Danh gia hieu qua kinh te cua cay ngo tai dja ban
xa Thong Hue, huyen Tmng Khanh, tinh Cao B^ng
HO THI DAM' Tom t a t
Diiu kien tu nhien cua xd Thdng Hui, huyen Trung Khanh. tinh Cao Bdng thich hgp cho phdt trien cdy ngd. Nghiin cdu cda tdc gid cho thdy, ngd la cdy kinh temdi nhgn trong viic chuyen djch ca cdu cdy trong cua Xd. Tinh hinh sdn xudt ngd trong nhdng ndm qua cda xd Thdng Hue dd dgt dugc nhdng budc tii'n ddng ke cd vi diin tich, nang sud't vd sdn lugng. Tuy nhien, ben cgnh nhffng ke't qud dgt duac, thi vdn cdn nhiing khd khdn, nhu: thie'u ddt, thii'u vdn. Vi vdy, md hieu qud mang lgi chUa cao so vdi nhdng cdng siic md ngUdi trdng ngd bd ra. Trin cdsd ket qud nghien cdu, tdc gid de xudt nhiing gidi phdp de ndng cao hieu qud kinh ti' cua cay ngd, giiip thiic ddy phdt trien kinh ti' dia phuang.
Tfl khoa: hieu qud kinh ti' cdy ngo, xd Thong Hui - huyen Triing Khdnh, phdt trien ndng nghiep bin viing
Summary
The natural conditions of Thong Hue commune, Trung Khanh district, Cao Bang province are suitable for maize cultivation. This research indicates that maize is the most important crop in the commune's crop restructuring. The situation of maize production in the commune has recently gained significant achievements in terms of area, productivity and output. However, there are still many difficulties such as the lack of land or capital. Therefore, the efficiency is not high and commensurate with the efforts of farmers. Based on the research results, the author proposes schemes lo improve the economic efficiency of maize so as to promote local economic development.
Keywords: economic efficiency of maize. Thong Hue commune - Trung Khanh district, sustainable agricultural development
GIOI THIEU tieh cd han, ma khdng iam anh hudng dg'n eha^t lupng san pham va mdi trudng de hfldng tdi phat trien ndng Thdng Hue la xa mien mii eua huyen nghigp ben vffng. Ben eanh dd, vin cdn nhieu ngffdi Triing Khanh, tinh Cao BSng, ngUdi dan ndng dan chffa dam manh dan dau tu nhieu kg ea ve sdng chii yg'u dfla vao nong nghiep, la vd'n, phan bdn hay md rdng dien tich eho phat trien viJng cd dieu kign tfl nhien phii hdp vdi cay ngd. Do dd, da lam cho higu cjua san xua't chfla mot sd loai cay trong, nhfl: lua, ngd, cao so vdi mong muo'n, sfl phat trien cdn chfla tupng khoai, san, cac loai rau xanh, mia... So xflng vdi tiem nang hign cd cua dia phffdng vdi cac loai cay trdng khac, thi eay ngo Vi vay, tac gi^ danh gia hieu qua kmh te cay ngd la loai cSy trdng cd thd manh nhat cua tai dia ban xa Thdng Hue, huygn Tmng Khanh, tinh vijng va dffpc trdng nhilu tai dia ban tfl Cao Bang, tfl dd dfla ra nhffng de xua't thie't thflc nham ngay xffa va tff khi cd gidng lua lai nang thuc day kinh te dia phfldng.
suat ngo tang cao, ddi sdng nhan dan
ngay mdt dffpc cai thign. PHaONG P H A P NGHIEN CL/U
^ Tuy nhien, trffdc nhflng ddi hoi cua
nen kinh te thi trffdng va sff gia tang dan Do'i vdi san xua't ndng nghiep ndi chung, san xua't so iam cho quy da't ban hep ddi hdi iam ngd ndi rieng cae dieu kien phuc vu cho san xua't ddng sao nang cao nang sua't tren phin dien gdp mdt phan het sffe quan trpng, quyet dinh eho viec
ThS., Trudng Cao dSng Kinh te - Ky thuat Thai Nguyen
Ngaynhan bdi: 20/12/2019; Ngdy phdn bien- 30/12/2019: Ngdy duyel ddng: 09/01/2020
BAMG 1: DlgN TiCH, NANG SUAT, SAN LfldNG NGO VU DONG XUAN CUA CAc NHOM Hp Dllu TRA
Ciii tifiu Dien tich + Dien tich da't ruQiig Nana suat SanUfOni;
Thunh nen + Dipi tich dat niOfng Nane sua'l San liftJna Thanh tien
DVT Sao/ho Sao/ho Ke/sao Kg/ho 1 OOOd/ho
Sao/he") K-Aao Ka/hii 1 OOOd/ho
H$ kha (n=13) 10 183 1 830 10,980
7 185 1.^95 7.770
H^TB (n=41) 9 150 1.350 8-100 6 155 930 5 580
H<i ngheo (n=6i
6 792 4.752 3 135 405 2 430
BQ
1.324 7 944 5 162 877 5.262 BANG 2: D I | N TICH, NANG SGAT. SAN LtfONG NGO Vq HE THG
CUA CAC NHOM HO Dl^U TRA Chi tieu
Dien tich + Da't ruone + Dat niTcfna Nans suat San liftfns Thanh nen
DVT Sao/ho Sao/ho Sao/ho Kg/sao Ka/ho 1 OOOd/lio
m kha(n=13) 4 0 4 155 620 4 030
H6 TB (11=41) 3 0 3 150 450 2 925
H$ ngheo (n=6) 1 BQ 2 0 2 132 264 1.716
3 0 3 146 445 2,890 BANG 3: CHI PHI SAN XUAT BINH QUAN CHO 1 SAO NGO
CCA CAC NHOM HO DilU TRA Chi phi
1. Chi phi trung gian - Gio'ne - Plian bon Phan NPK Phan dam Phan chuong 2. Chi phi khac (d^u) 3. Hao mon mav moc 4. Cong lao dong Tong chi phi
DVT
ks kp ka ka ka lit cdng
Hf Sd' lir^ng
0,4
^•-8 13 10 205 1 4
kha Gia tri (LOOOd) 315 44 271 68 100 103 22 49 276 662
HoTB S6'
0.4
"'18 10 9 199 1 4
Gid tri (l.OOOd) 286 44 242 52 90 100 22 29 276 613
H$ ngheo So Itfdng
0,3 206 8 8 190 1 3
Gia trj (l.OOOd) 250 33 217 42 80 95 22 23 238 533
BQ gia tri (l.OOOd)
284 40 243 54 90 99 22 34 263 603
"^giH.ii Tong hop tu so In i. <;1ii_'u tra
nang cao hieu qua kinh te', De danh gil diing tiem nang, sffc manh kinh te' cho phat tnen san xua't ndi chung, san xua't ngd ndi rigng eua cae hd trong Xa, tac gia tig'n hanh dieu tra, phdng va'n ngau nhign phan ting va ngau nhien he thd'ng tffng hp mdt theo tffng nhdm ho cu thg\
Can cff vao danh sach phan loai hp do trffdng thdn cac xdm cung ca'p, tdi tig'n hanh dieu tra 60 hd san xua't ngo (bao gom: 13 hd kha, 41 hd trung binh, 6 hd ngheo trong 3 xdm san xua't). Thdi gian khao sat dffpc thffc hien trong nam 2018,
KET QUA NGHIEN CL/U
Tinh hinh san xua't ngo cua cac nhom ho dieu tra cay ngd d xa Thdng Hue dffdc ngirdi dan trong hai vu, dd la vu Ddng Xuan va vu He Thu. Trong dd, vu Ddng Xuan dffdc trong tren 2 loai dat la dat rupng va dat nffdng. Chinh vi sff khac nhau ve dieu kien da't dai, vd'n
diu tff eho san xua't, life Iffdng iao dpng cua hd, nen dien tich cung nhff nang^suat ngd d cac nhdm hd ed sff khae nhau ro r^t.
