Dinh Thi Thao. Vai trd cua dudng thiiy trong giaojhJSS^Hi:^
©2020 Vien Nghien cCru An Dp va Tay Nam A Tap chi Nghien ci/u An Dp va Chau A S64(89), thang 4-2020 httpV/viisas.vass.gov.vn ISSN. 0866-7314
Vai tro cua dirong thuy trong giao thuong 6*
Nam Trung Bo thg ky XIX
Binh Thi Thdo*
Trudng Dgi hgc Quy Nhan
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/12/2019, ngdy gid phdn bien- 20/02/2020, ngdy duyet ddng: 31/03/2020 A Tam Trung Bd Id viing ddt cd nhieu uu the vi giao thdng vd giao thucmg dudng thiiy (bao -L V gdm cd duang sdng vd dudng bien). Trong the ky XLX, khi giao thdng vd giao thuang dudng bd chua cd diiu kien phdt trien thi giao thdng vd giao thuang dudng thuy ddng vai trd quan trgng trong luru thdng hdng hda, kit ndi thuong mgi ndi vitng vd lien vung. Cdc tuyin duang ven biin.
ven sdng trd thdnh nhirng tuyen dudng liru thdng hdng hda chit yiu tic ddng bang, ven bien den trung du, mien niii theo chieu ddng - tdy vd nguac lgi. Bdi viit cho rdng, a mice do rgng han. chinh cdc tuyin dudng ndy da gdp phdn kit ndi thuang mgi giira viing Nam Trung Bg vai cdc dia phuang khdc trong cd nudc, thdm ehi Id vdi cdc nudc ben ngodi thdng qua vai trd cita cdc cha lan, chg trung tdm, cdc do thi, thi tu vd phd cdng.
Tir khda: Giao thdng, giao thuong dudng thuy, luu thdng hang hda. Nam Trung Bg
Mo-dau
Tir thg ky XVI, XVII, nliim xay dung td chiic chinh quyen rigng, luc lugng quan sir va tigm luc kinh tg dgc lap, thoat ly khdi anh hudng cua chinh quyen Dang Ngoai d phia bac (tir deo Ngang ttd ra), cae chiia Nguygn da md mang, xay dung vimg dat phia nam (tir deo Ngang ttd vao) thanh noi diing chan va day nghiep. Cimg vdi qua trinh xay dung td chiic chinh quygn, qua trinh Nam tign ciing diln ra Hgn tuc va cd quy md ngay cang rgng Idn; cac dan vi banh cbinh mdi nhanh chdng dugc thanh lap. Cho dgn thg ky XIX, vimg dat tuong ung vdi cac tinh Nam Trung Bg hien nay dugc trigu Nguygn dat thanh mdt khu vuc hanh chinh rigng biet vdi tgn ggi Ta Ky, bao gdm: Bmh Dinh, Phii Ygn, Khanh Hda va Binh Thuan - gdm ca tinh Ninh Thuan ngay nay.
Trong qua trinh di cu vao vimg dat phia Nam, luu dan thudng chgn noi dinb cu bgn canh cac ddng sdng, viing cira bien, nai cd san nguon nudc, dat dai mau md, phi nhieu, di lai thuan tien dg khai pha rudng nuong, thanh lap xdm lang. Theo quy luat chung, cd dan, cd lang la cd chg. Do do, mang Iudi chg d Nam Tmng Bd da dan hinh thanh cimg vdi qua ttinh khai hoang, lap lang va ngay cang md rdng ca vg quy mo, sd lugng.
" Dinhthithao@qnu edu.vn
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 4 - 2020, tt.64-71
Dmh Thi Thao, Vai trd cita dudng thuy trong giao thuang...
Trong thg ky XIX, khi giao thdng dudng bd chua cd digu kien phat trign thi giao thdng va giao thuong dudng thiiy (bao gdm ca dudng sdng va dudng bign) giir vai trd ttgng ygu. Giao thuang bing dudng thiiy la loai hinh van chuyen thuan Igi nhat, tigt kiem thdi gian, cdng siic va chuygn chd dugc khdi lugng hang hda Idn. Giao thdng va giao thuong bang dudng thuy khdng chi giii vai trd quan trgng trong viec dinh cu, hinh thanh, phat ttign mang Iudi chg ma cdn gdp phan md rdng giao thuang giiJa cac vimg mign d Nam Trung Bg, vdi cac khu vuc khac trong nudc va vdi nudc ngoai.
