Nghien ciifu md hinh M gid...
anh hudng den ddi sd'ng ciia ngUdi dan. Vi v&y, vide t h u phi giao thdng dudng bp 1&
mpt v&'n de nhay cam trong xa hpi. Ngo&i vide thd'ng nh&'t mflc t h u phi, md h i n h thu, vide xac dinh dd'i tUdng thu, dUdng n&o t h u phi, thi v&'n de xac dinh vi t r i d&t cac t r a m t h u phi cung r&'t q u a n trpng, nd a n h hudng den ngUdi sfl dung dudng bd va hidu qua ciia vide t h u phi.
4.1. Ditdng thu phi
Md hinh t h u phi c i u dUdng bp d Vi^t Nam cd nhflng didm cd b a n kh&c c&c nUdc, dd 1& t h u phi dUdc ti^n h&nh t r e n tuyen dudng bd da cd san tU trUdc v& h i u nhU doc dao, dan cU khdng d th&nh cac k h u vUc ridng bidt, t&p t r u n g m& thUdng d rai rac dpc dudng, ndn cd r&'t nhieu dUdng ngang re v&o cac l&ng, x5 d&n den tinh t r a n g dat r&'t nhieu t r a m t h u phi trdn mdt t u y e n dudng. Mat kh&c lai thieii c&c dUdng d&n sinh trong k h u vUc v& dudng gom, n e n cU t h a m gia giao thdng 1& p h a i di v&o dudng t h u phi. Vide d i u tU khdng p h a i xu&'t ph&t t u luc dau do v&y md h i n h t h u phi cung phai dUdc nghien cUu mdt c&ch khoa hpc n h u xem xdt mang lUdi dudng s& k h u vUc, p h a m vi a n h hudng v& t&c ddng cua t r a m t h u phi, quy hoach giao thdng k h u vUc v&
to&n mang, k h a n&ng ph&t trien kinh te k h u vUc. H i u n h u t a t ca cac tuydn dudng bd d& v& sd thu phi 1& n a n g c&'p cai tao. Day 1& dac thfl ridng cua dudng t h u phi d Vidt Nam. Cac nUdc chi thu phi dd'i vdi c&c tuyen dudng mdi xay dUng vdi 1^ thu&t cao.
4.2. Trqm thu phi
Dd'i vdi vide t h u phi giao thdng dudng bp c i n phai xem xdt ky dd'i vdi vide x&c dinh c&c t r a m t h u phi: vi t r i dat t r a m , c i u dudng n&o thUc hidn t h u phi v& t h u phi tfl d&u ddh dau, thdi h a n t h u phi... c i n dUdc x&c dinh v& cdng bd' cdng k h a i b a n g nhieu h i n h thflc. Cd nhiing doan dudng mdi dUdc d i u t u vdi kinh phi Idn vay cua nUdc ngoai n h u doan th&nh phd' Ho Chi Minh n g a 3 An Hflu m a t dp xe qua lai Idn, lai khdng dUdc dUa vao quy hoach t h u phi la dieu b i t
hpp 1^. X&y dung mpt t r ^ m t h u phi vdi 4 6 ciia t h u thii cdng td'n tU 1,3 2,5 ty dong, do dd neii khdng x&c dinh dung vi t r i dat tram t h u phi m& p h a i di c h u y i n sd g&y r a nhiing lang phi r i t 16n. Vi^c xay dUng t r a m thu phi p h u thuoc r i t nhidu v&o vi^c c i p d i t v& mot so' ydu c i u toi t h i e u nhU:
Khdng dUdc d a t t a i k h u d&n cU vi anh hudng ddh n h u c i u di lai trong k h u vUc.
P h a i d^m bao c&c chi tidu ky thu&t ve binh do tr&c dpc, chieu d&i t r a m thu phi khdng dudi 240m v& p h a i n a m gifla doan t h a n g trdn 500m, dp dd'c dpc ciia t r a m khdng qu& 1% v& trong p h a m vi t u y e n 1000m khdng qu& 3%.
P h a i d&t d vi t r i thu&n ldi dam bao cung c&'p didn, nUdc, dam bao a n n i n h tr&t tfl.
T r a m t h u phi c i u dudng p h a i md rong n e n m a t dUdng, do dd k i n h phi x&y dUng Idn.
Vi the" k h i thiet k e t r a m t h u phi phai l&p nhieu phUdng a n so s a n h v& chpn vi tri dat t r a m cd m a t b a n g thu&n ldi, phfl hdp mpi dieu kidn v& k i n h phi xay dUng t h i p n h a t .
Dd'i vdi nUdc t a trong giai doan hidn nay thi vide xay dUng c&c t r a m t h u phi can thilc hidn theo tieu chi s a u day de giam chi phi d i u t u t r a m t h u phi: Dd'i vdi c&c tram c6 doanh t h u t h u p h i sfl d u n g dudng trong 1 n&m dudi 5 ty dong t h i n d n sii dung md hinh b a n vd thii cdng, cd lap thidt bi gian ddn de theo ddi kiem t r a v& lap b&o cao thd'ng kd.
Dd'i vdi c&c t r a m cd doanh t h u t h u phi sU dung dudng tU 5 12 ty dong/n&m thi vide ap dung md h i n h b a n tU ddng kdt hdp vdi ban v6 t h u cdng.
Ddi vdi cac t r a m cd doanh t h u t h u phi sil dung dudng t r d n 17 t y dong/nam t h i &p dung ca 3 md h i n h t h u phi: tU ddng, b a n tU ddng va t h u cdng.
Dd'i vdi nhiing t u y d n dudng dpc dao thi chi n d n bd' t r i t h i e t bi t h u phi sii dung dUdng 1 chieu t h i se giam dUdc k i n h phi l&p dat t r a m t h u phi.
