiem, thay ddi each danh lam cho djch ton thit nang ne, toan bd he thdng phdng thu xung quanh Sai Gdn bi rung chuyen, lam suy sup them tinh than chien dau ciia quan nguy va tam ly bi quan, that bai lan tran trong chinh gidi My.
Giifa thang 4-1975, Bd Chinh trj va Quan iiy Trung uong thdng qua lan cudi ke hoach giai phdng Sai Gdn - Gia Djnh. Vdi tu tudng chi dao se tien cdng ddng loat tren 5 hudng: Tay Bac, Ddng Bac, Ddng, Ddng Nam, Tay va Tay Nam;
thye hien danh nhanh, danh diit diem, tieu diet va lam tan ra hoan toan quan djch, bao ve dan, bao ve cac co sd kinh te, van hda trong thanh phd. Ddn tien cdng quan sy cd nhiem vu chia cat, bao vay, tieu diet va lam tan ra cac su doan djch d vdng ngoai, khdng eho chiing co cum d ndi thanh; danh chiem cac cau Idn md dudng cho cac binh doan dot kieh bang lyc lugng binh ehung hgp thanh, ciing vdi bd ddi dae cdng, biet ddng va quan chiing ndi day danh chiem cac mue tieu chu yeu. Phat ddng quan chiing ndi day phdi hgp va phat huy ket qua ciia ddn tien cdng quan sy. Bd Chinh trj nhan manh phai tiep tuc theo ddi phan iing cua My khi ta danh Idn vao Sai Gdn; each danh cua ta tap trung lyc lugng dap tan tuyen phdng thu vdng ngoai ciia dich, thye hien chia cat, tieu diet va lam tan ra tren dudng ehung rut lui, khdng cho chiing co cum.
Bat dau liic 17 gid ngay 26-4, Bd Chinh trj va Quan uy Trung uong chi dao cac lyc lugng
38 TAP CHi LICH SLF O A N G - SO 4/2009
KY NIEM 34 NAM GlAl PHONG MI^N NAM
tien hanh cudc tien cdng giai phdng Sai Gdn - Gia Djnh bang mdt loat nhirng tran danh quyet liet vao cac can cir quan sy vdng ngoai ciia quan ddi Sai Gdn, ddng thdi khdng ehe chat dudng bd, dudng thiiy, dudng khdng khda chat dudng nit chay ciia djch, thye hien ap sat, bao vay Sai Gdn tren tat ca cac hudng. Bd Chinh trj ddn ddc, chi dao cac nganh, cac dja phuong trong ca nudc tap trung cd gang cao nhat, dap img mgi yeu cau cua chien djch, ddng thdi chi thj cho quan dan ddng bang Nam Bd tranh thii thdi co, day manh tien cdng va ndi day, phdi hgp vdi mat tran Sai Gdn.
Sang ngay 29-4, quan ta md cuge Tdng cdng kich vao Sai Gdn vdi tu tudng tien cdng manh me nhat, giai phdng va chiem ITnh toan bd thanh phd, tudc vu khi quan ddi djch, giai tan chinh quyen cac cap cua djch, dap tan mgi sy khang cy cua chiing. Nam vu'ng tinh than chi dao cua Bd Chinh trj, quan va dan ta tren chien trudng da bilu thj sy nhit tri rat cao trong hanh ddng gianh toan thing trong chiln djch Hd Chi Minh Ijch sir giai phdng Sai Gdn- Gia Djnh, ket thiic thing lgi sy nghiep chong My, ciru nudc.
1. Dien ngay 9-3-1975 cua Tiln phuang Bg a Mat tran Tay Nguyen giri Quan uy Trung uang va Bg Chinh trj (Luu trif tai Bg Quoc phong)
2. Dien ngay 21-2-1975 cua Quan uy Trung uong gui Bg tu lenh chien djch Tay Nguyen (Luu trir tai Bg Quoc phong).
NHifNG GIAI PHAP HOAN THIEN THE CHE KINH TE THI TRUONG...
(Tiep theo trang 43)
Dai hdi X cung chii truong thu hiit manh ngudn lyc ciia cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai cho phat trien kinh te bang each cai thien mdi trudng phap ly, mdi trudng kinh te, da dang hda hinh thirc va co ehe thu hut vdn dau tu nudc ngoai.
Thye hien tdt 4 nhdm giai phap tren, chiing ta se tirng budc hoan thien dugc the ehe kinh te thi trudng djnh hudng XHCN. Tai Dai hgi IX, Dang ta da khang djnh, d nudc ta "the ehe kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN duac hinh thdnh ve ca bdn "'^. Nhu vay la tir tdng kit viec thye hien Nghi quyet Dai hoi IX, Dai hdi X dl ra nhiem vu tiep tuc hoan thien the chi kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng XHCN la hoan toan hgp logic. Dieu nay cung chirng td, Dai hdi X ciia Dang danh dau budc phat trien mdi tren ITnh vyc ly luan ve kinh te thj trudng djnh hudng XHCN.
1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Xem: Vdn kien Dai hoi dqi bieu loan qudc Idn thic X, CTQG, H, 2006, tr.25-77, 77, 77, 77-78, 78, 78, 78, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 80-82, 83-87, 84
17. Sdd,tr.86-87
3, 18. Vdn kien Dqi hpi dai bieu todn quoc lan r/?i//^,CTQG,H,2001,tr.86,89.
TAP CHi LICH Sl> DANG - SO 4/2009 39