1. l/u th^ cua giao thong va giao thiromg diro^ng thiiy ff cac tinh Nam Trung B6 Dia hinh viing Nam Trung Bd ddc thang theo hudng tay - ddng; cau tnic ciia day Trudng Son la cac mii sap xgp song song chay theo hudng tay bac - ddng nam cimg vdi hudng cua dudng bd bign chgch bac - nam ngn thudng xuygn xuat hien nhirng nhanh mii chay sat dgn vimg bd bign (deo Hai Van, deo Cii Mdng, deo Ca). Vi vay, dia hinh khu vyc nay thudng bi chia cat thanh nhiing d nhd. Day la ygu td quy dinh dac digm mang Iudi sdng sudi trong khu vyc: tap trung ttong cac luu vyc nhd, sdng ngin, do ddc cao va do ra Bign Ddng, tao thanh nhigu ciia sdng, cua bign. Tinh tmng binh cii 20km dudng bd bign lai xuit hien mgt ciia sdng (Biii Hdng Long, 2016, tr.39). Ngay tir dau thg ky XVII, Alexandre De Rhodes da ghi nhan: Dang Trong dugc din nudc bang 24 con sdng dep. Nd mang dgn mdt su tien lgi ky dieu cho viec di lai trgn sdng ttong toan xir sd. Nd cdn tao ra sy thuan lgi cho viec budn ban va du lich (Dd Bang, 1996, tt.l2). Cristophoro Borri thi cho ring, nude lut da lam ngap khip xii Dang Trong, dd ra biin, nhu thg dit lign va bign chi cdn la mdt. Nudc lut lam cho ngudi ta cd thg di lai khip noi bing thuygn ragt each dg dang dgn do khdng cd gi la khdng chuygn dugc tCr nai nay dgn nai khac. Do do, ngudi ta danh thdi gian nay dg hgp chg, nhiing phign chg cd tigng nhat trong xii, sd ngudi dgn hgp chg trong dip nay ddng hon bit ky budi hgp chg nao khac ttong nam (Bom Cristophoro, 1998, tt. 18).
Do dac digm ciia cac tinh Nam Trung Bg cd kha nhigu sdng, sudi va ttai dai theo dudng bd bign vdi nhigu cira bign cd thg ddn thuygn vao neo dau ngn thuan Igi cho phat trign giao thdng va giao thuong bing dudng thuy. Mac dii sdng d Nam Trung Bd ngin, ddc, khdng thuan lgi cho phat trign giao thdng van tai, song trong digu kien khd khan cua tinh trang giao thdng, van tai d thg ky XDC thi day vin la ragt hinh thiic di chuyen, van chuygn bd trg, khic phuc nhiing ban chg cua giao thdng va giao thuang dudng bg.
Nam Trung Eg la khu vyc cd kha nhieu sdng, ngdi. Trgn cac con sdng, eac tuygn dudng sdng nay CO nhigu bgn do, ciu cdng; ndi lign cac ben la cac chg, thi tii, diu radi de tmng chuygn, ttao ddi hang hda. Sd lugng ciu, edng, bgn do va cac con sdng Idn d cac tinh Nam Tmng Bd tiig ky XIX dugc ghi chep ttong Bgi Nam nhdt thdng chi cho thiy ro vai trd ciia dudng thuy ttong luu thdng hang hda, kgt noi thuang mai ngi vimg va lign virng d Nam Trung Bg.
Bang 1.1. Thong ke so luwng song 1^, ciu, cong, b k fld d c^c tinh Nam Trung Bo (the ky XIX) Tinh
Binh Dinh
Ben do 41
SdngIdn Cau, cong
181 Nghien cihi An Dg va Chau A. So 4 - 2020, tt.64-71
Dmh Thi Thao. Vai trd cua dirdng thuy tronggiaojhi^^IlS::^
Phu Yen Khanh Hoa Binh Thuan
Tong cong
10
-
08 59
4 9 29 53
63 20 16 280 Ngudn: Qudc sir quan trigu Nguyen, 2012
Bang thdng kg Ll cho thiy, d thg ky XIX, Nam Trung Bd cd 53 con sdng Idn, 59 bgn dd va 280 can, cdng, tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho giao thuong, nhat la giao thuang bing dudng thuy. Nhd he thdng nay, hang hda dugc luu thdng khap noi, hi mign mii xudng ddng bang, ven bign, tCr BSc vao Nam va ngugc lai.
Cd thg kg dgn mdt sd con sdng Idn cd vai ttd quan ttgng khdng chi ttong san xuit, ttdng ttgt ma ca ttong giao thuang d cac tmh Nam Trung Bg, nhu: Sdng Lai Duong (Binh Dinh), bit ngudn tir vung niii huyen Bdng Son, do ra bign qua cua An Du. Sdng La Tinh (huygn Phii Cat) dd ra bign qua cita Dg Gi.