Theo k i n h nghidm thUc t e hidn nay, thi ndu lUu lUdng b i n h q u a n t r e n t u y e n nhd hdn 685 xe/ngay ddm t h i k i n h p h i t h u dUdc chi du
40
Nghiin cdu Kinh t4s6404 - Thing 1/2012chi cho vide phuc vu t h u . Neu lUu lUdng xe t r u n g binh t r d n t u y d n Idn hdn 3.800 xe/ng&y ddm t h i cd k h a n a n g t h u hoi vd'n
d i u t u xay dUng dUdng. Do v&y, mud'n t h u phi di t&ng n g a n s&ch cho Nh& nUde thi chi ndn t h u trdn c&c t u y e n dudng cd lUu lUdng b i n h quan ng&y, ddm td'i t h i l u 1& 1000 xe.
Neu d c&c t u y e n t h u p h i m& cd lUu lUdng xe 1& 1500 xe/ng&y ddm t h i t y Id chi p h i phuc vu t h u 1& khoang 15%, cdn 8 5 % nguon t h u dUdc dUa v&o nguon vd'n d l phuc vu vide duy t u sfla chfla v& ph&t trien mang lUdi dudng bp. Thu phi ngUdi sfl dung dudng bd ngay ca vdi dudng cao td'c du tidu c h u i n ciing chi ho&n vd'n k h i cd lilu lUdng tU 10.000 xe/ng&y ddm ddh 15.000 xe/ng&y ddm v& thdi gian ho&n vd'n d&i, tfl 20 30 n&m. Sd' lUdng dUdng t h u p h i d nhiing nUdc cd lUu lUdng xe cao ciing chi chiem 5 20%
c&c dudng true chinh v& 1 2% so vdi to&n m a n g lUdi dudng bd.
4.3. To chUc qudn ly
Ve l&u d&i, can p h a i t h a y t h e phUdng thflc t h u phi hidn n a y 1& giao cho tilng ddn vi q u a n ly, m& p h a i n h a n h chdng th&nh l&p mdt cdng ty de l&m nhidm vu t h u phi trdn to&n qud'c, hoac td't n h a t 1& to chflc d i u t h i u t h u phi n h u mdt sd^ t u y e n dUdng da l&m. M a t kh&c vide giao nhidm vu cua d p trdn cho c i p dUdi v&n cdn chd chUa hdp ly n h u c i u Th&ng Long thi ddn vi q u a n ly c i u lai khdng p h a i 1& ddn vi t h u phi e l u . NhU v&y, hidn n a y d nUde t a vide t h u phi ngUdi sfl dung dudng bd trong giai doan vfla qua cdn nhieu b i t hdp ly nhU di v&o dudng t h u phi cU ly n g a n ciing nhU cU ly d&i; cd qu&
nhieu t r a m t r d n mdt t u y e n dUdng, cdn r i t nhieu hidn tUdng trd'n t r a m t h u phi gay t h i t t h o a t nguon t h u . M a t k h a c lUdng xe troh t r a m di v&o dudng k h a c khdng dung c i p dudng, gay hU hdng dUdng va fln tac giao thdng.
Vide t h u phi ngUdi s^ dung dUdng bd da
&p dung d rl^t n h i e u t u y d n dudng t r d n to&n qudc, n h a m giai quydl khd k h a n ve nguon vd'n cho bao tri, s^a chfla va cai tao hd
thd'ng dudng bd. Hidn nay mflc phi dang t h u t a i cac t r a m t h u phi dUdc quy dinh theo de nghi cua Bd Giao thdng v&n tai v& quyet dinh cua Bp T&i chinh. Quy dinh chung dong deu cho cac t r a m cd loai h i n h tUdng ddi gidhg n h a u . Vide quy dinh mUc t h u n&y ho&n to&n khdng xdt deh chieu d&i cua c i u dudng t h u phi, c h i t lUdng cua c i u dudng di ydu c i u ngUdi sfl dung c i u dudng phai bd tidn ra, m&
sd' tidn n&y phai tUdng flng vdi so' lUdng, c h i t lUdng c i u dudng m& hp sfl dung. D i l u n&y g&y t&m ly khdng thoai mai doi vdi ngUdi sfl dung dudng, a n h hudng tdi muc dich vide t h u phi ciing nhU nguon t h u cho n g a n s&ch nh&
nUdc. Mflc t h u phi hidn nay dang dUdc &p dung chUa xdt den t&c ddng cua tUng loai xe Idn c i u dudng. Xe c&ng n&ng ph& hoai c i u dudng nhieu thi phai chiu chi phi c&ng cao, xe nhe chiu it hdn. Ddng thdi c i n dac bidt quan t a m deh cac xe cd tinh phuc vu nhU xe kh&ch v& xe buyt. TrUdc day cac tuyen dUdng t h u phi cdn it thi mflc t h u phi chfla hdp ly, nhiing trong giai doan hidn nay v& thdi gian tdi cac tuydn dudng t h u phi t&ng Idn, thi ngUdi sfl dung dudng se dat v i n de 1& tien hp bd r a cd hdp ly h a y khdng, do v&y mflc phi phai nghien cflu mdt c&ch khoa hpc, cd ly, cd tinh de dam bao cho tilng loai xe thi mdi nh&n dfldc sfl n h i t t r i cao tfl ngUdi sii dung dudng.
Mflc t h u phi dudng bd d i u tU bang voh ng&n sach nh& nUdc dUdc ap dung thd'ng n h i t cho t i t ca c&c t r a m theo mUc t h u b a n h&nh kdm theo thdng tU so' 90/2004/TT-BTC. Mflc t h u phi dfldng bd nh& nfldc d i u tfl bang vd'n vay v& t h u phi ho&n vd'n dfldc ap dung mflc t h u theo mflc t h u phi dfldng bp, d i u tU bang vdh ng&n s&ch nh& nUdc. TrUdng hdp ap dung mflc t h u n&y ndu khdng bao dam ho&n vd'n theo dfl &n d i u tU dUdc duydt thi chu d i u tU p h a i cd v&n b a n de nghi cd q u a n cd t h I m quyen quydt dinh mUc t h u cu t h i phfl hdp, nhUng tdi da khdng qu& 2 l i n mUc t h u phi dudng bp d i u t u b a n g vd'n ng&n s&ch nh&
nUdc.