Bang 1 the hien dien tich, nang suat, san Iffdng cua cac nhdm hd vu Ddng Xuan, ^
Vu He Thu dffPc trong tren phSn dien tich dat nffdng, do vu He Thu cung l a / P Ilia cua vung, vi vay dien tich dat trong ngo trgn da't rupng khdng cd. Dien tieji da't nffdng vu He Thu it hdn so vdi dat nffdng vu Ddng Xuan, do vao thdi diem nay da't nu-png mpt phan dffdc dung dg trong eae cay mau khac, nhff: dd tffdng, san... Do sff khac bigt ve dien lich va nang sua't iam cho san Iffdng cung khae nhau (Bang 2).
Trong Bang 3 phan anh dau tff ehi phi cho mdt sao ngd nam 2018 d cac nhdm hd dieu tra. Tong chi phi cho san xua't d cac nhdm hp la khac nhau, tong chi phi d hd kha la 662.000 dong/sao, eao hdn hd trung binh 49.000 d6ng/sao va cao hdn hd ngheo 80.000 dong/sao, Sd d! cd sff khae nhau nhu" vay la do dau tff chi phi trung gian, kha'u hao may mdc, cdng lao dpng d cac nhdm hd khdng gid'ng nhau,
Chi phi trung gian la toan bp cac khoan chi phi vat chat thffdng xuyen, nhff: nguygn, nhign lieu va dich vu dffpc sff dung trong qua trinh san xua't, Chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hp kha ldn hdn chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hp trung binb va hp ngheo. Cu the la: nhdm hd kha la 315.000 dong/sao eao hdn nhdm hp trung binh 29.000 dong/sao, cao hdn hd ngheo 65.000 dong/sao, do hp kha ed nhieu dieu kien hdn de mua phan bdn.
Chi phi gid'ng d 3 nhdm hd khdng chenh Igeh nhieu, vi mat dp trong cay ngd la gan nhff nhau, cac hg deu trong theo hifdng din cua can bp khuye'n ndng.
Muo'n thu dffdc nang sua't cao, thi phai dau tff nhieu loai phan bdn khac nhau va phai bdn du, eung nhff cham sdc cay trong hpp l^. Mac du phan chuong chie'm mdt ty lg ldn trong tdng chi phi trung gian, nhffng day la phan chi phi khdng phai mua. Hdn nffa. bdn phan chuong se khdng ed hai cho da't va cay trong, nen nd di/pc bdn mdt Iffpng ra'i ldn.
Trong san xuat ngd, ngffdi dan khong phun thud'c trff sau, ho chi dung phffdng phap thu cong dd la ra tham dong rupng va diet sau bp trffc tig'p.
Ve cdng lao dpng, co sif chenh leeh it, hd kha cao hdn hd trung binh, hp trung binh cao hdn hd ngheo. Binh quan cao hpn I edng tren mru sao.
Bang 4 eho thay rd ke't qua san xua't mpt sao ngd cua cac nhdm hd trong nam 2018. Nang sua't cua 3 nhdm khdng gid'ng nhau, nen gia tri san xua't cQng khdng gio'ng nhau. Nhdm hp kha ed nang sua't cao hdn nhdm hp trung binh va nhdm hp ngheo, ngn gia tn san xua't cung se ldn hdn 2 nhdm hp nay, Gia tri san xua't eua nhdm hp kha dat 1.082.()00 dong/sao, cao hdn hp trung binh 110.000 dong/sao, cao hdn hp ngheo 273.000 dong/sao,
Phan tich higu qua san xu^'t mot sao ngo
Hieu qud s&dung vdn cda cdy ngo Higu qua sff dung vd'n trong san xua't mpt sao ngd cua cac nhdm hp dieu tra nam 2018 dffdc phin anh rd trong Bang 5.
Xet v^ higu qua sff dung vd'n, thi nhom hd kha la nhdm hd dat higu qua cao nha't; nhdm hd ngheo la nhdmhd dat hieu qua tha'p nha't. Cu the, khi bd ra 1 dong chi phi trung gian, thi hd kha thu v^ 3,66 dong, hp trung binh thu ve 3,37 dong, hd ngheo thu ve 3,12 ddng. Nhil vay, khi dau tff thgm mpt ddng ehi phi trung gian, thi gia tn tang thgm & nhdm hp kha la 2,66 ddng, nhdm hd trung binh la 2,37 ddng va tha'p nha't la hd ngheo vi3i 2,12 ddng. Thu nhap hdn hdp tren mot ddng chi phi trung gian d nhom hg kha la 2,51 ddng; ho trung binh la 2,28 ddng; va nhdm hd ngheo la 2,03 ddng.
Ldi nhuan trdn mpt ddng chi phi trung gian Clia nhdm hd kha la 1,50 ddng; hp hung binh la 1,23 ddng; hd ngheo tha'p nhat vdi 1,06 ddng.
Hieu qud sii dgng lao dgng cua cdy ngo Hieu qua sff dung lao dgng trong san xuat mpt sao ngd cua cac nhdm hp dieu tra nam 2018 dirpc phan anh rd trong Bang 6,
Bang 6 cho tha'y, khi xet ve hieu qua siJ dung lao ddng, thi hd kha vin la hp dat hieu qua nha't. Khi hp kha bd ra 1 cong lao dgng se dat dffdc gia tri san xuat ia 298.000 ddng, hd trung binh la 264,000 ddng, hg ngheo la 259.000 dSng. Chi tigu gia tri gia tang tren mdt cong lao dpng cua nhdm hd kha la 216,000 ddng, hd trung binh la 186,000 dong, hp ngheo tha'p nhat la 176.000
•long, Chi tigu thu nhSp hdn hpp tren mot cdng lao ddng d nhdm hd kha la 204,000 ddng; hd trung binh la 179.000 fiong; hd ngheo la 169.000 ddng. Chi tieu ldi nhuan tren mpt cdng lao dpng d nhdm h6 kha la 122.(J00 ddng; hd trung binh la 97,000 ddng; ho ngheo ia 88.000
BANG 4: KET QUA SAN XCAT M O T SAO NGO TRONG MOT NAM CUA CAC NHOM HO DlEU TRA
Ban vi: 1.000 ddng/sdo Chl ti6u
GO (Gia tri san xuat) IC (Chl phf trung gian) VA(Gia tri tang them) MI (Thu nhSp hSn hdp) Pr(Ldi nhuan)
Hdkha 1 082
296 787 743 443
H8TB 924 274 650 626 338
H^ ngheo 809 259 550 527 276
BO 938 276 562 632 352 B A N G 5; HIEU Q U A S U D p N G VON CGA CAY NGO
Dm V Chi tigu
GO/IC VA/IC MI/IC Pr/!C
H$kha 3,66 2,66 2,51 1,50
H6TB 3,37 2,37 2,28 1,23
H6 ngheo 3,12 2,12 2,03 1,06
BO 3,38 2,38 2,27 1,26 B A N G 6, HIEU Q U A SU' DUNG LAO DONG CGA CAY NGO
Ban vi 1 000 ddng Chi tieu
GO/CLD{t:6nK kn d6n°) VA/CLD MI/CLD Pr/CLD
Hdkha 298 216 204 122
H6TB 264 186 179 97
HQ ngheo 259 176 169 88
BQ 274 193 184 102
ddng. Ddi vdi ngffdi ndng dan, quan diem cua hp la Ia'y cdng la lai, nen ho khdng quan tam tdi cac chi tieu higu qua, ma ehi quan tam tdi Iffdng thu nhSp hdn hdp ma hp thu dffPc. Vdi ho, thu nhap hdn hdp cang ldn, thi eang higu qua.
KET LUAN VA DE XUAT GIAI P H A P
Danh gia v^ tinh hinh san xua't ngo cua h3 ngng d^n Tff khao sat thffc tg' dg'n phan tich ke't qua va hieu qua san xua't ngd cua cac hp ndng dan rut ra diTPcmpl sd iru diem va han chg', nhir sau:
Vu diem:
Ngffdi dan cd kinh nghiem san xua't, do ngd da dffdc trdng tff lau ddi.