Sdng Cdn (d dia phan ba huyen Tuy Vign, Tuy Phudc, Phu Cat) dd vao dam Thi Nai, chay ra bign. Ngoai ra con cd sdng Van Son (Ha Thanh) chay qua huyen Tuy Phudc va thanh phd Quy Nhon hien nay. d Phii Ygn cd cac sdng Idn nhu sdng Da Diln (sdng Ba hay cdn ggi la sdng Da Ring), Ban Thach, Phii Ngan, Long Bmh, sdng Cai (sdng Ky Ld hay sdng La Hien). Vimg chau thd sdng Da Ring va chSu thd sdng Ban Thach tao nen ddng bang Tuy Hda rdng Idn, dugc mgnh danh la "vya liia cua mign Tnmg". Viing chau thg sdng Cai tao ngn ddng bang man mo d Tuy An. Phia bac cd Xuan Ldc, dudi chan day niii Cii Mdng, vimg thi ttan Sdng Can bgn bd vinh Xuan Dai... la nhiing digm dinh cu dau tien cua ngudi Viet khi vimg dat Tran Bign mdi md. Tinh Khanh Hda cd sdng MT Lgi, sdng Vinh Phii, sdng Tam Dgc, sdng Phu Ldc (cdn ggi la sdng Cai, sdng Nha Trang). Sdng Phu Ldc phat nguygn tu day Trudng Son dd ra bign d cua Cii Huan. Sdng Cai do nhigu sdng con (sdng Gia Lg, sdng Khg, sdng Can...) tir ngudn chay ve hgp lai vdi nhau. Dat phii sa do cac song nay mang tir ngudn ve bdi dap cac vimg ven cira sdng, tao thanh nhirng canh ddng phi nhigu nhu vimg chau thd Van Ninh, vimg chau thd Ninh Hda d ha luu sdng Dmh va vimg chSu thd Dign Khanh, Vmh Xuong bgn sdng Cai. 0 Binh Thuan, cd nhigu sdng lon dugc ghi ttong Bgi Nam nhdt thong chi nhu song Luy, sdng Phan Ri, sdng Phd Hai, sdng Phan Thigt...
Trong dd, sdng Cdn (Bmh Dinh) dugc xem la tuygn dudng sdng quan ttgng nhit ttong van tai hang hda, giao thucmg kinh tg giira mign ngugc va mign xudi. Sdng Cdn ndi lign cira Thu, cira Thi Nai va dim Thi Nai vg phia dong, vdi ddng chii luu sau va rgng cimg nhigu chi luu khac nhau da dm tton vimg d6ng bang rdng Idn d phia nam tmh Buih Dinh. Ddng sdng Cdn va cac nhanh cua nd (sdng Tan Giang, sdng Lam Kjgu, sdng Dap Da, sdng Gd Cuang) bat ngudn tir vimg cao nguygn phia tay bac ciia tinh, chay qua eac lang mac viing ddi ttung du va ddng bang trii phu, cudi ciing dd ra bign d vimg dim Thi Nai. Vdi su phan bd ddng chay nhu vay, sdng Cdn (cimg cac nhanli ciia nd) khdng chi tao ngn nhiing vimg ddng bing ttii phu, thuan lgi cho viec phat trien mgt nen nong nghiep bgn vimg ma nd cdn thyc su la mach chii, n6i lign hai mign xudi - ngugc ttong giao thuang, budn ban,
Ngoai cae mygn dudng sdng. Nam Trung Bd cung cd nhigu uu thg vg dudng bign. Cac tinh dSu co dudng bd bign dai, cac eira bign va dam pha day dac, sau, kin gid... tao digu kien thuan lgi cho thuygn be ghe bgn, neo dau va ttao ddi bang bda d cac cira bign. Nhd vSy, ttong thg ky XIX, d Nam Trung Bd da hinh thanh va phat trign cac ludng budn ban, ttao doi giiia cac dia phuong ttong tinh thdng qua tuygn dudng
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tr.64-71 gg
Duili Thi Thao. Vai tro ciia dudng thiiy trong giao thuang...
bign; mat khac, nd ciing tao digu kien thuan lgi dg md rdng ttao ddi hang hda vdi cac khu vue khac ttong nudc va nudc ngoai thdng qua cac cang khau nhu Quy Nhon, Viing Lam, Nha Trang, Phan Rl.