Mflc t h u phi dudng bd d i u tU bang vd'n hdn doanh dUdc coi la gia cUdc dich vu sii dung
Nghiin cdu Kinh t^s6404 - Thing 1/2012
41
Nghien ciifu md hinh fljnh gid...
dudng bd da bao gom t h u e gi& tri gia t&ng do Bd T&i chinh ho&c hpi dong n h a n d a n d p tinh quy dinh phfl hdp vdi d p dUdng va dp d&i doan dudng t h u phi theo dU a n dau t u dUdc duy^t v& de nghi cua chii d i u tu, nhUng tdi da khdng qua 2 l i n mflc t h u phi dudng bd d i u tU bang vd'n ng&n s&ch nh& nUdc. Mflc t h u phi dfldng bd d i u tU de kinh doanh 1& gia cUdc dich vu sfl dung dudng bd da bao gom t h u e gia t r i gia t&ng do Bd T&i chinh hoac hdi dong n h a n d a n c&'p t i n h quy dinh cu the, phfl hdp vdi c&'p dudng va dp d&i doan dudng t h u phi theo du &n d i u t u dUdc duydt v& de n g h i ciia chu dau tu, nhUng tdi da khdng qua 2 l i n mflc t h u p h i dfldng bd d i u tU b i n g vd'n n g a n sach nh& nUdc. Mflc p h i d a n g dUdc
&p dung hidn n a y chUa xdt den t&c ddng cua tflng loai xe Idn m a n g Ifldi dfldng sa.
Vdi 7 mflc t h u p h i hidn n a y cho t h i y cdn n h i e u b&'t on, m& trUdc hd^t 1& mUc t h u chUa cd mdt cd sd khoa hpc trong t i n h to&n de kh&ng dinh vide ddng gdp cua ngUdi sii dung dudng tUdng xflng vdi chieu d&i tuydn dfldng, c h i t Ifldng t u y e n dfldng, dp a n to&n cua t u y e n dfldng m&
ngUdi sfl dung dfldc hudng. T u y n h i d n vide p h a n loai nhU nUde t a hidn n a y tUdng dd'i sat vdi tUng loai xe v& t&n t h u hoi vdh n h a n h hdn. ThUc t e vide t h u p h i giao thdng d mdt so' t u y d n dudng khdng p h a i ho&n to&n vdi f n g h i a 1& p h i m&
m a n g t i n h c h i t cua gia, vi n h i l u cdng t r i n h da thUe hidn phUdng &n vay vd'n de siia chfla, xay dflng v& t h u p h i 4 l ho&n vd'n. Hidn n a y trong c&c t r a m t h u p h i s^
dung dudng t h i t r a m . t h u p h i e l u Cd May 1& d a n g bi p h a n dd'i n h i t , vi ly do chi di qua 1 c i u n g a n m& gia t h u p h i cao h d n di t r d n to&n bp tuydn quoc Id 5 1 . D a y 1& mpt v l h dd c i n k h a c p h u c k h i tidn h&nh xa hdi hda t r o n g linh vUc dUdng bd.
Vide ddng gdp cua ngUdi sii d u n g dUcIng p h a i tUdng xflng q u a n g dfldng di lai, c h i t lUdng t u y d n dudng, dp a n to&n cua t u y e n m& ngUdi sii d u n g dUdc h u d n g .
Do dd, p h a i t i n h to&n mflc t h u t h e o km v i n h u thd^ cd n g h i a 1& t r a m t h u p h i n&o thu p h a i g h i ro t h u tfl k m n&o d i n k m n&o...
cdn d o a n n&o k h d n g t h u tflc 1& dfldc N h i nUdc b a o d p . M a t kh&c, nhflng t h d n g tin c i n t h i d t n h u k i n h p h i x a y dUng c i u dudng, t h d i g i a n t h u h o i v d h p h a i dUdc cdng bd' cdng k h a i t h i c h a c ch&n ngUdi d&n sd dong t i n h t r o n g vi^c t h u n&y. Trong t h d i g i a n vfla q u a r i t n h i d u cdng t r i n h ciu d u d n g bd da dUdc x&y dUng, cai t a o nang d p vdi t i d n d i u tU r i t Idn vay ciia nUdc ngo&i, v a y t r o n g nUdc, do ng&n s&ch nha nUdc d p , n h U n g h i u nhU k h d n g dUdc cdng bd' mdt each cdng k h a i to&n didn, vi v&y k h d n g n&ng cao dUde y thflc tr&ch nhifm v& q u y e n b a n c u a ngUdi d&n. Vide cdng bo cdng k h a i c&c sd' lieu c u n g 1& bidn phap g i a n t i e p sfl d u n g dU lu&n xa hpi de quan ly td't n h i t vide d i u tU, c h i t lUdng ky thu&t xay dUng, gi& th&nh s a n p h i m va cdng t&c t h u p h i dd'i vdi ddn vi dUdc giao n h i d m v u t h u p h i .
Muc dich v& y n g h i a ciia vide t h u phi hien n a y da cd sU doi kh&c so vdi trUde: khdng chi n h a m muc dich q u a n ly, siia chfla thUdng xuydn, m& cdn bao gom ca t r u n g d^i t u d&a xay dflng mdi. Ro r&ng c a n cd mdt each tinh to&n khoa hpc v& thflc tl^ ddi vdi mflc thu, ciing n h u sU khdng c h ^ ddi vdi thdi gian thu.