- Trdng cay ngd it sau benh hdn cac loai khac nhif Ilia, cay ngo thich nghi vdi nhieu loai da't, dg sinh trffdng phat trien, vin nay mam trong dieu kidn thdi tid't khong thuan ldi, nhff: lanh, mffa hay khd ban...
- Ngffdi dSn can cu, cham chi, ehiu khd, ham hpe hoi da big't ffng dung khoa hoc tie'n bd vao trong san xua't.
- Ngd trong nhffng nam gin day da dypc ngffdi dan quan tam hdn, dien tich tang va nang sua't tang din qua cac nam, Nang suat ngay mdt eao do ehuyen ddi gid'ng cff (ngo thuin) sang gidng mdi (gid'ng ngd lai), Nhd vay, san Iffpng cua ngd cung tang len, gia tri san xua't cung tang len, ma chi phi bo ra lai tu'png dd'i tha'p so vdi lua, iam cho ldi nhuan ngo cung tang.
- Ben canh dd, eung do ndng dan bie't chuyen ddi gid'ng ngd thuan sang gid'ng ngd lai c6 nang sua't cao hdn. Mat khac, ngffdi dan cung din bie't ap dung khoa
BANG 1: D!EN TlCH, NANG SUAT, SAN L U O N G NGO VU DONG XUAN CUA CAc NHOM HQ DIEU TRA
C h i ti&u D i e n t i c h + Dien tich da't nii'mg N a n g ^ua't S a n liTdng T h a n h u e n + Difit tich da't nUtfng N a n g s u a t S a n lu'dng T h a n h t i e n
D V T
S a o / h o K a / s a o K g / h o 1 OOOd/ho
S a o / h o K g / s ^ o K n / h o I OOOdTho
H a k h a ( n = 1 3 )
10 183 1 8 3 0 10-980 7 185 1 ^ 9 5 7 7 7 0
H Q T B
9 150 1.350 8 100
6 153 9 3 0 5-580
H p n g h e o
6 132 7 9 2 4 , 7 5 2 3 135 4 0 5 2 - 4 3 0
B Q
8
1.324 7 . 9 4 4 5 162 8 7 7 5 . 2 6 2
B A N G 2 : DIEN T I C H , NANG S U A T , S A N L U 0 N G NGO VU HE THU CUA CAC NHOM HO D i 6 u TRA
Chi mu
Difen Uch -f- Dii'i r u o n g + D a l Hu'dng N a n g s u a t S a n lifdng T h a n h t i e n
D V T S a o / h n S a o / h n S a o / h o K g / s a o K g / h o 1 .OOOd/ho
H $ k h a { n = 1 3 ) 4 0 4 155 6 2 0 4 . 0 3 0
H 6 T B ( n = 4 1 ) 3 0 3 150 4 5 0 2 . 9 2 5
Ho n g h e o ( n = 6 ) 2 0 2 1-32 2 6 4 1.716
B O 3 0 3 146 4 4 5 2 . 8 9 0
BANG 3: CHI PHI SAN XUAT BINH QUAN CHO 1 SAO NGO CUA CAC NHOM HO DIEU TRA
C h i p h i
I. C h i phf t r u n g g i u n - Gtimg - PJidn bdn P h a n N P K P h a n d a m P h a n c h u o n g 2. C h i phi k h a c (dau) 3. H a o m o n mdv m o c 4 . C o n g l a o d o n g T 6 n g chi p h i
D V T
k,.
k'>
kg kg y.- lit
c 6 n g H o k h a S o Itfdng
0,4 2 2 8 13 10 2 0 5 1
4 G i a tri {l.OOOd) 315 4 4 271 6 8 100 103 2 2 4 9 2 7 6 6 6 2
H 6 T B S o
0.4 2 1 8 10 9 199 1
4 G i a t r i (l.OOOd) 2 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 5 2 9 0 100 2 2 2 9 2 7 6 6 1 3
H S n g h e o SB' lifting
0 , 3 2 0 6 8 8 190 1
3 G i a trj (l.OOOd) 2 5 0 33 2 1 7 4 2 8 0 9 5 22 23 2 3 8 5 3 3
B Q gia (ri ( 1 . 0 0 0 d ) 2 8 4 4 0 2 4 3 5 4 9 0 9 9 22 3 4 2 6 3 6 0 3
nang eao hieu qua kinh te'. De danh gia dung tiem nang, sffc manh kinh te" cho phat trien san xua't ndi chung, san xua't ngd ndi neng cua eac hp trong Xa.
tac gia tie'n hanh dieu tra, phdng va'n nglu nhign phan ting va nglu nhign hg thd'ng tffng hd mpt theo tffng nhdm hd cu the.
Can cff vao danh sach phan loai hd do tru'dng thdn cac xdm cung ca'p, toi tig'n hanh dieu tra 60 hd san xua't ngd (bao gom: 13 hd kha, 41 hp trung binh, 6 hp ngheo trong 3 xdm san xua't). Thdi gian khao sat dffPc thffe hien trong nam 2018.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
Tinh hinh san xuS't ngg cua cac nhdm ho dieu tra Cay ngd d xa Thdng Hue dffdc ngffdi dan trong hai vu, dd la vu Dong Xuan va vu He Thu. Trong dd, vu Dona Xuan dffpc trong trgn 2 loai da't la da't rupng va da't nffdng. Chinh vi sff khac nhau ve dieu kien da't dai, vdn
dau tff cho san xua't. Iffc Iffdng lao dong cua bd, nen dien tich eung nhff nang^suat ngd d eae nhdm hp ed sff khae nhau ro rpt.
Bang 1 the hien dien tich. nang sua^ san Iffdng eua cac nhdm hp vu Ddng Xuan. ^
Vu He Thu du'dc trong tren phan dien tieh da't nffdng, do vu He Thu cung la^vu lua cua vting, vi vay dign tich dat trong ngd tren da't rudng khdng cd. Dien tich dat nffdng vu He Thu it hdn so vdi dat nffdng vu Ddng Xuan, do vao thPi diem nay da't nffdng mdt phan dffdc dung de tr6ng eac cay mau khac. nhff: dd tffdng, sin... Do sff khac biet ve dien ticb va nang sua't lam cho san Iffdng cung khac nhau (Bang 2).
Trong Bang 3 phan anh dau tff chi phi cho mot sao ngd nam 2018 d cac nhdm hd dieu tra. Tong ehi phi cho san xuat d cie nhdm hd la khac nhau, tdng chi phi d hd kha la 662 000 dong/sao, cao hdn hp trung binh 49.000 ddng/sao va cao hdn hd ngheo 80,000 dong/sao. Sd di eo sff khac nhau nhff vay la do dau tir chi phi trung gian, kha'u hao may mdc, cdng lao dpng d cac nhdm hd khong gid'ng nhau.
Chi phi trung gian la toan bp cac khoan chi phi vat cha't thffdng xuygn, nhff: nguyen, nhien lieu va dich vu dirpc sff dung trong qua tiinh san xua't. Cbi phi trung gian cua nhdm hd kha ldn hdn ehi phi trung gian cua nhdm hp trung binh va hd ngheo. Cu the la: nhdm hp kha la 315.000 dong/sao cao hPn nhdm hp trung binh 29.000 dong/sao, cao hdn hd ngheo 65.000 dong/sao, do hp kha cd nhieu dieu kien hdn de mua phan bdn.
Chl phi gid'ng d 3 nhdm hd khdng chgnh lech nhieu, vi mat do trong cay ngd la gan nhff nhau, cac hd deu trong theo hffdng din cua can bg khuyg'n ndng.
Mud'n thu dffdc nang sua't cao, thi phai diu tff nhieu loai phan bdn khac nhau va phai bdn du, cung nhff cham sdc cay trong hpp ly. Mac dil phan chuong chig'm mdt ty le ldn trong tong ehi phi trung gian, nhffng day la phan ehi phi khong phai mua. HPn nffa. bdn phan chuong se khong CO hai cho dat vacay trong. nen nd dffpc bdn mdt lu'png ra't ldn,
Trong san xua't ngd, ngu'di dan khdng phun thud'c trff sau, hp chi dung phppng phap thu edng dd la ra tham dong rupng va diet sau bp trirc tig'p.