2. Vai tro cua duoTig thuy trong giao thirong & Nam Trung Bo
Ngay tir diu tiie ky XVn cho ddn giiia thg ky XIX, cac cang thi, do thi nhu Nude Man, Quy Nhon, Vung Lam, Nha Trang, Phan Ri... da ttd thanh nhiing hai cang quan ttgng ciia chinh quygn chiia Nguygn, quy tu nhigu boat dgng cua Nha nudc d khu vyc Nam Trung Bd ca vg kinh te, van hda, xa hdi lin quan sy va ngoai giao. Nhd do, he thdng chg d Nam Trung Bg nhanh chdng dugc hinh thanh va tigp tuc md rdng, phat trign theo gudng quay cua ngn kinh tg hang hda ttong cac thg ky XVII-XVIII va tigp tuc dugc diy manh ttong thg ky XDC Cho dgn thg ky XIX, cu dan cac tinh Nam Tmng Bg da bigt dya vao uu thd ve digu kign tu nhign dg dinh cu, phat trign kinh tg, md rgng giao km budn ban giiia cac dia phuang, cac vimg, mign ttong nudc va vdi cac nudc bgn ngoai.
Tir phia tay, ngudn hang dugc thu gom tai cac ban lang cua cao nguygn, theo myen dudng thuy, bd dgc song phan phdi cho cac bgn - chg, thi tii vimg ddng bang, cudi cimg dugc tap tnmg d cac thuang cang va trd thanh hang hda trao ddi, budn ban vdi cac vimg khac ttong tinh, ttong khu vyc va vdi nudc ngoai.
Dong thdi, hang hda cua mign xudi, viing ven bign va ca hang hda dugc nhap tii thuygn budn ngoai quoc lai dugc van chuygn ngugc cac ddng sdng, phan tan khap noi tir vimg ddng bang cho dgn cdng ddng cu ddn mien nui. Ca dao vimg Nam Trung Bd cdn phan anh kha dam net quan he budn ban va cac mat hang chu yen ttong ludng buon ban giiia cu dan vimg ddng bang, ven bien vdi cu dan mign niii, nhu: "Ai vg nhan vdi nau nguon/Mang le giri xudng, ea chudn giri Ign" (Hgi Van nghe dan gian VietNam, 2012, tt.499).
Do dudng thiiy giir vai ttd quan ttgng ttong giao thuong d cac tinh Nam Trung Bg nen rat nhigu chg d day cung dugc thanh lap canh cac con sdng hoac ngay tai vimg ciia sdng, cua bign. Vi nhu, chg Ban Thach, chg Phign Thii, chg Sdng Ciu, chg Phien Sdm, chg Gia (Phii Ygn); chg An Thai, chg Gd Cham, chg Gd Gang, chg Kign My (Bmh Dinh); chg Dinh, ehg Mdi, chg Liu (thude cac tinh Khanh Hda, Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan hien nay)... dgu nam d luu vue cac con sdng Idn hoac d vimg cira sdng, cira bign Nam Tnmg Bg. Vao dau thg ky XIX (1806), tiieo thdng ke chua day du tii Hodng Viet nhdt thdng du dia chi, cac dinh tir Bmh Dinh den Bmh Thuan (viing Nam Tnmg Bd ngay nay) cd hon 60 chg ndm gdn cdc tuyin dudng thiiy, bg. Trong do, dinh Bmh Dinh 36 chg, dinh Phii Ygn 5 chg, dmh Binh Hda 7 chg va dinh Bmh Thuan 15 chg (Lg Quang Djnh, 2005). Ro rang, ngay tir diu thg ky XIX, d Nam Trung Bg da cd rit nhigu ehg dugc thanh lap d gan cac mygn dudng giao tiidng thiiy, bg. Digu dd cung cho thiy rd vai ttd ciia giao thdng va giao thuong bing dudng thiiy d cac tinh Nam Trung Bd khi ma giao thdng va giao thuang bang dudng bd chua cd digu kien phat trign ttong thg ky XDC.
Vi til cila cac chg phin lon nim canh eac con sdng hoac ven bign ngn chg d Nam Tmng Bd thg ky XDC cdn CO dac digm la chg gin vdi bgn chg hoac phd cang (cang sdng, cang bign). Vi nhu, chg Gia (Phii Ygn) CO lgi thg la mdt chg nim gin bgn cang Tign Chau; hay chg Phien Thii, chg Viing Lim (Phu Ygn) hoat ddng nhu mdt tigu phd cang bgn canh bd sdng Ngan Son, canh cang Viing Lam. O Bmh Dinh, chg Gd Cham nim canh bgn Gd Cham; chg Gd Gang nim canh bgn Gd Gang; cho An Thai each bgn chg An Thai 10m; chg Dap Da each bgn Dap Da 100m; chg Kien My gin lign vdi bgn Kign My (ben Tmdng Trau)...