Mflc t h u phi hi^n n a y d a n g a p dung trdn mot sd' tuydn qud'c Ip cdn 1& cac mflc dUa ra mpt c&ch cam tinh, chUa xu&'t p h a t tfl md hinh tinh toan thich h ^ de d a m bao t h u y e t phuc mpi ngUdi bd tien npp p h i giao thdng dUdng bp. Chi cd n h u thd^ mdi d a m bao sU sdng p h a n g v& cdng b a n g m& xa hpi d l d&ng chip nh&n. V i | c quy dinh mflc t h u phi dUdng bo b a n h&nh theo Thdng tU so' 90/TT-TC ng&y 7 9 2004 ciia Bp T&i chinh cho thIiy mflc phi s^ dung dudng ciia nUdc t a dfldc a p dung nhii n h a u dd'i vdi t i t ca cac t r a m t h u phi. Ciing theo Thdng tU 90/TT-BTC t h i vdi nhflng con dudng d i u t u b a n g vd'n vay v& vd'n hdn doanh t h i gia sii dung dUdng cd t h i t a n g g i p 2 l i n gia quy dinh.
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Nghiin cdu Kinh tis6404 - Thing 1/2012BANG 1 - Mflc t h u phi dil^ng b o
S T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P h U d n g t i d n c h i u p h i d f l d n g b o Xe md td h a i b a n h , xe md to b a banh, xe gan may v& cac loai xe tUdng tu
Xe lam, may kdo, xe bong sen, xe cong ndng
Xe dudi 12 g h i ngoi, xe t a i c6 tai trong dudi 2 t&h, xe b u ^ t v&n tai cong cong Xe tfl 12 ghd" ngdi den 30 ghe ngoi; xe cd tai trpng til 2 t&h d i n dUdi 4 t§Ln
Xe til 31 ghe ngoi trd len; xe cd tai trpng tfl 4 t ^ den dUdi 10 tan.
Xe c6 tai trpng tfl 10 t i i i den dUdi 18 t ^ v& xe chd h&ng b a n g container 20 fit Xe c6 tai trpng tfl 18 tlin trd l§n v i xe chd h&ng bimg container 40 fit
M d n h g i a Vd lUdt
(d/vd/liipft) 1.000 4.000 10.000 15.000 22.000 40.000 80.000
Vd th&ng (d/ve/lUdt)
10.000 120.000 300.000 450.000 660.000 1.200.000 2.400.000
Vd q u y (d/vd/lUdt)
300.000 800.000 1.200.000 1.800.000 3.200.000 6.500.000 Ngudn: Thong tU so': 90/2004/TT-
5. H o a n t h i d n m o h i n h d i n h gia g i a n t i e p p h i ngUofi sii d u n g dif otog b o d Vidt N a m
Tfl n h i e u n&m n a y Nh& nfldc mdi chi dap iing dfldc t r d n 30% ydu c i u vd'n cho cdng t&c bao t r i h e thd'ng dfldng bd, vi v&y t i n h t r a n g cua m a n g Ifldi dfldng sa 1&
khdng td't, xudhg d p nghidm trpng. V i n de dat r a 1&, c i n cd mdt n g u d n vd'n d'n dinh cho cdng tac bao t r i m a n g Ifldi dfldng bp n h a m dam bao t i n h t r a n g ky thu&t cua dfldng. Mud'n v&y, ngo&i no Iflc cua Nh&
nfldc, vide d i u tfl v& bao t r i m a n g lUdi dudng bd qud'c gia c i n cd sU t h a m gia t n l c tiep tfl ngfldi s^ d u n g dfldng bd. Md h i n h td't n h i t d l dam bao n g u o n t&i chinh d'n dinh 1& p h a i cd sfl ddng gdp tfl ngfldi sfl dung dfldng bd. Cd t h i xem vide d i u tfl ph&t t r i i n , bao t r i m a n g lUdi dUdng bd;
mpt dich vu cdng cdng tUdng tU nhU dich vu didn, nUdc, didn thoai, theo dd ngUdi s^
dung p h a i t r a cho dich v u m& hp nh&n dUdc theo nguydn t a c : diing n h i l u t r a nhieu, dflng i t t r a it tUdng iing vdi ldi ich m& hp nh&n dUdc tfl vide sii dung dfldng.
5.1. Muc tieu md hinh
Muc tidu cua md h i n h nay 1& n h a m fldc tinh cac chi phi dd'i vdi ngfldi sii dung dudng bd c i n thidt d l dam bao rang, c&c chi phi
BTC ng&y 7-9-2004 ciia Bp Tai chinh.
quan ly v& bao tri mang lUdi dUdng bd ludn ludn cd du vd'n d l d i u tU, ciing nhU tra nd. De td'i da hda c&c ldi ich kinh te, c&c chi phi ngUdi sfl dung dudng bd phai tUdng dUdng vdi chi phi cua c&c nguon lUc da tidu td'n khi sfl dung mang lUdi dudng dd. C&c chi phi n&y thudng 1& cac chi phi c&n bidn ngan han. Cd hai loai chi phi c i n can nhac: cac hU hdng mat dUdng do phUdng tidn gay ra (tflc 1& c&c chi phi khai thac v& bao tri mang Ifldi dfldng bd) v& c&c chi phi gia t&ng m&
mdi ngfldi sfl dung dfldng bd gay ra cho nhiing ngfldi sit dung dfldng bd khac v& cho xa hdi (tflc 1& c&c chi phi fln tac v& c&c yeu td' bdn ngo&i kh&c). 6 cac nfldc dang ph&t t r i i n hidn tfldng iin tac giao thdng cdn d mflc b a n che. Neu dinh gi&
sfl dung dfldng tfldng dfldng vdi chi phi bidn ngan b a n sd d&n den thieu h u t t&i chinh r i t Idn trong tfldng l a i
D I giai quydt mflc thieu h u t n&y, khdng cd mdt giai ph&p n&o kh&c 1& trdng chd v&o chinh nhiing ngfldi s^ dung dfldng v& nhiing ngfldi hfldng ldi tfl chinh con dfldng dd. Trong thflc t e ldi ich tfl ngfldi s^ dung dfldng Idn hdn nhidu so vdi chi phi huy ddng thdng qua c&c khoan muc m& hp phai tra. Vi v&y p h i n ddng mpi th&nh p h i n t h a m gia giao thdng v i n ung hd vide bfl dap c&c khoan t h a m h u t kinh phi duy t u bao dudng mang ldi dUdng bang each t h u phi ngUdi s^ dung dudng bp, cung nhU nhiing ngUdi dUdc
Nghlin cdu Kinh tis6404 - Thing 1/2012 43
Nghien ciifu md hinh dinh gid...
hudng lpi tfl vide tiep c&n sii dung dfldng bp. tilng d p h^ng dfldng da dinh.