Ve edng lao dpng, c6 su chenh lech It. hd kha eao hdn hp trung binh. hp trung binh cao hPn hp ngheo. Binh quan cao hdn 1 cdng tren mot sao.
Bang 4 cho tha'y rd kg't qua san xuat mot sao ngd cua cac nhdm hp trong nam 2018, Nang sua't cua 3 nhdm khdng gid'ng nhau, ngn gia tri san xua't ciing khdng giong nhau. Nhdm hd kha co nang sua't cao hdn nhdm hd trung binh va nhdm hp ngheo, nen gia tri san xua't cung se ldn hdn 2 nhdm hd nay. Gia tri san xua't eua nhom hp kha dat 1.082,000 d6ng/sao, cao hdn hd trung binh 110,000 dong/sao, cao hdn hd ngheo 273.000 ddng/sao.
Ph3n tich hi$u qua san xuSi^t mdt sao ngg
Hi^u qud sii dung vdn cua cdy ngo Higu qua sff dung vd'n trong san xua't mot sao ngd cua cae nhdm hd dieu tra nam 2018 dffdc phan anh rd trong Bang 5.
Xet ve hieu qua sff dung vd'n, thi nhdm hd kha la nhdm hd dat hieu qua cao nha't; nhdm hd ngheo la nhom hd dat hieu qua tha'p nha't. Cu thg', khi bd ra 1 dong chi phi trung gian, thi hp kha thu v^ 3,66 dong, hd trung binh thu ve 3,37 dong, hp ngheo thu ve 3,12 dong, Nhff v|y, khi diu tff thgm mgt ddng chi phi trung gian, thi gia tri tang them d nhdm hp khi la 2,66 ddng, nhdm hd trung binh
\l 2,37 dong va tha'p nha't la hd ngheo vdi 2,12 ddng. Thu nhSp hdn hdp trgn mpt ddng chi phi trung gian d nhdm hp khk la 2,51 ddng; hd trung binh la 2,28 d6ng; va nhdm hd ngheo la 2,03 ddng.
Ldi nhuan trgn mpt ddng ehi phi trung gian cua nhdm hp kha la 1,50 ddng; hd trung binh la 1,23 ddng; hp ngheo tha'p nha't vdi 1,06 ddng.
Hifu qud s&dung lao dgng cua cdy ngd Hieu qua sff dung lao dpng trong san xuat mpt sao ngd cua cae nhdm hd dieu tra nam 2018 dffdc phan anh ro trong Bang 6.
Bang 6 cho tha'y, khi xet ve hieu qua su'dung lao dpng, thi hd kha vin la hd dat hieu qua nha't. Khi hd kha bd ra 1 cong lao ddng se dat du'dc gia tri san xua't la 298.000 ddng, hd trung binh la 264,000 ddng, hd ngheo la 259,000 dong, Chi tieu gia tri gia tang tren mpt cong lao dpng ciia nhdm hd kha la 216.000 ddng, hd trung binh la 186.000 dong, hp ngheo tha'p nha't_la 176.000 dong. Chi tieu thu nhap hdn hdp tren mot cdng lao dpng d nhdm h6 kha la 204,000 ddng; hd trung binh la 179.000 ddng; hd ngheo la 169.000 ddng. Chi lieu ldi nhuan tren mot cdng lao dpng d nhdm hp kha la 122.000 ddng; hd trung binh la 97.000 ddng; hd ngheo la 88.000
BANG 4: KET QUA SAM XUAT MOT sAo NGO TRONG MOT NAM CGA CAC NHOM HO DIEO TRA
D<fn\i I 000 ddng/sdo Chi tieu
GO (Gia tn Siin xuat) IC (Chl phi trung gian) VA(Gia tn tang them]
MI (Thu nhaphon hop) Pr(Ldinhuan)
HSkha 1.082 296 787 743 443
HOTB 924 274 650 626 338
Ho ngheo 809 259 550 527 276
BO 938 276 66^ 632 352 BANG 5: HIEU QUA SG DONG VON CUA CAY MGO Chi tieu
GO/IC VA/IC Ml/IC Pr/IC
Ho kha 3,66 2,66 2,51 1,50
H6TB 3.37 2,37 2.28 1.23
Ha neheo 3,12 2.12 2.03 1.06
BO 3,38 2.-38 -,^1 1.26 BAMG 6: HIEG QUA SG DGNG LAO DONG CUA CAY NGO
Dan vi: 1.000 iiang Chl tigu
G0/CLD(c6nH Iao dons) VA/CLD MI/CLD I'l/CLD
Hfikha 298 216 204 122
HOTB 264 186 179 97
Ho ngheo 259 176 169 88
BQ 274 193 184 102
ddng. Dd'i vdi ngffdi ndng dan, quan diem cua hp la ia'y cdng la lai, nenhp khdng quan tam tdi cac cjii tieu hieu qua, ma chi quan tam tdi Iffpng thu nhap hgn hpp ma hp thu dffpc. Vdi hp, thu nhap hdn hop cang ldn, thl cang higu qua.
KET LUAN VA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP
Danh g;ia v^ tinh hinh san xuS't ngd cua hd ndng dan Tff khao sat thffe tg' dg'n phan tich ke't qua va higu qua san xua't ngd cua cac hp ndng dan rut ra dffdc mdt so' ffu diem va ban ehg', nhff sau:
lfu diem:
Ngffdi dan cd kinh nghigm san xua't, do ngd da dffpc trdng tff lau ddi.
- Trdng cay ngo it sau bgnh hdn cac loai khac nhff Ilia, cay ngd thich nghi vdi nhieu loai da't, dg sinh trffdng phat trien, vin nay mim trong dieu kien thdi tie't khdng thuan Ipi, nhu" lanh, mffa hay khd han...
- Ngffdi dan cln eti, cham chi, chiu khd, ham hpe hoi da bie't ffng dung khoa hpc dg'n bd vao trong san xua't,
- Ngo trong nhffng nam gan day da dilPc ngffdi dan quan tam hdn, dign tich tang va nang sua't tang dan qua cae nam. Nang sua't ngay mdt cao do chuyen doi gidng eu (ngd thuin) sang gid'ng mdi (gidng ngd lai). Nhd vay, san Iffdng cua ngd cung tang len, giajri san xuat cung tang lgn, ma chi phi bd ra lai tffdng ddi tha'p so vdi lua, lam cho Idi nhuan ngd eiing tang.