Tai cac ben, hang hda dugc ttao ddi nhigu hon va ngay cang vugt ra khdi pham vi ban diu do budn ban
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.64-71 67
Dinh Thi Thao. Vai trd ciia dudng thiiy trong giaojhie^Hi::.
"tten bgn dudi thuygn". Tai cac phd cang, dd thi nhu Quy Nhon, Vung Lim, Phan Ri, Cd Luy, Tign Chau, Nha Trang... do mire do boat ddng kmh tg rit sdi ndi, tip nap, d day khdng chi dign ra qua trinh giao lim, ttao ddi hang hda giira cac vimg, mign ttong nudc ma cdn ca vdi nudc ngoai. Cac phd cang nay gin chat vdi boat ddng cua eac ehg Vung Lim, chg Gia, chg Thi Nai, chg Mdi, ehg Liu...
Do dac digm bgn gan lign vdi chg nen tai cac bgn, boat dgng b6c vac hang bda tir cac tiiuygn chd hang Ign, xudng ciing dign ra kha sdi ndi. Thuang nhan mang hang hda ttr khip cac vimg mign tbeo dudng sdng, dudng bign, dudng bg dgn tap Oimg tai eac ben dg dua len chg ttao ddi hang hda. Bgn Trudng Trau (ben Kign My, nay thugc huyen Tay Son, tinli Binh Dinh) dign hinh cho boat ddng nay: "Xdm Trau ed ben Trudng Trau bgn bd sdng Cdn, ngay xua budn ban rat tip nap. Day gin nhu mdt digm ttung chuygn ttong quan he ttao ddi, budn ban giiia mien nui rCrng cao nguygn va mign ddng bing ma san pham quan ttgng nhat la ttiu cau. Hang doan ngudi Thugng giii theo dudng bg hay chd bing mdt loai thuyen nan nhd ggi la sdng, dem ttau eau xudng bgn ttau ban rdi ddi lay mudi, do sat va cac san phim khac" (Phan Huy Lg, Phan Dai Doan..., 1988,tt.45).
Ben canh do, d Nam Trung Bd da hinh tiianh va phat trign cac ludng budn ban, ttao ddi giiia cac dia phuang ttong tinh thdng qua tuygn dudng bign; ddng thdi, nd ciing tao digu kien thuan lgi de md rgng trao ddi hang hda vdi cac khu vyc khac ttong nudc va nudc ngoai. Nhieu ciia bign d Nam Trung Bg la noi thuan lgi cho tau thuyen neo dau nhu: cua biln Thi Nai (d phia ddng huyen Tuy Phudc, Binh Dinh), cua An Du (d phia ddng huyen Bdng Son, Binh Dinh), ciia Ha Ra hay Ha La (d huyen Phii MT, Binh Dinh), cira Dg Gi (d phia ddng huyen Phu Cat, Binh Dinh), cira Nha Phign hay Ke Thir (d Phu Cat, Binh Dinh);
cira C^ Mdng, Xuin Dai, Da Diln, Viing Lam (Phii Ygn); cira Nha Phu, Van Phong, Cu HuSn, Cam Ranh (Khanh Hda); va cac cira bign Phan Ri, Phd Hai, Phan Thiet, La Di, Ma Di... (Ninh Thuan, Binh Thu|n).
Giao thdng, van tai va giao thuong bang dudng bign da kgt noi cac dia phuong vdi nhau thdng qua cac cua bien, noi thuan lgi cho tau thuygn neo dau. Vi lihu, ttong pham vi tmh Bmh Dinh, mygn dudng bign quan ttgng nhat ttong van tai va luu thong hang hda tir phia bac den phia nam ciia tinh la tuygn dudng n6i hen cira bign Tam Quan, An Du vdi Thi Nai (Quy Nhon). Hoac nhu, cira bign Viing Lim d phia bic Phd Ygn vdi vai ttd phd cang da cd mdi quan he mat thigt vdi cae cira bign ttong tinh, kgt noi vdi khu vyc nam va tay nam Phii Ygn tiieo dudng sdng Ba ra cua Da Diln rdi ngugc len hudng bic vao cira Xuan Dai. Tir hai cang nay, tau thuyen ciing cd thg hudng vg phia ddng, di qua cira Xuan Dai vao cac cira khiu Phii Son, Da Dign, Da Ndng va dgn vdi thuang cang nhilu nai ttong nudc ma trudc hit la Thi Nai (Quy Nhon), hoac gan hon vao cira Tign Chau, dgc theo song Cai nguge Ign ca mdt vimg rdng Idn phia tay...