Vi ly do trdn, vide phan bd' nhflng chi Ydu c i u t&i chinh binh quan de bao tri phi cua ngfldi sfl dung dfldng ndn tuan h&ng n&m v& b&o tri djnh k^ cho tiltog d p , theo quy t&c sau: hang dfldng, c i n d l duy tri b i n vflng mang ludi Dd'i vdi mang Ifldi dfldng qud'c Ip: td'ng dUdng d mflc d$ phuc vu tdi flu ve kinh te. X&c chi phi bao tri (chi phi cd' dinh v& chi phi dinh th&nh p h i n chi phf cd" dinh v& bidn doi:chi bien dd'i) mang Ifldi dfldng phai dUdc trang phi cd" dinh 1& chi phi khdng phu thuoc v&o lUu trai to&n bp bdi c&c nguon thu tfl ngfldi sfl IflqJng giao thdng v& tai trpng true; chi phi bidn dung dfldng. doi 1& chi phi phy thuoc v&o lUu lUdng giao
Dd'i vdi mang lUdi dUdng giao thdng thdng v& tai trpng.
ndng thdn v& dUdng dd thi thi p h i n chi phi Bitdc 2: Idp ki'hoach vd'n vd ngudn vdn cho bien dd'i phai dUdc bfl d&p bdi c&c nguon ddu tit phdt triin vd bdo tri hdng ndm
thu tu ngUdi sfl dung dfldng, p h i n chi phi L&p k l hoach voh d i u tfl v& bao tri h&ng cd' dinh ndn dfl^ bfl dap tfl nguon thu cua n&m: d l xac dinh cac chi phf bao tri mang Ifldi dia phfldng. dfldng bd ben vflng, trfldc h i t phai x&c dinh 5.2. N6i dung cdc bitdc tinh toan chieu d&i mang Ifldi dfldng (km) theo tilng d p cda md hinh hang dUdng, dd'i vdi dUdng quoc Id, dUdng tinh Bitdc 1: l&p ke hoach bao tri mang lUdi v& dUdng huydn, xa, dudng dd thi v& dfldng dudng bd h&ng n&m khac. Td'ng chieu d&i cua c&c loai dUdng n&y Ndi dung ke hoach n&y bao gdm: l&p chi phai bang vdi chieu d&i mang lUdi to&n quoc.
phi m& cd quan quan ly dudng bp c i n thiet Tinh to&n chi phi bao tri h&ng n&m v& dinh ky di duy tri tinh trang on dinh d p hang c i n thidt de bao tri mang lUdi ben viing. Mo dudng m& minh quan ly mdt c&ch ben hinh ciing sd tinh toan, t&ch chi phi c&c ngudn viing. C&c chi phi n&y se dUdc chia th&nh lUc c i n thidt th&nh chi phi cd' dinh v& chi phi chi phi cd^ dinh v& chi phi bi^n dd'i, cdn bien doi. C&c chi phi cd^ dinh la cac chi phi dudng thi dUdc chia theo ket d u mat khdng phu thuoc v&o mflc dp sfl dung dfldng (dfldng nhila, d p phd'i, dit). Moi loai (Iflu Ifldng giao thdng), trong khi chi phi bidn dfldng lai cd nhiing d p hang kh&c nhau v& doi 1& mdt h&m so' ciia mflc dp sfl dung dfldng moi d p hang dfldng c i n cd c&c thdng so' chi v& tai trpng true. Dong thdi tinh toan cac phi CO dinh v& bidn doi h&ng nam c i n d l nguon Iflc c i n thiet de bao tri moi mdt d p bao tri h&ng nam v& bao tri dinh k^, n h i m hang dfldng trdn cd sd ddn gia bao tri h&ng dam bao tinh trang ky thu&t ciia dUdng v& n&m. Theo kdt qua tinh toan chung ta cd dfldc bfl dap nhiing hao mdn cua dudng trong tong chi phi c i n thidt cho tilng cd quan, ddn vi qua trinh khai thac. Cac gia tri v l d p , quan ly dudng h&ng n&m ddi vdi tflng mang hang dfldng ciing nhfl cac chi phf cd' dinh Ifldi. Xac dinh nhu e l u d i u tfl cho mang Ifldi v& biln doi tUdng iing n&y dUdc lly tfl ket dfldng v& khdng c i n ph&n chia chung th&nh chi qua c&c nghien cflu chidh Ifldc td'i flu ve bao phi cd^ dinh v& chi phf bi^n doi.
tri mang Ifldi dfldng bd cua t i t ca c&c nfldc L&p k l ho^ch nguon vd'n h&ng nam: xac trdn the gidi v& khu vile thdng qua md dinh c&c h^ng muc chi phf c i n thiet v& ty Id hinh HDM. Khi iing dung v&o mpt nfldc cu cua chiing se dUdc trang trai tfl phf ciia ngUcd t h i c i n phai hidu chinh chi phf co dinh v& sii dung dudng bp v& khoan thu khac ciia <fia chi phi bieh doi n&y theo cac hd so phan phUdng. Vi|c d p vd'n bao gom cac chi phi h&ng anh mdi trUdng khi h&u cua tilng nUdc. nam cho: bao tri v& d i u tU cho mang lUdi dfldng Cac budc cua ke hoach: bp. Xac dinh ty 1^ ddng gdp h&ng nam tfl cac Xac dinh dUdng theo d p ky thu&t v& nguon thu sii dung dUdng bp v& cac ngu^n thu d p quan ly. khac ciia dia phfldng. Dd'i vdi chi phf bao tri
LUu lUdng xe binh quan (xe ngay) cho mang lUdi dUdng, cd the bo sung thdm chi phi
4 4 Nghiin cdu Kinh ti s6404 - Thing 1/2012
h&nh chfnh v& cac chi phf cUdng c h ^ giao thdng, lai s u i t .