- Ben canh dd, cung do ndng dan bie't chuyen ddi gid'ng ngd thuin sang gid'ng ngd lai co nang sua't cao hdn. Mat khac. ngffdi dan cung din bie't ap dung khoa
45
B A M G 1: DIEM T I C H . MANG S G A T , S A N L G G N G NGO VG DONG X U A N CGA C A C MHOM HO DIEG T R A
C h i t i g u
+ Dien tich dd'i rudng N a n a s u a t S a n lu'dng T h a n h l i e n + Di$n tich ddt mimg N a n e s u a t S a n lirong T h a n h l i e n
D V T
S a o / h o K g / s a o K g / h o 1 OOOd/ho
S a o / h o K e / s a o K s / h o 1 .OOOd/ho
H 6 k h a ( n = 1 3 )
183
10 9 8 0 7 185 1 '>95 7 7 7 0
H 6 T B ( n = 4 1 )
150
8 100 6 155 9 3 0 5-580
H Q n g h e o ( n = 6 )
9
132
3 135 4 0 5 2 4 3 0
B Q 14
162 8 7 7 5 2 6 2
BAMG 2 : DIEM T I C H , M A N G S G A T . SAM L G O N G NGO VG HE THG CtJA C A C N H O M HO DifeO TRA
C h l t i g u D i e n tich + D a l r u o n e + D a t nifOng N a n s sua't Siin lu-(lne T h a n h l i e n
D V T S a o / h n S a o / h o S a o / h o K g / s a o K g / h o 1 .OOOd/lio
HO k h a ( n = 1 3 ) 4 0 4 155 6 2 0 4 0 3 0
HO T B ( n = 4 I ) 3 0 3 150 4 5 0 2-925
H 6 n g h e o ( n = 6 ) 2 0 7 132 2 6 4 L 7 1 6
B Q 3 0 3 146 4 4 5 2 8 9 0
BAMG 3: C H l PHI SAM X G A T BIMH Q P A N CHO 1 S A O NGO CGA C A C MHOM HO DIEG TRA
C h i phi
I . C h i p h i t r u n g g i a n - Giong - Phdn bon P h a n N P K P h a n d a m P h a n t h u o n g 2. Chi p h i k h a c (d^u) 3. H a o m o n m a v m o c 4. C o n g l a o d S n g Tfldng chi p h i
D V T
kg ke kp ke kg lit
H 8 k h a S6' lrf(fng
0.4 2 2 8 13 10 2 0 5 1
4 G i a tri (l.OOOd) 3 1 5 4 4 2 7 ! 6 8 100 103 9T 4 9 2 7 6 6 6 2
H O T B S6' lilOng
0,4 2 1 8 10 9 199 1
4 G i a tri (l.OOOd) 2 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 5 2 9 0 100 2 2 2 9 2 7 6 6 1 3
H 6 n g h e o S o Itfdng
0.3 2 0 6 8 8 190 1
3 G i a trj (l.OOOd) 2 5 0 33 2 1 7 4 2 8 0 9 5 2 2 2 3 2 3 8 5 3 3
B Q gia tri ( 1 . 0 0 0 d ) 2 8 4 4 0 2 4 3 5 4 9 0 9 9 2 2 3 4 2 6 3 6 0 3
nang eao hieu qua kinh te. Dg danh gia dung tiem nang, sffe manh kinh tg' cho phat trien san xua't ndi ehung, san xua't ngd ndi rieng cua cac hp trong Xa, tac gia tig'n hanh dieu tra, phdng va'n ngau nhien phan ling va nglu nhign he thd'ng tffng hd mdt theo tffng nhdm hp eu thi.
Can cff vao danh sach phan loai hd do trffdng thdn cac xdm eung cap, tdi tig'n hanh dieu tra 60 ho san xua't ngd (bao gdm: 13 hp kha, 41 hd trung binh, 6 hp ngheo trong 3 xdm san xua't) Thdi gian khao sat dffdc thffc hien trong nam 2018.
KET QUA NGHIEN CL/U
Tinh hinh san xua't ngd ciia cac nhom h6 didu tra Cay ngd d xa Thdng Hue dPdc ngifdi dan trdng hai vu, do la vu Dong Xuan va vu He Thu. Trong dd, vu Dong Xuan dffdc trdng trgn 2 loai da't la da't rudng va dat nffdng, Chinh vi sff khac nhau ve dieu kign da't dai, vd'n
dau tff cho san xuat, Iffc Iffdng lao dong eua hd, nen dien tich eung nhff nang_suat ngd d cac nhdm hp cd sff khae nhaujo ret.
Bang 1 the hien dien tich, nang suaU san Iffdng Clia cae nhdm hd vu Ddng ?^,"2"_
Vu He Thu di/de trong tren phan dien tich da't nffdne. do vu He Thu cung la vu lua Clia vimg"; vi vay dien tich dat trong ngo trgn da:t rudng khdng cd, Dien tich dat niTPng vu He Thu it hdn so vdi dat nirpng vu Ddng Xuan, do vao thdi diem nay da't Tu'dng mdt phan du'dc dung de trdng cae eay mau khac. nhff: do tffdng, sin... Do sff khae biet ve dien tieh va nang sua't lam cho san Iffdng cung khac nhau (Biing 2).
Trong Bang 3 phan anh dau tff chi phi cho mdt'^.sao ngd nam 2018 d cae nhom hd dieu tra. Tong ehi phi cho san xua't d cac nhdm hd la khac nhau, tdng chi phi d hd kha la 662.000 ddng/sao, cao hdn hp trung binh 49,000 ddng/sao va cao hPn hd ngheo 80 000 ddng/sao. Sd dT cd sff khiic nhau nhff vay la do diu tff ehi phi trung gian, kha'u hao may mdc, cdng lao ddng d cac nhdm hp khong gid'ng nhau.
Chi phi trung gian la toan bp cac khoan chi phi vat cha't thffdng xuyen, nhff: nguyen, nhien lieu va djch vu dffdc sff dung trong qua trinh san xua't. Chi phi trung gian eua nhdm hp kha ldn hdn chi phi trung gian eua nhdm hp trung binh va hd ngheo. Cu the la: nhdm hd kha la 315.000 ddng/sao eao hdn nhdm hd trung binh 29.000 ddng/sao, eao hpn hd ngheo 65,000 ddng/sao, do hp kha cd nhieu dieu kien hdn de mua phan bdn.
Chi phi gid'ng 6 3 nhdm hd khdng chgnh lech nhieu, vi mat dp trdng cay ngd la gin nhff nhau, cac hp deu trdng theo hffdng dan cua can bd khuye'n ndng.
Muo'n thu dffpc nang sua't cao, thi phai diu tir nhieu loai phan bdn khac nhau va phai bdn du, cung nhu cham sde cay trdng hdp ly. Mac dii phan ehuong chie'm mdt ty le Idn trong long chi phi trung gian, nhffng day la phin chi phi khdng phai mua. Hdn nffa, bdn phan chudng se khdng cd hai cho da't va cay trdng, nen nd dffPc bdn mdt Iffpng ra't ldn.
Trong san xua't ngd, ngifdi dan khdng phun thud'c trff sau, hp ehi dung phu'dng phap thu cdng dd la ra tham dd'ng rudng va diet sau bp trffc tig'p
Ve edng lao ddng, c6 '•ir ehenh lech it, hp kha cao hPn hd trung binh. hd trun"
binh cao hdn hp ngheo r^ini, qLian cao hdn 1 edng trgn mpt sao
Bang 4 cho tha'y ro ke't qua san xua't mdt sao ngo cua cle nhdm hp trong nam 2018, Nang sua't cua 3 nhdm khdng gidng nhau, ngn gia tn san xua't cung khdng gidng nhau. Nhdm hp kha ed nang sua't cao hdn nhdm hd trung binh va nhdm hd ngheo, ngn gia tri san xua't cung se Idn hdn 2 nhdm hd nay. Gia tri san xua't cua nhom hd kha dat 1.082.000 ddng/sao, cao hdn hd trung binh 110.000 ddng/sao, cao hdn hp ngheo 273.000 ddng/sao.
Phin tich hieu qua san xuS'^t mdt sao ngd
HifU qud s& d^ng von cua cdy ngo Hieu qua sff dung vd'n trong san xua't mot sao ngd ciia cae nhdm hd dieu tra nam20l8dffPcphananhrd trong Bang 5.
Xet ve hieu qua sff dung vd'n, thi nhdm hp kha la nhdm hd dat hieu qua cao nha't; nhdm hd ngheo la nhdm hp dat hieu qua tha'p nhS't. Cu the, khi bo ra I dong chl phi trung gian, thi hd kha thu ve 3,66 ddng, hp trung binh thu ve 3,37 dong, hp ngheo thu ve 3,12 ddng, Nhif vay, khi dau tff thgm rndt ddng chi phi trung gian, thi gia tri tang them d nhdm h6 kha la 2,66 ddng, nhdm hd trung binh la 2,37 ddng va tha'p nha't la hd ngheo vdl 2,12 ddng. Thu nhap hdn hdp tren m6t ddng chi phi trung gian d nhom hp kha la 2,51 ddng; hd trung binh la 2,28 dong; va nhdm hd ngheo la 2,03 ddng.