Cac mygn dudng ven bign, ven sdng (quan ttgng nhat la mygn dudng ndi hgn cae ciia bign Quy Nhan, Vung Lam, Nha Trang, Phan Ri vdi nhau va vdi cac vimg khac; tuygn dudng sdng ndi ddng bing, ven biln Bmh Djnh, Phii Ygn vdi viing niii rimg phia lay) cung gdp phan quan ttgng ttong qua trinh ttao ddi, budn ban giira cac dia phuang ttong tinh hoac ttong viing va vdi nudc ngoai. Nhigu chg dugc hinh thanh ttgn nliiing mygn dudng luu thdng nay da ttd thanh dau mdi giao thuang kit ndi thuong mai ngi vimg va lign vimg. Do vay, ngudn hang tir phia bac vao phia nam hoac tir vimg mii rCmg phia tay da theo cae ddng sdng, cac cita bign cimg nhieu con dudng kliac nhau ddn vl cac bin - chg, eac thi tii, cac cang cira sdng cua bign; nhiing san pham tir bign va ddng bang ciing dugc van chuygn tten cac myln dudng dd, dap ung nhu ciu ciia ddng bao cac dan tgc it ngudi d vimg rimg niii phia tay. Mat khac, thdng qua vai tto ciia cac eha cd ehirc nang dau radi giao thuang, nhiing tuyin dudng luu thdng hang hda dugc thigt lap mgt each cd hg
Nghign ciai An Do va Chau A. S6 4 - 2020, tt.64-71 gg
Dinh Thi Thao. Vai trd ciia dudng thuy trong giao thuong...
thdng giiia thugng ngudn va ha ngudn, giiia ddng bang, ven bien vdi mien niii; giira phia bac vdi phia nam va ngugc lai. Vi nhu, chg Gd Cham (Bmh Dinh) khdng chi ddng vai ttd la ttimg tam ttao ddi hang hda cho mgt viing rdng Idn d d6ng bing Binh Dinh ma cdn ddng vai ttd la thi trudng lign tinh, la noi thu hiit thuong nhan cac tmh phia bic vao budn ban. Bai Ve di chg md ta canh sinh boat cua chg Gd Cham cho thiy rd dieu dd: "Di chg, cdc chi di chg/ Chg nao mi vi bang chg Gd Cham/ Tdm khd, ca trung (luge), tiiit bd, thit heo.../ Xem qua ching thieu ngudi nao/ Quang Nam, Quang Ngai ciing ao ma vd" (Tran Nham Than, 1997, tt.3).
Hon nira, vdi uu the vl dudng bign (dudng bd bign dai, nhilu dim pha va cira biln sau, thuM lgi cho tau thuygn neo dau, luu thdng) cimg vdi lugng hang hda ddi dao, ed gia tri. Nam Tnmg Bg ttd tiianh mdt ttong nhiing tnmg ttm lliuang mai lon ciia ca nudc. Bgn canh viee budn ban vdi cac khu vyc khac ttong nudc (Hdi An d phia bic, Gia Dinh/Sai Gdn d phia nam) cdn xuit Men tuygn dudng budn ban vdi nudc ngoai thdng qua cac cua biln, phd cang ma Quy Nhcm la phd cang quan frgng nhit, ket ndi Uiuong mai ndi vimg, lign vimg va vdi nudc ngoai. Vi thg dau mdi giao thuong cua Quy Nhon ttong mdi quan he hgn vimg dugc xac nhan rang: "... nhu mdt bgn cudi ciia tuygn dudng dugc di lai nhigu dgc cao nguygn dgn thung liing Mgkong, bang qua An Khe, Pleiku va den sdng Mekdng d Stnmg Treng (phia bac Campuchia ngay nay), noi ndi kgt vdi mang Iudi giao thuang tda ra tir Ayudhaya/ Bangkok... Quy Nhan ttd thanh trung tam tbuang raai quan ttgng tai dau mdi cua mgt cang bign ly tudng, con dudng phia tay qua nui, con dudng phia bac dgn Thuan Quang va con dudng phia nam dgn ddng bang sdng Mgkong" (Keith W. Taylor, 2006, tt.8). Dac biet, dudi trigu Minh Menh, quan he budn ban giiia cac phd cang d Nam Tnmg Bd dugc md rgng hon, khdng cbl budn ban vdi cac cira bien khac ttong nudc ma cdn cd mdi quan he giao thuong vdi Trung CJu6c, Smgapore, Xiem (Thai Lan), Batavia (Jakarta, Indonesia)... Quan sat cua Natahs Rondot vao nam 1870 cho bilt: "Cd mgt su giao thiep thuang mai rit nhdn nhip giiia Sai Gdn, Nha Trang, Qay Nhon vdi nhigu cira bign khac va vdi Bangkok, C^lang Ddng, Thsiouen Tcheou-fou, Tong Tcheou-fou, Singapore va Batavia" (B.AV.H, 2001, fr.l32).