Dac d i l m v l n g u o n vd'n: nguon t h u tfl ngfldi sii dung dudng bp se t r a n g t r a i to&n bp chi phf bidn dd'i d l bao t r i m ^ n g ludi dudng bp. Nguon t h u tfl ngudi s^ dung dudng bd cd t h i bfl dap to&n bd ho&c mpt p h i n chi phf cd' dinh di bao t r i m a n g ludi dudng bd. Nguon t h u tfl ngfldi sii dung dfldng bp cd t h i d ' p k i n h phf mdt p h i n cho d i u tu. C&c k h o a n d i u tU khdng chia th&nh chi phf cd' dinh v& chi phf bidn dd'i.
Budc 3: cdc sd' lieu vi cdc loai phitdng tien sii dung ditdng
Muc dich t i n h to&n ciia bUdc n&y 1&: tinh phf sii dung dudng ddn vi c i n thidt d l bfl dap dUdc c&c chi phf bidn dd'i, vide tinh to&n bao gdm d e bUdc sau d&y:
C&c sd' hdu md t a do&n phUdng tidn:
p h a n loai phUdng tidn; loai n h i e n Iidu; td'ng sd'xe loai sii dung lUu h&nh t r d n mang lUdi dudng bd; so' q u a n g dudng chay binh qu&n trong mdt n&m (km/n&m); so' true tUdng dUdng tidu c h u i n cua mdi xe (ESA/xe); tidu t h u nhidn hdu ddn vi (ht/xe km); c&c gia thidit ve he thd'ng phi hidn tai: thud" xang d i u ; Id phf lUu h a n h h&ng n&m; phf t a i trpng true; phf e l u dUdng; c&c so lieu c i n - tinh toan; td'ng k m xe chay trong mdt n a m ciia mdi loai phUdng tidn:
Cm= ±1
t(CDBiXL,)
n
1=1
(3)
Trong dd: CBD: chi phf bidn doi theo phUdng t i | n cua mdi loai phUdng tidn; CgDi: chi phf bidn dd'i theo phUdng tidn; L;: td'ng km xe chay trong 1 nam cua 1 loai phUdng tidn (xe-km/n&m)
Chi phf bidn dd'i theo t a i trpng true cua moi loai phUdng tif n:
C _ 2.jy^BDmi^"i) BDTR - J^
n
1=1
(4)
Trong dd:CBDTR: chi phf bidn doi theo t a i trpng true cua moi loai phUdng tidn; CBOTM: chi phf bidn dd'i theo t a i trpng true; PJ: t&c ddng cua t a i trpng true trdn mang lUdi dudng cua moi loai phUdng tidn.
Chi phf cho 1 phUdng tidn trdn 1km:
Cj/KM — (5)
E A = VxL 'ixel nam (1)
1=1
Trong dd: L;: tong k m xe chay trong 1 n&m cua mdi loai phUdng tidn (xe km/nam); V: so' lUdng phUdng tidn; Li,,/,^:
so" km xe chay dUde moi n&m (km)
- Tong tidu t h u n h i d n hdu cua moi loai phUdng tidn trong mdt n a m :
NLi = Li^e,,^ X N L A , ^ ^ (2)
Trong do: NLi: tidu t h u n h i d n h f u ciia mdi loai phUdng tidn (ht); Ljjte/n&n' sd^ k m chay mdi n&m cua mdi loai phUdng tidn (km); NL^an VJ: ti^u t h u nhidn hdu ddn vi ciia moi loai phUdng tidn (Kt/km)
- Chi phf bieh doi theo phUdng tidn cua mdi loai phUdng tidn:
Trong dd: CJ/KM: chi phf cho 1 phUdng tidn trdn 1km; Q: chi phf cho 1 phUdng tidn trong 1 n&m (tridu ddng/nam); L,: cd' km xe chay dUdc trong n&m (km).
Bi^c 4: tinh todn chi phi ddn vi hien tai vd tong ngudn thu tit ngiidi sit dung ditdng
Md hinh n&y tfnh to&n td'ng t h u nh&p tfl vide t h u phf ngfldi sii dung dfldng bd mdt d e h dpc l&p de xac djnh r a n g nhiing t h u nh&p n&y cd dfldc ph&n bo ddh ng&nh giao thdng hay khdng.
Di tfnh to&n td'ng t h u nh&p t a phai dila v&o cac d i u v&o sau:
Thud" x&ng d i u tfnh theo d/h't. Vdi gia t r i n&y sd tfnh to&n chi phf ddn vi tfl cac loai t h u e nhidn hdu dd'i vdi moi loai phfldng tidn theo cdng thflc sau:
Ti = TNL X NLijn^ (6) Trong dd: Ti: thud" nhidn h^u ddn vi ddi vdi ngfldi s^ dung dfldng bd.; TNL: thud" nhidn hdu (dong/h't); NLa,,^ ^: mflc tidu t h u nhidn hdu (Kt/xe/km).
Le phf Iflu h&nh h&ng nam dd'i vdi moi loai phUdng tidn tfnh theo d/xe-n&m, dUdc tfnh theo cdng thflc sau:
Nghlin cdu Kinh t§s6404 - Thing 1/2012
45
Nghien cufu md hinh dinh gid...