Ldi nhuan tren mdt ddng chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hd kha la 1,50 ddng; hd tmng binh la 1,23 ddng; hd ngheo tha'p nha't vdi 1,06 ddng.
Hi^u qud s&diing lao dgng cua cay ngo Hieu qua sff dung iao dpng trong san xual mpt sao ngd ciia cac nhdm hd dieu tra nam 2018 dffpc phan anh rd trong Bang 6.
Bang 6 cho tha'y, khi xel ve hieu qua sis dung lao ddng, thi hd kha vin la hp dat hieu qua nha't. Khi hp kha bd ra I cong lao dpng se dat dffdc gia tri san xuat la 298.000 ddng, ho trung binh la 264.000 ddng, hp ngheo la 259.000 dong. Chl tigu gia tri gia tang trgn m6t cong lao ddng ciia nhdm hd kha la 216.000 ddng, hp trung binh la 186.000 dong, hd ngheo tha'p nha't la 176.000 dong. Chl tteu thu nhap hdn hdp tren mot cong Iao ddng d nhdm ho kha la 204.000 ddng; hd trung binh la 179.000 dong; hd ngheo la 169.000 ddng. Chi ligu Idi nhuan trgn mdt edng lao dpng d nhom hp kha la 122.000 ddng; hd trung binh la 97.000 dong; hp ngheo la 88.000
BANG 4: KET QuA SAM XGAT MOT sAo MGO TROMG MOT N A M CGA CAC MHOM HO DIEG TRA
Danvj: 1.000 dSng/sd Chi tieu
GO (Gia tn san xua't) IC (Chi phi truna gian) VA (Gia tn tanj: them) MI (Thu nhap hon hifp) Pr (LiJi nhuan)
Ho kha 1.082 296 787 743 443
H 6 T B 924 774 650 6^6 338
H6 ngheo 809 259 550 5^7 276
BQ 938 66'' 63'' 352 BAMG 5: HIEG QGA SCf DgNG VOM CGA CAV MGO
Bcrnv Chi (ieu
GO/IC VA/IC MI/IC Pr/IC
HSkha 3.66 2,66 2,51 1,50
H 6 T B 3.37 2.37 2,28 1,23
Hd nsheo 3.12 2,12 2,03 1,06
BO 3.38
^,38 JP7 1.26 BAMG 6, HIEG QUA SG DGMG LAO DONG CGA CAY NGO
Danvi: 1.000 ddng Chi tieu
GO/CLD(c6ns lao done) VA/CLD MI/CLD Pi/CLD
HSkha 298 216 204 122
HOTB 264 186 179 97
Ho ngheo 259 176 169 88
BQ 274 193 184 102
ddng. Ddi vdi ngffdi ndng dan, quan diem ciia hp la ia'y eong la lai, nen hp khdng quan tim tdi cac chi tigu hieu qua, ma chi quan tam tdi Iffdng thu nhap hdn hdp ma hp thu difpc. Vdi hp, thu nhap hdn hPp cang ldn, thi cang hieu qua.
KET LUAN vA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP Danh gia ve tinh hinh san xu^i't ng6 cua ho nong dfin Tff khao sat thifc te' de'n phan tieh kg't qua va hieu qua san xua't ngd cua eae hd ndng dan riit ra du'pc mpt so' ffu die'm va ban chg', nhff sau:
lfu diern:
Ngffdi dan cd kinh nghiem san xua't, do ngd da dffdc trdng tff lau ddi.
- Trdng cay ngd it sau benh hPn cae loai khae nhu"
Ida, eay ngo thich nghi vdi nhieu loai da't, de sinh trffdng phat trien, vin nay mam trong dieu kien thdi tie't khdng thuan loi, nhff: lanh, mu'a hay kho ban...
- Ngffdi dan can eu, cham ehi, chiu khd, ham hoc hdi da big't ffng dung khoa hoc tie'n bd vao trong san xua't.
- Ngd trong nhffng nam gan day da dffdc ngffdi dan quan tam hdn, dien tich tang va nang sua't tang dan qua cae nam. Nang sua't ngay mdt cao do chuyen ddi gid'ng cu (ngd thuin) sang gid'ng mdi (gidng ngd lai). Nhd v^ay, san lifdng cua ngd cung tang Ien, gia tri san xuat cung tang ldn, ma chi phi bo ra iai tffdng dd'i tha'p so vdi liia, iam cho ldi nhuan ngo cung tang.
- Bgn canh do, cung do nong dan bie't ehuyen ddi gidng ngd thuan sang gid'ng ngo lai cd nang sua't cao hdn. Mat khac, ngifdi dan cung dan big't ap dung khoa
BANG 1: DIEM TJCH, NAMG SGAT, S A N LGdNG MGO Vg DOMG XGAN CGA cAC NHOM HO DIIG TRA
Chl tieu Dien tich + Dien tich dat rudna Nane sua't San lu'dng Thiinh lien + Di^n lich dat nilOni;
Nans !iua't San ludnii Thanh tien
DVT SiL()/ho Sao/ho Ks/sdo Ks/ho 1 OOOd/ho
Sao/ho Ka/sao Ks/ho I .OOOd/ho
HO kha (n=13) 17
7 185 1 295 7.770
HOTB
6 930 5-580
HO ngheo
405 2 430
BQ
5.262 BAMG 2: DIEN TICH, NANG SGAT, S A N LG0MG MGO Vg HE THG
CUA CAC NHOM HQ DIEG TRA Chi tidu
Dien tich + Dat ruong + Dat nifcfne Nans sua't San lu'dng Thatih tien
DVT Siio/ho Sao/ho Saa/ho Ky/sao Kg/ho 1 .OOOd/ho
HO kha (n=13) 4 0 4 155 620 4.030
HO TB (n=41) 3 0 3 150 450 2.925
HO ngheo(n=6) 2 0 2 132 264 1 716
BQ 3 0 3 146 445 2.890 BAMG 3: CHl PHI SAN XGAT BINH QGAM CHO 1 SAO MGO
CGA CAC MHOM HO DIEG TRA
Chi phi 1. Chi phi trung gian - Phdn bon Phan NPK Phan dam Phan chuong 2. Chi phi khac (dau) 3. Hao mon nia> moc 4. COng lao dJing Tons chi phi
DVT
ke kg ka kp kg lit c6ng
Hf SO' luf^fng
0.4 228 13 10 205 1 4
kha Gia trj (l.OOOd) 315 44 271 68 100 103 22 49 276 662
H6TB SO' lifCfng
0.4 218 10 9 199 1 4
Gi^ tri (l.OOOd) 286 44 242 52 90 100 77 29 276 613
HO ngheo So"
lifting 0,3 206 8 8 190 1 3
Gia tri (LOOOd)
250 33 217 42 80 95 22 23 238 533
BQ giatri (l.OOOd)
284 40 243 54 90 99 22 34 263 603
nang eao higu qua kinh te'. De danh gia dung tiem nang, sffc manh kinh te' cho phat tnen san xua't ndi chung, san xua't ngd ndi rigng eua eac hp trong Xa, tac gia tie'n hanh dieu tra, phdng va'n nglu nhign phan tang va ngau nhien hg thd'ng tffng hd mdt theo tffng nhdm hp cu thd'.
Can cff vao danh sach phan loai hp do trffdng thdn eac xdm cung cap, tdi tie'n hanh dieu tra 60 hd san xua't ngd (bao gdm: 13 hp kha, 41 hp trung binh, 6 hp ngheo trong 3 xdm san xua't), Thdi gian khao sat dffpc thffc hien trong nam 2018.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Tinh hinh san xua^t ngo cua cac nhom h0 dieu tra Cay ngd d xa Thong Hue dffdc ngffdi dan trdng hai vu, do la vu Ddng Xuan va vu He Thu. Trong dd, vy Dong Xuan dffdc trong tren 2 loai da't la da't rudng va dat nffdng. Chinh vi sff khac nhau ve dieu kign da't dai, vdn
diu tff eho san xua't, Iffe Iffdng lao dpjg cua hd, nen dien tich eung nhff nang_
ngd ct cac nhdm ho ed sir khac nhau ro rp^
Bang 1 the hien dign Hch. nang suat, san Iffpng cua cac nhom hd vu Ddng Xuan. ^
Vu He Thu dffdc trdng trgn phan dien tich da't nffdng, do vu He Thu cung la__vu lua cua vung, vi vay dign tich dat U'ong ngd tren dat rudng khong cd. Dien ticti dat nffPng vu He Thu it hdn so vdi dat nifdng vu Dong Xuan. do vao Ihdi diem nay da't nffdng mot phin dffdc dung de trdng cac cay mau khac, nhff: do tffdng, san... Do sif khac biet ve dien "ch va nang sua't lam cho san IffOng cung khac nhau (Bang 2).