Trudc ygu cin phat triln cua ngn kinh tl hang hda, d cae thi tir, phd cang, trung tam chinh tn, bgn canh chg chinh cdn hinh thanh nen mdt sd chg phu ddng vai ttd la ve tinh, vira cd chiic nang rigng biet, vira bd sung, hd ttg cho chg chinh. Vi du, ttong he thong ehg cua tiii tti Bmh Dinh (tiiugc An Nhan, tmh Binh Dinh ngay nay), chg Gd Chara ddng vai ttd la ttiing tam thuang nghiep d day. Ben eanh chg Gd Cham con cd cac chg ddng vai ttd ve tinh nhu chg Mai, chg Chilu, chg Bd. Hay d do thi Quy Nhon (till ky XDC), chg Thi Nai, chg Cjia, chg Dmh la nhung chg ddng vai ttd chmh, la ttrmg tam thuong nghiep cua Quy Nhon.
Bgn canh dd cdn cd chg Ma, chg Cliao, chg Xdm la cac chg ve tinh, lam eo sd cho cac chg chmh... Hay nhu d Phii Yen, gin vdi Viing Lim la cac ehg phat triln len thanh cac tiii tii ddng vai frd ve tmh cho hoat ddng thuang mai d hai cang nay nhu chg Sdng Ciu, La Hai, Triiu Son, Hang (jiao. 6 Khanh Hda, hoat ddng thuang nghiep tai eac chg Idn nhu chg Dmh Nmh Hda, chg Mdi ciing hd ttg tich cyc cho boat ddng ciia phd cang Nha Trang. 6 Binh Thuan, cae ming tam thuang nghiep tap ttung dgc va gan bign nhu chg l i u . Long Huong, vimg ciia biln Phan Ri ciing da frd thanh ve tmh thuang nghiep, bd sung tich cue cho boat ddng cua phd cang Phan Rl.
Nhu vay, cae chg cd vai ttd diu mdi giao tiiuong d tiimg du, miln mii va ddng bing ven bign, khong chi ndi hin cac khu vyc hang hda ttong tiing dia phuang, frong vimg ma cdn kit ndi thuang mai vdi cac Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. So 4 - 2020, tt.64-71
Dinh Thi Thao. Vai trd cua dudng thiiy ti-ong giaoji vimg lan can (Quang Nam, Quang Ngai d phia bic, Gia Dinh/Sai Gdn d phia nam) va md rdng ttao doi hang hda vdi nudc ngoai (Ma Lai/Malaysia, Trung Qudc, Xigm/Thai Lan...) bing dudng bien thdng qua cac ciia bign, phd cang. Xung quanh cac chg giir vai frd diu mdi thuang mai ludn cd mdt he thing chg nho, chg phu ddng vai ttd ve tinh, bd sung, ho ttg cho chg chinh; d miic dd rdng Idn han, chinh cac chg giu vai ttd dau mdi nay lai la nhiing chg hd ttg, bd sung cho boat dgng thuong mai d cac pbd cang- Co the tam khai quat raang ludi kgt ndi thuong mai ndi vimg va lien vimg bing so dd sau:
So" dd 2.1. Mang Itfdi ket ndi thmmg mai ngi vung va lign viing
Ngudn: Tac gia tdng hgp
Trong moi hen he giiia cac chg diu ngudn vdi cac chg Idn, chg chinh d ddng bang, ven bign thi dudng ttiiiy (dudng sdng va dudng bien) ddng vai ttd quan ttgng, giup cho qua trinh hgn kgt ttd nen chat che hon.
Giao thuang dudng sdng ttd thanh tuygn dudng trao ddi thuang mai ngi dia quan ttgng, giiip cho kinh tl ciia mdi vimg/miln hoac lign vimg/miln phat ttign manh me. Hon niia, he thdng thuong mai dudng sdng khdng ehi giiip cho qua trinh frao ddi hang hda, phat trign kinh tg ndi dia, raa cdn la can ndi, cung cap hang hda cho trao ddi kinh tl ngoai thuong vdi khu vyc va thg gidi thdng qua vai ttd cua cae cang bien, phd cang.
Cd thi ndi, thdng qua cac tuyen dudng bign, dudng sdng, bang hda dugc van chuygn nhanh chdng din khip cac dja phuong frong tinh va vdi cac tinh lan can. Mat khac, nd cung tao digu kien thuan lgi dl md rdng trao ddi hang hda vdi cac khu vyc khac ttong nudc va nudc ngoai.
Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.64-71 70
Dinh Thi Thao. Vai trd cua dudng thuy trong giao thuong...
Ket luan
Trong thi ky XDC, khi dilu kien giao thdng va giao thuang bang dudng bd cdn nhilu khd khan, giao thong va giao thuong bing dudng tiiuy (dudng sdng, dudng bign) da phat huy uu the ciia minh, ttd dianh ttiyln luu thdng hang hda quan ttgng giiia cac dia phuong, vimg, mign frong tinh hoac khu vyc vdi nhau ma trudc hgt la giua cac chg dau mdi, chg trung tam cua cac dja phuang. Cac con sdng, cac tuyen dudng sdng nay cd nhilu bgn dd, ciu cdng; ndi hgn cac bgn la cac chg, cac thi tii, cac dau mdi dl trung chuyin, frao ddi hang hda. Hang hda ciing theo cac con sdng, cac tuygn dudng sdng, dudng bg dgc sdng, tap tnmg d cac ben do de mang dgn chg trao ddi. Ben canh do, hai chigu van chuygn bae - nam cimg vdi nhirng tuygn dudng song, dudng bign da kgt thanh mang ludi giao thuang thuy ndi dia ndi lign cac trung tam kinh tg, chinh Qi quan frgng tir Quy Nhan, Sdng Cin, Viing Lam, dgn Nha Trang va Phan Ri.
Ciing nhu cac vimg, miln khac ttong ca nudc, dudng thuy (chu ylu la dudng sdng) giii vai fro quan ttgng trong luu thdng hang hda d chg; song ddi vdi cac tinh Nara Trung Bg, do dac digm dia hinh, sdng ngdi quy dmh, hoat dgng cua mang ludi chg khdng chi chiu tac dgng ciia sdng raa cdn chiu tac ddng tryc tigp ciia ygu td bign va cd sy kgt ndi ca hai chieu bac - nam (theo true dia hinh dgc tir bac xudng nam) va -tay - ddng (theo true dia hinh ngang tir nui ra bien). Cung chinh vi vay, nhieu thi tir, dd thi, phd cang hinh thanh, phat trign d Nam Trung Bd thdi ky nay va trudc do dgu ehiu anh hudng cua he thdng sdng va bign. Hay ndi each khac, boat dgng ciia mang ludi chg d Nam Trung Bg chiu anh hudng cua mdt phiic he sdng chang chit d viing cira bidn. Day ciing la mdt ttong nhiing dac digm rigng, Idiac biet ciia mang ludi chg d Nam Trung Bd so vdi cac vimg khac ttong ca nudc.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dd Bang (1996), Pho cdng viing Thudn Qudng (Hgi An. Ihanh Hd. Nudc Man) thi ki XVU-XVIU, Nxb.
Thuan Hda, Hug.
2. Boni Cristophoro (1998), Xie Bdng Trong ndm 1621, Hdng Nhue, Nguygn Khic Xuyen va Nguyen Nghi dich, Nxb. Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
3. B,A.V.H (200l),Nhimg ngudi ban cd do Hui, Tap DC (1922), Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hul.
4. Lg Quang Dinh (2005), Hodng Viet nhdt thing du dia chi, Phan Dang dich, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hul.
5. HgiVannghe dan gian VietNam (2012), Cadao, hdvemien Trung Nxb. Van hoa dan tgc. Ha Ngi.
6. Phan Huy Lg, Phan Dai Doan... (1988), Tu lieu vi Tdy San - Nguyin Hue, Tap I.- 'Tren dit NgbTa Binb", Sd Van hoa the thao NghTa Binh, Quy Nhon.
7. Biii H6ng Long (chii bien) (2016), Bgc diim tu nhien. mdi trudng. ngudn lgi vd dinh hudng khai thdc, phdt triin bin vOng cdc thiiy vuc ven baNam Trung Bd, Nxb. Khoa hgc Tu nhien va Cdng nghe. Ha Ngi.
8. Qu6c sit quBntnhu'Ngay^n{20n), Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi. Tap l,HoangVanLaudich, Nxb. Lao dgng, HaNoi,
9. Keith W. Taylor (2006), 'Thuan Quang va Binh Dinb ttong cuge xung dot vimg miln d Viet Nam", Tap chi Xua vd Nay, sd 270,10/2006, fr.6-8.
10. Trin Nham Than (1997), "Chg Binh Dinh", Bdo Binh Dinh, tt.3.
Nghien cihi An Do va Chau A. Sd 4 - 2020, tt.64-71