TiLH -
c
iLH"'ix« / nam
(7)
Trong dd: %u\- ^ phf lUu h&nh ddn vi dd'i vdi ngUdi sii dung dUdng (d/xe/n&m);
QLH^ 1? phi lUu h&nh xe ca n&m dd'i vdi ngUdi sfl dung dfldng (d/xe/n&m); Ij-aBinkm- so' km chay dfldc trong n&m (km)
Phi t a i trpng true dd'i vdi moi loai phfldng ti^n tfnh d/xe-n&m:
l i T R — -iTR
C
iTR 'ixe/tiam(8) Trong dd: TITR: phi t a i trpng true ddn vi dd'i vdi ngfldi sfl dung dfldng (d/km); CITR:
phi tai trpng true ca n a m (d/xe); lj„^eJt^km'- so' km chay dfldc trong n&m (km).
Phi e l u dfldng tinh tridu ddng/n&m Sau khi cd cac tinh to&n vd phf ddn vi ngfldi sfl dung dfldng tfl t h u e nhidn h^u, 1^
phf Iflu h&nh v& phf t a i trpng true, phf c i u dfldng, b&i to&n n&y sd t i n h to&n tong ba loai chi phf n&y cho mdi loai phfldng tidn.
Bitdc 5: kiim tra
Thfl nh&'t: tong t h u nh&p hidn tai tfl ngfldi sfl dung dfldng bd (tridu ddng/nam) ndn Idn hdn td'ng n h u d u vd'n can thidt de d i u tfl phat trien v& bao tri mang Ifldi dfldng bd. Dieu dd cd nghia 1& cd du tien chi tidu; t&i d i u tfl cho to&n mang IfldL
Thfl hai: chi phf bi^n d i i ddn vi hidn tai (d/xe-km) tfl ngfldi sii dung dfldng c i n phai Idn hdn chi phf bien doi ddn vi (d/xe-km) c i n thiet (theo n h u d u ) . So s&nh tong t h u nh$p hidn tai tfl ngfldi sii dung dfldng vdi tong n h u c i u vdh c i n thidt di d i u tfl v& bao tri mang Ifldi dfldng bd.
Bitdc 6: tinh todn viic phdn bo thu nhdp tit ngitdi sit dung ditdng bd cho titng ddi titdng: p h a n bd' t h u nh&p tfl ngfldi sii dung dfldng cho to&n mang Ifldi; cho m a n g Ifldi qudc Id; cho c&c dfldng dd thi(vifc p h a n bd' t h u nh&p cho dfldng qud'c Id v& dfldng dd thi ciing nhfl v&y chi kh&c so s&nh vdi n h u e l u vd'n cua tflng loai dfldng nay).
Bitdc 7: tdi itu hda cdc loai thui' xang ddu.
Phi lUu h&nh xe h a n g n a m , phf t a i trpng
true, phf c i u dudng,... khdng dU^c td'i Uu hda.
Muc dich cua vi^c toi Uu hda 1& de can bing gifla td'ng t h u nh&p tfl ngfldi sii dung dfldng vdi td'ng n h u d u vd'n c i n thiet di diu tfl v& bao tri to&n bd mang Ifldi. Dong thdi ciing tdi t h i l u hda c&c th&ng dfl cua ngfldi sfl dung dfldng. Sau d6 sd tiep tuc t i n h to&n chi p h i b i l n doi ddn vi cin thidt v& chi phi bidn doi ddn vi tfl ngfldi sii dung dudng.Vide td'i Uu hda sd dUdc t i l n hanh n h u sau: thii h&m Solver vdi c&c gia tri tU chpn ve t h u e x&ng d i u . Qu& t r i n h n&y se tidn h&nh nhieu l i n lap di l&p lai cho den khi tinh dfldc t h u e x&ng d i u . NhU v&y, sd cd nhieu cac phUdng &n di p h a n tich v& lUa chpn, tuy nhien vide lUa chpn phUdng a n n&o ho&n to&n phu thuoc v&o quydt dinh cua c&c d p cd th&m quyen.
Bitdc 8: tinh todn cdc chi phi iin tdc giao thdng, chi phi tai nan vd litdng phdt thdi tren mang litdi ditdng bd
Tinh to&n iin tac giao thdng, d n phai xac dinh dUdc c&c tidu chf sau d&y: tidn h&nh phan loai dudng cd iin tac giao thdng, cd nghia 1& chi r a dUdc c&c loai dUdng iin tac; tfnh chi phi khai th&c t r u n g binh k h i cd v& khdng cd fln t&c giao thdng. Thdng qua q u a n s&t ho&c sfl dung cac cdng thflc t i n h sau day:
KcDTB=^^'^=^XlOO% (9) H untac
Trong dd: KCDTB^ ^^ so' gid cao diem trung binh; D^^n tic: Iflu Ifldng xe h&ng ngay trong moi gid iin t&c; H(j„ tic^ so' gid iin tac. S a u dd md hinh se tinh to&n Iflu lfl<?ng xe t r d n cac t u y e n dfldng cd iin tac v& chi phi fln tac t r d n m a n g Ifldi trong mpt n&m.
Tfnh to&n chi phf t a i n a n . Cd r i t nhieu mo hinh tfnh chi phf t a i n a n : md h i n h tdng gia tri d i u ra: y tfldng cd b a n ciia md h i n h cho mdi ca nh&n cd t h i tao r a dfldc mpt lUdng s a n phim cdng don trong sud't cudc ddi ciia hp. Vi v&y, yeu to' chinh trong td'ng chi p h i t a i n a n la lUdng ton t h i t td'ng s a n p h i m d i u r a do t a i n a n xay ra.Md h i n h gia t r i cudc sdng con ngUdi: chi phi t a i n a n dUdc xem 1& tong cdng cac ngudn lilc (thidt h a i t&i san, chi phf thud'c m e n v& chi phi cho cac xdt nghidm ciia c a n h sat) cong vdi cac chi phf m I t m a t do thUdng dau, t i l e nudi va sfl
46
Nghiin cdu Kinh tis6404 - Thing 1/2012cl4u dung m& ngUdi t a p h a i g a n h chiu do d&i mang lUdi dudng. Vdi d i l u kidn dd cac sd' t a i n a n . Md h m h td'ng gia t r i d i u r a thUc t ^ hdu d i u v&o 1&: d&n sd', di^n tfch, GDP.