Trong Bang 3 phan anh dau tff chi phi cho mdt sao ngd nam 2018 d cac nhdm hd dieu tra. Tdng ehi phi eho san xuat d cic nhdm hd la khac nhau, tdng chi phi d hd kha la 662.000 ddng/sao, cao hPn hd trung binh 49,000 ddng/sao va cao hdn hp ngheo 80.000 ddng/sao. Sd di ed sff khac nhau nhff vay la do diu tff ehi phi trung gian, kha'u hao may mdc, cdng lao dpng d cae nhdm hp khdng gid'ng nhau.
Chi phi trung gian la toan bd cac khoan chi phi vat chat thu'dng xuyen, nhff: nguyen, nhien lieu va dich vu dffdc sff dung trong qua trinh san xua't. Chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hp kha ldn hdn chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hp trung binh va hd ngheo. Cu the la: nhdm hp kha la 315.000 ddng/sao eao hPn nhdm hd trung binh 29.000 ddng/sao, cao hdn hd ngheo 65.000 ddng/sao, do hp kha ed nhieu dieu kien hdn de mua phan bon.
Chi phi gio'ng d 3 nhdm hd khdng chgnh lech nhieu, vi mat dp trdng cay ngd la gan nhff nhau, cac hp deu trdng theo hffdng din cua can bd khuyg'n ndng.
Mud'n thu difpc nang sua't cao, thi phai diu tff nhieu loai phan bdn khac nhau va phai bdn du, ciing nhu' chain sdc cay trdng hpp ly. Mac dii pMn chudng chig'm mdt ty lg ldn trong tdng chi phi trung gian, nhffng day j a phin chi phi khdng phai mua. Hdn nffa. bdn phan chudng se khdng cd hai cho da't va cay trdng, ngn no dffpc bdn mot IffcJng rai ldn,
Trong san xua't ngd, ngu'di d3n khong phun thude trff sau, ho chi diang phifpn-' phap thu edng dd la ra thani ddng rudng va diet sau bo trffc tiep.
Ve cdng lao ddng, co su it, hd kha cao hdn hp truii' binh eao hdn hd ngheo. , , hPn 1 cdng trgn mdt sao
'-;nh Idch 'id iiung I uan cao
44
Bang 4 cho thay rd ket qua san xuat mpt sao ngd cua cac nhdm hd trong nam 2018, Nang sua't eua 3 nhdm khdng gidng nhau, nen gia tn san xua't cGng khdng gio'ng nhau. Nhdm hp kha cd nang sua't cao hPn nhdm hd trung binh va nhdm hd ngheo, nen gia tri san xua't cung se ldn hdn 2 nhdm hd nay. Gia tri san xua't eua nhom ho kha dat 1.082.000 ddng/sao, cao hdn hd trung binh 110.000 ddng/sao, cao hdn hp ngheo 273.000 ddng/sao.
PhSn tich higu qua san xua't mpt sao ngd
Hieu qud svCdung vdn cua cay ngo Hieu qua sff dung vo'n trong san xua't moi sao ngd cua cac nhdm hd dieu tra nam 2018 dffpc phan anh rd trong Bang 5.
Xet ve hieu qua sff dung vd'n, thi nhdm hp kha la nhdm hd dat hieu qua cao nha't; nhdmhd ngheo la nhdmhd dat hieu qua tha'p nha't. Cu the', khi bd ra 1 ddng chi phi trung gian, thi hp kha thu ve 3,66 ddng, hp trung binh thu ve 3,37 ddng, hd ngheo thu ve 3,12 ddng, Nhff vay, khi diu tff thgm mot ddng chi phi trung gian, thi gia tri tang them d nhdm hd kha la 2,66 ddng, nhdm hd trung binh la 2,37 ddng va tha'p nha't la hd ngheo vdi 2,12 ddng. Thu nhap hdn hdp trgn mgt ddng ehi phi trung gian d nhdm hd kha la 2,51 ddng; hd trung binh la 2,28 ddng; va nhdm hp ngheo la 2,03 ddng, Ldi nhuan tren mpt ddng chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hd kha la 1,50 ddng; hd trung binh la 1,23 ddng; hd ngheo tha'p nha't vdi 1,06 ddng,
Hieu qud sUdung lao dgng cua cdy ngo Hieu qua sff dung lao ddng trong san xua't mdt sao ngd ciia cac nhdm hd didu tra nam 2018 dffPe phan anh rd trong Bang 6.
Bang 6 cho tha'y, khi xet ve hieu qua su' dung tao ddng, thi hd kha vin la hp dat hieu qua nha't. Khi hp kha bd ra 1 cong lao dpng se dat dffdc gia tri san xuat la 298.000 ddng, hd trung binh la 264.000 ddng, hp ngheo la 259.000 dong. Chi tieu gia tri gia tang trgn mpt c6ng lao dpng cua nhdm hp kha la 216.000 ddng, hp trung binh la 186.000 dong, hd ngheo tha'p nha't la 176.000 ddng. Chi tigu thu nhap hdn hdp tren mot cdng lao dpng d nhdm hd kha la 204.000 ddng; hd trung binh la 179.000 ddng; hd ngheo la 169.000 ddng. Chi tieu Ipi nhuan tren mdt cdng lao dpng d nhom hg kha la 122.()00 ddng; hd trung binh la 97,000 ddng; ho ngheo la 88.000
BANG 4: KET QUA SAN XUAT MOT sAO NGO TRONG MOT NAM COA CAc NHOM HO Dlfeo TRA
Dan Vl. 1.000 dfing/id Chi tieu
GO (Gia tri san xuat) IC (Chl phi truns sian) VA (Gia tri tano ihem) MI (Thu nhap hon hdp) Pr(Lcfi nhuan)
H 3 k h a 1 082
296 787 743 443
H 6 T B 924 274 650 6^6 338
HO ngheo 809
^59 550 527 276
BO 938 276 66'' 63^ 352 BANG 5: HIEU QGA SCf DgNG
Chl tieu GO/IC VA/IC MI/IC Pr/IC
H&kha 3,66 2,66 2,51 1,50
H 6 T B 3,37 2,37 2,28 1,23
VON CCA CAY NGO Dan Vl Idn Hd ngheo
3,12 2,12 2.03 1.06
BO 3.38
^.38 2.27 1.26 BANG 6: HIEG QoA Stf DONG LAO DONG
Chi tieu G0/CLD(c6iig Iao dong) VA/CLD MI/CLD Pr/CLD
HO kha 298 216 204 122
H 6 T B 264 186 179 97
CUA CAY NGO Ban vi 1 000 dong Hd nghdo
259 176 169 88
BQ 274 193 184 102
ddng, Ddi vdi ngffdi ndng dan, quan diem cua hp la Ia'y cdng la lai, nen hp khdng quan tam tdi eac ehi tidu hieu qua, ma chi quan tam tdi Iffdng thu nhap hon hpp ma ho thu du'pc. Vdi hp, thu nhap hdn hpp cang ldn, thi cang hieu qua.
KET LUAN VA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP Danh gia vd tinh hinh san xuat ngo cua hd ndng dSn Tff khao sat thffc te' de'n phan tich ke't qua va hieu qua san xua't ngd eua cac hd ndng dan riit ra difPc mpt so lfu diem va han chg', nhff sau:
l/u diem:
Ngffdi dan cd kinh nghiem san xua't, do ngo da dffpc trdng tff lau ddi.