dUdc tfnh b a n g c&ch l l y td'ng gi& t r i d i u r a 6. K^'t luAn
thUc t ^ t r f l di gi& t r i tfldng lai do nsin nh&n Tdm lai, vide t h u phf ngfldi sfl dung dfldng t^o r a trong vong ddi cua hp. Md h i n h mflc bp ciia nfldc ta trong nhflng n&m vfla qua da san long chi t r a : md h i n h n&y se t i n h Iflpng tao ra mpt nguon vd'n d'n dinh cho cdng t&c d i u t i l n moi ngfldi s a n long chi t r a d l phdng tfl ph&t t r i i n v& bao tri mang Ifldi dong bd. Tuy t r a n h t a i n a n . Md h i n h chi phf b i i thfldng: nhidn nguon vd'n n&y v i n chi d&p flng mdt Tdng chi phf boi thfldng cho ngfldi sd'ng sdt p h i n nhd so vdi n h u e l u vdh h&ng n&m cua sau t a i n a n v& ngfldi nh& ciia n a n n h a n ng&nh dfldng bd v& vide t h u phf ngfldi sfl dung dfldc xem 1& chi phf xa hdi dac gi& tri m& dfldng bd v i n cdn ton tai mdt sd' v i n di cin ngfldi t a bd r a di bfl dap cac m I t m&t khi phai thay dd'i v& sfla chfla kip thdi di n&ng cao gap t a i n a n . Vide lila chpn md h i n h n&o di hidu qua trong linh vile n&y nhfl: vide x&c dinh nghidn cflu tfly thuoc v&o muc tidu nghidn mflc phf phai tfnh trdn cd sd khoa hpc v& phai cflu, c h i t Ifldng v& mflc s a n cua so' hdu. ph&n tfch rd r&ng gia sfl dung dfldng cd quan Trong de t&i sfl dung md h i n h td'ng gi& tri he vdi chi phi bieh dd'j v& chi phi cd' dinh, phai d i u ra. Md hinh n&y sd tfnh chi phf cho moi xem xdt v i n di t a i trpng true a n h hfldng tdi tai nan, tfl vong v& bi thfldng. Md hinh sd dfldng sa v& ddi vdi nhflng tuyen dfldng d i u tfnh to&n so' Ifldng t a i nan, so' ngfldi chdt, bi t h I u c h u y i n giao quyen t h u phf phai tfnh ddh thfldng v& chi phf tfldng iing h&ng n&m. chi phi bao tri trong gi& d i u t h I u , tflc 1& ngfldi Tfnh to&n Ifldng ph&t t h a i . Vide tinh triing t h I u ngo&i vide v&n h&nh khai th&c toan Ifldng ph&t t h a i chi dfldc tidn h&nh t u y i n dfldng cdn phai chiu tr&ch nhidm bao tri nghidn cflu d nhflng vflng d a n cfl m& tuyen nd. Chinh vi v&y, md hinh djnh gia gi&n tiep dfldng di qua: viing ndng t h d n va dd thi. phi ngfldi sfl dung dfldng bd n h a m muc dich Trfldc hdt p h a i tfnh ti Id ph&t t h a i ddn vi dam bao cd q u a n quan ly dfldng sfl dung c&c (gram/xe km) dd'i vdi dfldng ndng thdn, nguon vd'n cd hidu qua, khd'ng che quy md v&
dfldng dd t h i cho tilng loai phfldng tidn. c h i t Ifldng mang Ifldi dfldng d mflc cd t h i t r a n g Vide tinh t o a n dila v&o kdt qua do t n l c t r a i dfldc v& tao du nguon t h u d l k h a i th&c bao tidp. Md binb se tfnh t o a n Ifldng ph&t t h a i tri mang Ifldi dfldng bd b e n viing v& l&u d&i.
tfldng iing ddi vdi c&c chl't CO2, CO, HC, Xay dflng md hinh theo 9 bflde ndu t r d n 1& cd sd SO2, NOX v& b u i khdi. Chi phf do Ifldng khoa hpc giup cac cd quan quan ly thflc hidn td't ph&t t h a i m& cdng dong p h a i g&nh chiu djnh gi& phf n h a m dam bao ph&t t r i i n b i n dfldc Ifldng hda b a n g so" t i n ph&t t h a i n h a n viing mang Ifldi dfldng bp qud'c gia.
vdi chi phf cho 1 t&h.
Bi^c 9: trinh bdy kit qud
Bang chi phf va t&i chfnh, bang t h u TAI LifiUTHAMKHAo
nh&p tfl ngfldi sfl dung dfldng dd'i vdi c&c 1. Scott Wilson Kiikpatick, 2005, Nghien ctiu chiffn kick b a n kh&c n h a u ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^° dudng qutfc 16 \k tinh 16 Viet Nam, NXB
• T^^ 1 1 *^ ' 1- i 5. J - 4.- I, Giao th6ng van tii.
De m m h hpa mpt each to&n dien t m h ^ j^^^^ ^^^j. charges^ 10/2010, NZ transport Agency, hinh mang Ifldi giao thdng qud'c gia md ISNNI176-9297, publihed by National Ofice \^ctoria hinh cdn tfnh t o a n v& dfla r a c&c chi tidu Arcade, Newzeland.
1- ^ i.^- u ' 1. uft +i,;^„„ T^ln' ei'v 3. NZIER. (2008). Literature review: Road use sau: n h u c&u t a i chfnh, h e thong pni sU . » n .• Tir n „* ' • ° , charging and cost allocation. Wellington.
dung dudng, cac t h u nh&p khac, t h u n h a p Deloitte. (2009). Supplonentary Report to Economic sii dung dudng, chi phf fln t&c, chi phf t a i Advice in Respect of Road User Charges: Financial n£in trdn d a n sd; didn tfch, GDP v& c h i l u Modelling. Wellington.
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