- Trdng cay ngd it sau benh hdn cac loai khac nhu' Ilia, cay ngd thich nghi vdi nhieu loai da't, d l sinh trffdng phat tnen, vin nay mim trong dieu kien thdi tie't khdng thuan ldi, nhff: lanh, mffa hay khd ban..
- Ngffdi dan cln cu, eham chi, chiu khd, ham hpe hdi da big't ffng dung khoa hpc tig'n bp vao trong san xua'L
- Ngd trong nhifng nam gin day da difpc ngffdi dan quan tam hdn, dien tich tang va nang sua't tang din qua cac nam. Nang sua't ngay mdt cao do chuyen ddi gio'ng eu (ngd thuan) sang gid'ng mdi (gidng ngd lai). Nhd vay, san Iffdng eua ngd cung tang len, gia tri san xua't cung tang len, ma chi phi bo ra lai tifPng ddi tha'p so vdi lua, lam cho Ipi nhuan ngd eung tang.
- Ben canh do, cung do ndng dan biet chuyen ddi gid'ng ngd thuan sang gid'ng ngd lai cd nang sua't cao hdn. Mat khac, ngu'di dan cung dan big't ap dung khoa
B A N G 1 : D I E N T I C H , t i A N G S U A T , S A N LU'ONG NGO V U DONG X O A N C U A C A C N H O M HO DIEU T R A
Chi tigu Dien tich + Dien ticli dd'i rui)ng Nane ^ufit San ladng Thanh lien + Dien lich da't nUtmg Nano suat San lu'dnn Thanh lien
DVT Sao/ho Sao/ho Ka/sao Kg/ho 1 OOOd/ho
Sao/h6 Ks/sao Kc/ho 1 OOOd/ho
H6 kha (n=13) 17 10 183 1-830 10 980 7 185 1,295 7.770
HOTB 15
9 150 1 350 8.100
6 155 930 5,580
Hp ngheo 9 6 13'' 79T 4.75'' 3 135 405 2.430
BQ 14
8 157 1.3^4 7.944 5 162 877 5.262 B A N G 2 : DIEN T I C H , NAtSG S U A T , S A N L d O N G NGO VG HE THU
CGA C A C N H O M HO DIEG T R A
Chi tieu Dien lich + Dal riLona + Dal niTdne Nan3 sual San \yimz Thanh lien
DVT Sao/ho Sao/ho Sao/ho Ks/sao K2/h6 1 OOOd/ho
H$ kha (n=l3) 4 0 4 155 620 4 030
HO TB (n=4!) 3 0 3 150 450 2,925
HO ngheo {n=6) 2 0 2 132 264 1 716
BO 3 0 3 146 445 2 890 BANG 3:
Chi phi 1. Chi phi trung gian
Phan NPK Phan dam Phan chuona 2. Chi phi khac (dau) 3. Hao mon mav moc 4. Cdng lao d6ng Tone chi phi
CHl PHI SAN XGAT BINH Q U A N CHC CGA CAC NHOM HQ DIEG TRA DVT
ka ks ka ka ka lit
Ho kha S6' ltf</ng
0.4 2^8 13 10 205 1 4
Gia tri (l.OOOd) 315 44 271 68 100 103 22 49 276 662
H S6' liT^ng
0.4 218 10 9 199 1 4
jTB Gia tri (l-OOOd) 286 44 242 52 90 100 22 29 276 613
1 SAO NGO HO ngheo S6' liftfng
0,3 206 8 8 190 1 3
Gia tr;
(l.OOOd) 250 33 217 42 80 95 22 23 238 533
BQ gia tri (l.OOOd) 284 40 243 54 90 99 22 34 263 603
nang cao hieu qua kinh tg'. De danh gia diing tiem nang, sffe manh kinh tg' cho phat trien san xua't ndi chung, san xua't ngd ndi rigng eua cac hd trong Xa, tac gia tig'n hanh dieu tra, phdng va'n nglu nhign phan ting va nglu nhien he thd'ng tffng hd mdt theo tffng nhdm hd cu the.
Can cff vao danh sach phan loai hp do trffdng thdn cac xom cung ca'p, tdi tig'n hanh dieu tra 60 hp san xua't ngd (bao gdm: 13 hp kha, 41 hd trung binh, 6 hd ngheo trong 3 xdm san xua't). Thdi gian khao sat dffdc thffc hien trong nam 2018.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Tinh hinh san xua't ngd ciia cac nhdm hO dieu tra Cay ngd d xa Thdng Hue dffdc ngffdi dan trdng hai vu, do la vu Ddng Xuan va vu He Thu. Trong do, vy Ddng Xuan dffdc trong tren 2 loai da't la da't rudng va da't nffdng. Chinh vi sff khac nhau ve dieu kign da't dai, von
dau tff cho san xua't, life Iffdng lao dpng eua hd, ngn dien tieh cQng nhff nangsuai ngd d eac nhom ho ed sff kliac nhaujo r?t.
Bang 1 thg' hien dien U'ch, nang sua_t, san Iffdng eua cae nhdm hd vu Ddng Xuan. ^
Vu He Thu dffdc trong tren phan dien tich da't nffdng, do vu He Thu cung la_vu lua cua vuna, vi vay dien tich dat trong ngo tren da't rupng khdng ed. Dien fich da't nffong vu He Thu it hPn so vdi dat nifPng vu Ddng Xuan, do vao thdi diem nay dat nffdng mdt phan difpc dung de trdng cae cay man khac, nhff: dd tffdng, san Do sff khac biet vg dien tich va nang sua't iam cho san Iffdng cung khac nhau(Bang 2)
Tron-^ Bang 3 phan anh dau tff ehi phi cho mot sao ngo nam 2018 d eac nhdm hp dieu tra. Tong chi phi cho san xuat d cac nhdm hd la khac nhau, tdng chi phi d ho kha la 662.000 ddng/sao, eao hdn hp trung binh 49.000 ddng/sao va cao hPn hd n'gheo 80.000 ddng/sao._S6 dT cd sff khac nhau nhff vay la do dau tff chi phi trung gian, khau hao may mdc, cdng lao ddng d cac nhdm hd khdng gio'ng nhau.
Chi phi trung gian la toan bd cac khoan chi phf vat cha't thffdng xuyen, nhff. nguygn, nhign ligu va dieh vu dffdc sff dung trong qua tiinh san xua't. Chi phi trung gian cua nhdm ho kha ldn hdn chi phi trung gian cua nhdm hd trung binh va hp ngheo. Cu the la: nhdm hd kha la 315.000 ddng/sao eao hdn nhdm hd trung binh 29.000 ddng/sao, cao hPn hd ngheo 65.000 ddng/sao, do hp kha eo nhieu dieu kien hdn de mua phan bdn.
Chi phi gio'ng 6 3 nhdm hd khdng chenh lech nhieu, vi mat dp trong cay ngo la gan nhff nhau, cae hp deu trdng theo hffdng din cua can bp khuye'n ndng.
Mud'n thu difpc nang sua't cao, thi phai diu tff nhieu loai phan bdn khac nhau va phai bdn du, eung nhff cham sdc cay trdng hpp ly. Maedu phan chudng chig'm mpt ly le ldn trong long chi phi trung gian, nhifng day la phan chi phi khdng phai mua. Hdn nffa,^bdn phan chudng se khdng cd hai cho da't va cay trdng, ngn nd dffpc bdn motlifPng rat ldn.
Trong san xuat ngd. ngu'di dan khong phun thud'c trff sau, ho chi diing phu'dng phap thu cdng dd la ra tham ddng rupng va digt sau bp tru'c tie'p.
Ve edng lao ddng. cd sy diOnh leeh it, hd kha cao hdn hd trung Kmh. ho uung binh cao hPn hp ngheo B,,,, quan cao hdn I edng trgn mdt sao
